East Province Research Articles

Campanian-early Eocene marine bivalves from the Kharga Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt; systematic palaeontology and palaeobiogeography

ABSTRACT Thirty-six species of bivalves, belonging to 22 genera, representative of 16 orders, are systematically described from five upper Campanian-lower Eocene sections in the Kharga Oasis. Stratigraphically, 15 species were recorded from the Palaeocene, 8 from the lower Eocene, 8 from the Maastrichtian, 3 from the Campanian, 1 from the Campanian-Maastrichtian and 1 from the Maastrichtian-Palaeocene. The paleobiogeographic distribution of the Campanian-Maastrichtian bivalves reveals high degree of marine connection between the South Tethyan province and the West Africa, Middle East, southern Europe, South America and India provinces. Consequently, the Campanian-Maastrichtian bivalves have a strong southern Tethyan affinity. The early Palaeogene bivalves are markedly endemic to the Egyptian territory, which can argued to the isolation in marine environment by the localised tectonic events and/or the pronounced climatic changes. Accordingly, the palaeobiogeographic distribution of the studied bivalves was wider in the Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) than in the early Palaeogene (Palaeