Eastern Galicia Research Articles

Synthetic Dimensions of the Potential of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic

The article analyzes the specifics of synthetic measurements of state potential on the example of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (WUPR). The author of the study suggests that modeling the potential of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic will enable modern historiography of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1914–1923 to elucidate the morphology of state power by elucidating the nature of political power, the functioning of the state body, its strategic goals, etc. in its western Ukrainian segment. The main research models of Western scientists of the second half of the 20 – early 21th centuries are clarified on identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the state’s potential, in particular in the field of international relations: Clifford Herman, Wilhelm Fucks, Ray Klein and Ahmet Davutoğlu. The potential of the WUPR is also considered on the basis of studying the models of gravity, stratification and escalation / de-escalation, which made it possible to clarify the WUPR’s place in the system of international relations and collective security of the early 20th century. It is established that the model of gravity in the case of Western Ukraine diplomacy, in particular during its emigration period, can only partially indicate a certain cultural and / or ideological influence on the balance of international relations, and the “gravitational field” of Western Ukraine was in postwar Europe. An important feature of the stratification model is the prestige of the WUPR in the international arena, which has become the only and common interest of the united Ukrainian People’s Republic. The model of escalation / de-escalation in the realities of Western Ukraine shows that this Ukrainian state and foreign policy activity in the coordinate system of contemporary international relations was located between two points – between absolute peace and absolute war – in the context of the Polish-Ukrainian war of 1918–1919 for Eastern Galicia. According to the author, the most logical in relation to the imagined model of the potential of the WUPR was the escalation from the point of view of the stronger side (Poles), in particular in view of the escalation of armaments. It acted in conditions of asymmetric imbalance: the weaker side (Ukrainians) shifted the “difficulty” of escalation to ideological and moral-ideological problems.

Національно-релігійний склад населення Львівського повіту (1918– 1939)

National-religious relations in Eastern Galicia during the interwar period have long attracted the attention of researchers. The first works on the following problem appeared immediately after the first official census conducted by the Polish government in 1921.The authors of it questioned the veracity of its results. Despite certain politicization of national-religious relations, the military structures of interwar Poland were almost the only ones that tried to realistically assess the demographic situation and political sentiment in the region, as it was an important component of ensuring the army's combat capability and defense capabilities of the country. The article attempts to analyze the national and religious composition of the population in Lviv county and its evolution during the interwar period. The source base of the study was the officially published results of the Polish censuses of 1921 and 1931, the Austro-Hungarian censuses of 1880–1910, as well as statistical materials found in the Archive of New Acts in Warsaw and the Central Military Archive (Warsaw, Poland). The analysis of the sources allowed to trace the change of the population quantity in the majority of settlements of Lviv county by nationality and confessional affiliation, and also to characterize the preparation and conduct of both censuses, and Ukrainian attitude to them.

Історія в Українському таємному університеті (1921–1925 рр.)

The article considers and analyzes the origin and the activity of Ukrainian Secret University (USU) in Lviv through 1919–1925 and presents its significance for the development of Ukrainian national culture after the defeat of the Ukrainian liberation struggle in 1917–1921. Special attention focused on the reconstruction of historical studies at this university. General features of the USU history represented today in a number of essays and articles wrote by Ukrainian authors. This article offers new facts about the activities of USU teachers from unpublished materials of historians Myron Korduba and Ivan Krypiakevych, in particular about the organization and conduct the historical studies, conditions of teaching and learning. USU was established in Lviv in 1919 after the capture of the city and Eastern Galicia by Polish troops as a result of the Polish-Ukrainian war of 1918–1919 and the Polish administration introduction there. The defeat of the Ukrainian national liberation movement led to a policy of repression and persecution by the Polish authorities. There was a threat of liquidation the Ukrainian national life due to the lack of opportunities for national professionals training. The Ukrainian intelligentsia sought to use the organizational and cultural-scientific potential accumulated in the previous period to preserve and develop national culture and education, contrary to the prohibitions of the Polish administration. In 1919, Ukrainian scientists, united in the Shevchenko Scientific Society and with the support of leading Galician politicians, created “university courses”, which in 1921 were transformed into a Ukrainian university. Under the conditions of bans and persecution by the Polish authorities, the activities of the university took place semi-legally, and the institution itself in journalism and literature was soon called a “secret university”. Despite the persecution and repression USU went down in history as a powerful factor in the consolidation and mobilization of Ukrainian society after the defeats in the struggle for national statehood. During the existence of UTU more than 1,300 students studied there, and 55 professors and associate professors taught them. The Faculty of Philosophy of USU managed to create a “history department”, which in different years studied from 20 to 50 students, and teaching was conducted by famous Ukrainian historians Myron Korduba, Ivan Krypiakevych and some others. The article lists the subjects they taught, as well as the high level of history teaching. In particular, for the first time in Ukrainian historiography, the courses “Methodology of History” by M. Korduba, “Ukrainian Historiography” and “History of the Ukrainian State of the XVII-XVIII centuries” by I. Krypyakevych were read and later published here. The Polish authorities created constant obstacles for the work of USU and historians, used attacks, pogroms and arrests of participants, did not allow the creation of scientific societies, in particular the Ukrainian Historical Society in 1924. Despite the generally modest results of the Ukrainian Secret University in Lviv in 1919–1925, it was noted that what was done by the efforts of USU teachers in the scientific and didactic spheres was worthy of respect. The creation of the national higher school foundations in the conditions of the defeat of the national-state building and in spite of the power of the occupying state was a bright manifestation of the high patriotic consciousness and moral qualities of the Ukrainian Galician intelligentsia. The responsible attitude of the representatives of Ukrainian historical science to the fulfillment of their civic and professional duty deserves special mention. They were able to create the professional historical studies, through which many figures of national science and culture have passed. Historians who have made a great contribution to the preservation of the national consciousness and culture of the Ukrainian population of Galicia in the unfavorable conditions of the defeat of the liberation struggle, have managed to preserve and later increase the historical capital of national history. They continued to build a network of national public scientific, cultural, and educational organizations and societies in Poland, which replaced state institutions and thus ensured the further development of the Ukrainian cause.

ГАЛИЦЬКА ШЕВЧЕНКІЯНА: видання збірки поезій “Кобзар” у 20– 30-х рр. ХХ ст.

The present study is dedicated to the publications of works of the national Prophet Taras Shevchenko in Galicia. The authors have attempted to explore the repertoire of Galician Shevchenkiana, provide a short objective text analysis of these publications, establish the problems haunting the leading regional Galician publishers when publishing Ukrainian books under the Polish occupation of the Western Ukraine, particularly Eastern Galicia (the territory of the annexed Western-Ukrainian People’s Republic), compare them with works of some other contemporaries and the textual problems of Shevchenko Studies.

Організація медико-санітарної служби Війська польського у Східній Галичині (листопад 1918 – лютий 1919 рр.)

The organization of the military medical service of the Polish Army in Eastern Galicia began in the first days of November 1918. It was managed to create a network of medical and dressing stations in Lviv. Compelling assistance was provided by women who cared for the sick and wounded soldiers. The local hospital on Tehnika was the main center of medical care of the Polish Army. All hospitals had a clear organizational structure, setting the time of admission of patients, as well as areas of responsibility. In addition to medical institutions in Lviv, doctors and hospitals in Przemyśl provided significant assistance in the treatment of patients, where patients were transported by ambulance trains. The patients were dominated by soldiers with bullet wounds, typhus and sexually transmitted diseases. The command constantly stressed to the soldiers to follow the rules of personal hygiene and maintain cleanliness in the barracks. Medical examinations were performed for this purpose. There were some baths, dental and bacteriological laboratories in the city. Additionally, the command developed special nutrition and diet for patients. To train medical staff, the NK organized sanitary courses and courses for loaders. They tried to solve the shortage of medical staff by mobilizing and attracting medical students. In general, the positive factors that influenced the formation of military medicine of the Armed Forces were the provision of military ranks to doctors and physicians, the introduction of wages, the provision of social benefits and guarantees.

Українська національна домінанта реклами у пресі східної Галичини 20–30 років XX століття

Annexation of western Ukrainian lands by Poland in 1919 and the decision of the Council of Ambassadors of the Entente (March 14, 1923) to transfer Galicia under the jurisdiction of the Second Polish Republic created specific features for the press advertising development. The article analyzes and characterizes advertising materials in the following periodicals and journals: Vidrodzhennia (Renaissance), Vohni (Lights), Dzvinochok (Handbell), Dzvony (Bells), Zhyttia i Znannia (Life and Knowledge), Kino (Cinema), Svitlo i Tin’ (Light and Shadow), Svit Dytyny (Child’s World), Uchytelske Slovo (Teacher’s Word) and Shlyakh Natsiyi (Nation’s Way). It has been substantiated that the intensity, subject matter and contents of advertising activity are organically related to the socio-political, socio-economic and cultural legal processes and to the efficiency of press edition functioning. It has been shown that advertising plays an important role in improving the development of various sectors of economy, culture and art, everyday human needs and mass communication media. It has been emphasized that the interdependent positive influence of economy, press and advertising create the necessary prerequisites for the development of the life-giving environment. The article, based on a comprehensive analysis of advertising messages, reveals the psychological foundations of the national dominant of press advertising activity in Eastern Galicia, summarizes the advertising experience in the context of moral, spiritual and national education, formation of civic consciousness and statist approach, universal humanitarian values, international mutual respect and tolerance. The paper characterizes specific advertising features for all population segments differing by profession, age and sex: men, women, youth, children and adolescents. The focus has been made on the ideological concept of advertising messages in the conditions of statelessness of the Ukrainian nation.

Modern Western philosophy and Ukrainian philosophical ideas in Eastern Galicia: the cases of Hankevych and Svientsits’kyi

Modern Western philosophy and Ukrainian philosophical ideas in Eastern Galicia: the cases of Hankevych and Svientsits’kyi

Участь у молодіжних спортивно-просвітницьких товариствах селян Східної Галичини і Волині в 20-30 рр. ХХ ст. за матеріалами газети «Діло».

The purpose of our research is to clarify the peculiarities of the participation of the Ukrainianpeasantry in youth sports and educational associations in Eastern Galicia and Volhynia in the 20-30s of the 20thcentury according to the materials of the newspaper «Dilo».The scientific novelty of the publication is in the holistic analysis of the publications of the newspaper of thattime «Dilo» about the participation of the Ukrainian peasantry in youth sports and educational associations.Conclusions. Preservation of national identity was the main task for the Ukrainians in the difficult conditionsof life in the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the interwar period of the 20th century. The formationand activity of Ukrainian sports and educational associations in Eastern Galicia and Volhynia became an objectiveindicator of the formation of nationally conscious Ukrainian youth. Sports, fire, and scout associations unitedhundreds of thousands of young Ukrainians around sports, physical education, and national education. Theimportance of the publication is determined by the fact that in the national historiography for a long time insufficientattention was paid to the issue of the participation of Ukrainian youth in sports and educational associations inEastern Galicia and Volhynia in the 20-30s of the 20th century.The important role of sports, fire, and scout associations in the physical and national education of Ukrainianyouth has been determined. A certain number of that time publications of the newspaper «Dilo» on the topic of thestudy were used. The knowledge about the participation of Ukrainian football teams in the Polish championshiphas been improved. The study of certain aspects of the activities of sports, fire and scout associations such as«Lug», «Sokil» and «Plast» received further development. It is noted that sports, youth sports and educationalassociations have become an important element of physical hardening and preservation of the national identity ofthe Ukrainians of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia as a part of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.Key words: peasantry, sports and educational associations, newspaper «Dilo», Eastern Galicia, Volhynia.

Суспільно-громадська публіцистика о. Остапа Нижанківського: соціокультурний вимір

Newspaper materials on social and educational topics of the priest, composer, conductor, journalist, and social and cultural figure of the end of the 19th – first half of the 20th centuries, Fr. Ostap Nyzhankivskyi, have been analyzed in the article. His journalistic cooperation with the Lviv periodicals "Dilo," "Hospodar I Promyslovets" ("Owner and Industrialist), and "Pidhirska rada" has been considered. The thematic range of newspaper articles, which contain rich, informative material on the history of the birth of the cooperative movement in Eastern Galicia, the functioning of nationally oriented societies, particularly "Sich" and the formation of Ukrainian education, has been highlighted. The genre features of the press publications of the Fr. O. Nyzhankivskyi have been characterized. Based on the conducted scientific research, an analysis of the journalism of a Galician journalist has been carried out for the first time through the prism of socio-cultural processes that took place in Eastern Galicia at the beginning of the 20th century. The research methodology is based on a combination of general scientific and special art historical methods, in particular those from historical and cultural studies. The specified methodological approach allows us to identify and understand a significant number of sources, particularly newspaper materials from the selected magazines, which influenced the formation of the national consciousness of Ukrainian citizens. Analysis of scientific works, which covered the biography and journalistic activity of the social activist Fr. O. Nyzhankivskyi, using a historical and cultural approach, helped determine his place in the socio-cultural space of Eastern Galicia at the beginning of the 20th century. It has been established that the Galician journalist's press publications have an axiological character, which is determined by the social issues highlighted by the publicist. The value of source studies and cognitive and educational functions of socio-cultural press publications of Fr. O. Nyzhankivskyi have been studied. The article will be a reasonable basis for researchers of the role of the personality of the spiritual leader in the nation-building processes of Eastern Galicia at the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th centuries, as well as for culturologists and musicologists who study the role of Fr. O. Nyzhankivskyi in sociocultural processes.

Миротворча місія Антанти під головуванням Ж. Бартелемі (20 лютого – 3 березня 1919 р.)

Introduction. At the present stage, Ukraine is in the active process of building its own statehood. This process is based on relations with other states and international organizations and institutions. In this context, it is extremely important to develop the issue of peacekeeping missions during the Polish-Ukrainian war of 1918-1919. After all, the experience of the past is invaluable for Ukraine in the current realities of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the activities of international institutions in its cessation. Purpose. On the basis of previous works of Ukrainian and Polish scholars, archival materials, periodicals and memoirs of contemporaries of those events to comprehensively cover the structure, main tasks and activities of the second mission of J. Barthelemy in Eastern Galicia. Methods. The authors of the article use a systematic approach and the principle of historicism, which allows them to comprehensively reproduce all aspects of the second mission of J. Barthelemy. The reliability and completeness of the information was ensured by the methods of source and historiographical analysis and synthesis. Results. The article considers the activities of the second Entente peacekeeping mission in Eastern Galicia under the leadership of French General Joseph Barthelemy, analyzes the reasons for its emergence and the consequences of diplomatic work for both sides of the Polish-Ukrainian military conflict of 1918–1919. important instructions on the further penetration and strengthening of the positions of the Entente in the Galician region. In addition, the mission was to develop measures to combat the revolutionary movement and socialist ideas in the newly created states of Eastern Europe. Its equally important task was to study the circumstances of the Polish-Ukrainian conflict, to assess the prospects for the use of Polish and Ukrainian troops in the struggle against Bolshevik Russia. Originality. The state of scientific development of the problem indicates the urgency of its comprehensive study and the need to attract new sources to cover peacekeeping missions led by French General J. Barthelemy in the context of the Entente’s decisive influence on resolving the Polish-Ukrainian military conflict of 1918–1919. Conclusion. It is traced that the characteristic feature of the mission headed by J. Barthelemy was its pro-Polish orientation, formed under the influence of a large-scale and professionally organized propaganda campaign by Polish diplomats. It is noted that the mission of J. Barthelemy not only did not reconcile the parties involved in the war, but on the contrary, incited each other. At the same time, she promised the Ukrainians the political support of the Entente, and the Poles the Drohobych-Boryslav basin, which was in the hands of the Ukrainians. It is clear that such recommendations made it difficult to wait for a truce. &nbsp

The Economic Potential of Agriculture in Eastern Galicia in the Interwar Period

The article deals with the economic potential of the agrarian sphere of Eastern Galicia in the interwar period of 1918-1939, the territory of which in certain periods was under the influence of different states. This has also left an imprint on agriculture. Agrarian reforms in the interwar period were accompanied not only by the intensification of the economic activities of property owners and farms, but also by the introduction of advanced agricultural machinery. The article investigates the impact of the economic crisis of the early 1930s on the reduction of agricultural machinery and the decline in purchasing power of the population. The development of market relations in Eastern Galicia during the interwar period was accompanied by the concentration of agricultural machinery mainly at large property owners and farmers, and the lack of it in small peasant farms, where primitive tools of labor were still widely used. The state economic policy contributed little to the industrial development.

СТВОРЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ ЗАКЛАДІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ У СХІДНІЙ ГАЛИЧИНІ (1867 – 1914 РР).

The article is devoted to the analysis of the policy of the Austrian government in the field of higher education in Eastern Galicia in 1867-1914 and the determination of issues that require in-depth research, taking into account: - policies of the Austrian government in the field of higher education in Galicia; - the need for a comprehensive analysis and scientific generalization of the historical experience of the governments of Austria-Hungary regarding the reform of higher education in the studied region; - critical understanding of the lessons of the past; - initiation of the development of an insufficiently studied topic, Identification, systematization of sources, identification of the main patterns and results of Austro-Hungarian politics in Eastern Galicia.

Політичний образ жінки-громадянки у альманахах Наталі Кобринської

The history of the publication of N. Kobrynska’s almanacs has been studied. Women’s almanacs as the first stage of development of women’s press in Galicia are singled out. Women’s Almanacs are the first periodicals (with indefinite periodicals) in which the ideas of emancipation were spread. The relevance of the topic of the scientific article is due to modern political science, gender and national studies of women’s movements in European countries, including the Ukrainian women’s movement, which began in Stanislavov and developed in Lviv, Eastern Galicia and became part of the general liberation movement of the Ukrainian nation. The aim of the article is to analyze the issues, in particular civil issues, in distinguishing the image of a woman-citizen on the pages of Natalia Kobrynska’s women’s almanacs. The study of the main issues of almanacs is important to clarify the conscious paradigms of the Ukrainian women’s movement, the value concepts of Ukrainian women’s periodicals with a political character, the transformation of views on the political role of women in traditional society, political equality and its participation in public life. almanacs. The scientific article analyzes negative stereotypes about the traditional role of women in public life on the example of comparing negative stereotypes about «backward, indifferent, dark» women who are not engaged in their self-education. N. Kobrynska’s women’s almanacs promote: women’s education, self-education, creative realization of a woman as a person. The traditional formula for Ukrainian women in society, which has been reduced to marriage and the birth of children, has been criticized for being superficial. The publication broadly discusses the topic of equality of work and pay for men and women, the opportunity to earn a decent living and be protected in society from prejudice. Research methods. The study used a set of general and special methods: the method of conceptual analysis in determining the directions of the Ukrainian women’s movement; thematic analysis in determining the main topics of women’s almanacs; synthesis in the study of methods and forms of struggle of active women for their political rights. Results and conclusions. The active political role of the Ukrainian woman-citizen and the popularization of political equality, economic independence − a conscious concept of women’s almanacs N. Kobrynska.

Русская правоконсервативная периодическая печать начального этапа Первой мировой войны о русинах

Now, when the spiritual unity of the Slavic world is undergoing another test of strength, it seems relevant to appeal to the rich historical experience of the relationship of the Slavic peoples. Of particular interest are plots associated with turning points in history, in particular the First World War, when the fate of the Slavic peoples was decided on the battlefields. In this article, the author turns to the Russian right-wing conservative press at the initial stage of the First World War to study the Rusin question. According to him, Russian right-wing conservative publicists showed a genuine interest in the life of Rusins in Eastern Galicia and Bukovina, occupied by Russian troops in 1914. Such periodicals as Groza, Pochaevskiy listok, Susanin, Moskovskie Vedomosti, Russkoe znamya, Kolokol, Zemshchyna covered the following subjects: the history and culture of Rusins, their religious and socio-political life, the Rusin-Polish and Rusin-Austrian relations, attitude to “Ukrainism”, the life of Rusins after the capture of Eastern Galicia and Bukovina by Russian troops, the future of Rusins as part of the Russian Empire. The author concludes that almost all above-mentioned right-wing conservative publications agreed on the perniciousness of “Ukrainianism”, which became widespread in Galicia supported by Polish magnates, as well as on the need for Rusins to transit from Uniatism to Orthodoxy. They also emphasized that the annexation of Galicia and Bukovina had a positive effect on Rusins, the majority of whom were in favor of reunification with Russia.

Doklady fotografické činnosti Františka Řehoře ve sbírkách Národního muzea

This text examines the photography collection of František Řehoř, created in the last quarter of the 19th century. The archives consisting of photographs and negatives are just one of the many components of the extensive research and collection activities carried out by the researcher. The collection constitutes a valuable insight into the everyday life of the inhabitants of rural settlements in eastern Galicia. The informative value of the collection is greatly enhanced by the detailed descriptions with which the author has accompanied his photographs.

DIFFICULT WAY OF FORMATION: THE THEOLOGICAL LYCEUM IN LVIV AS A «FORERUNNER» GREEK-CATHOLIC THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY (1919–1928)

The presented article examines the activities of the theological lyceum in Lviv, which was the predecessor of the greek-catholic theological academy. This academy is a promising educational project started by Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi and rector of the archdiocesan seminary priest Yosyf Slipyi – was created and started its work in 1928–1929. Until the end of its existence, due to unfavorable social and political circumstances, it was never able to receive official accreditation either from the Polish state or from the Roman Apostolic See. However, despite this, the theological academy left a noticeable mark in the history not only of greek-catholics, but also of ukrainians as a whole. After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of 1918 and the subsequent defeat of the army of the West Ukrainian People’s Republic, Eastern Galicia came under the rule of Poland. Various punitive and restrictive measures were applied to ukrainians who did not agree with this development of events. This also applied to the opportunity to obtain higher education. Taking into account all the above facts, galician greek-catholic Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi was forced to stop the education of his seminarians at the theological faculty of Lviv University and organize private lectures for them at the theological seminary. In the future, he planned to realize his old dream and create a full-fledged theological educational institution for eastern catholics in Lviv, but the realization of such a plan required more time. The study shows that theological lyceum became an intermediate stage that allowed to pass the crisis period and to continue the formation and scientific training of future greek-catholic priests. Keywords: higher education, theological academy, theological seminary, Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, Yosyf Slipyi, Andrei Sheptytskyi.

Polska wojskowa służba sanitarna i szpitale podczas walk polsko-ukraińskich o Lwów 1–22 listopada 1918 roku

The article is devoted to the actions of the Polish sanitary service in Lwów during the urban fighting that took place in the city between 1–22 November 1918. Scholarly attention concerning the conflict has so far been focused on issues such as the combat activities of both the Polish and Ukrainian forces, diplomatic efforts and the ongoing international dispute over Eastern Galicia, national and religious factors, and the committing of war crimes. Meanwhile, little interest has been shown regarding the important role played during the conflict of the sanitary service of the Polish Army, who provided aid to the wounded and thus also influenced the morale of the combatants.

Політичні просвітницькі часописи для польських селянок «Zorza» і «Zorza Ojczysta»: загальні тенденції розвитку

The urgency of the topic of the scientific article is due to modern political science, gender and national studies of women’s movements in European countries, including the Polish women’s movement, which began and developed in Lviv along with the Ukrainian women’s movement. The aim of the article is to analyze and review the issues of Polish women’s magazines for peasant women published in Eastern Galicia in the XIX century in order to clarify the main topics, conscious paradigms of the Polish women’s movement, value concepts of Polish women’s periodicals for peasant women. peasant women in traditional society and their participation in public and state life through political educational journalism. It is important to trace the main trends in the development of the Polish political women’s press and its impact on modern women’s political periodicals, as in the early twentieth century laid the foundation for the development of the modern Polish women’s movement. The scientific article analyzes the negative stereotypes about the traditional role of peasant women in public life on the example of the Polish women’s magazines «Zorza» and «Zorza Ojczysta», published in the early twentieth century. It was found that the traditional views on the role of peasant women are outdated, while the pages of Polish women’s magazines promote: women’s education, self-education, creative realization of women as individuals. The traditional formula for peasant women in society, which has been reduced to marriage and the birth of children, has been criticized for being superficial. Instead, a new image of a politically active woman is taking part in the life of her country and people. Research methods. The study used a set of general and special methods: the method of conceptual analysis in determining the Polish women’s movement; thematic analysis in determining the main topics of Zorza and Zorza Ojczysta; synthesis in the study of methods and forms of struggle of active women for their political rights. Results and conclusions. The active political role of women citizens in rural areas is a conscious concept of the Polish women’s press for peasant women, which was expressed in debunking active rural women of negative stereotypes about the passivity of women who come from the countryside.

LETTERS OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR FOOD AFFAIRS GALICIA AND BUKOVINA TO THE GOVERNMENT OF WUPR (FEBRUARY 1919)

For the first time, the letters of the chief commissioner for food affairs of Galicia and Bukovina, Roman Trofymenko, to the government of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (WUPR), which inform about the amount of food delivered by the relevant structures of the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic for the needs of the population of Eastern Galicia and the Galician army at the beginning of February 1919, have been introduced into scientific circulation. It is noted that the letters also refer to a dispute with the leadership of WUPR regarding the area of competence of the chief commissioner. It was established that the commissioner raised the question of the need to record all food products in Eastern Galicia and the need to prepare a government order regarding the establishment of fixed prices for certain products by the state; a draft of such an order was prepared by a representative of the UPR (Ukrainian People's Republic) government. It has been demonstrated that the letter mentions that the chief commissioner sent his representatives to some counties together with two government officials of the military intendencia to purchase grain products. It was emphasized that R. Trofymenko asked the WUPR government to take appropriate measures to prohibit requisitioning by military quartermasters of food intended for the civilian population. It was established that the Office of the Chief Commissioner participated in the formation of local food administrations in cooperation with the Food Government of the WUPR. It is noted that the management structures of the chief commissioner together with the specified bodies provided food to the local civilian population. Keywords: UPR, WUPR, Roman Trofymenko, Galicia.

The “Ukrainian Question” on the Eve of the First World War

After analysing the current socio-political conditions in Ukraine caused by the war unleashed on February 20, 2014 by the Russian Federation, the author noted that they have common features with those that were before the outbreak of the First World War. This fact made this study relevant, since it requires an analysis of the “Ukrainian Question” from the standpoint of different countries at the beginning of the 20th century. Thus, the purpose of the study was to determine the essence of the Ukrainian national question on the eve of the First World War. For this purpose, the study used the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, deduction, generalisation, and historical method. As a result, the content of the “Ukrainian Question” was determined for the countries that participated in the First World War. In particular, it was established that Russia's goal was to capture Eastern Galicia, northern Bukovina and Transcarpathia, while under the auspices of the pan-Slavist policy and the Association of “Half-Blood Russian brothers”. Initially, Austria-Hungary also pursued the desire for territorial expansion, in particular, through the annexation of Volhynia and Podillia. As a result, the unification of Western and Eastern Europe was expected. Germany's goal was to divide the Russian empire into different territorial units and to seize the countries of Eastern Europe, in particular Ukraine, and settle its citizens on them. The positions of foreign countries on the “Ukrainian Question” considered in the study allowed for the conclusion that none of them considered the interests and aspirations of the Ukrainian people. The practical significance of the study was revealed in the fact that it can be used by modern researchers, in particular historians, when determining the prerequisites and nature of the current war of Russia against Ukraine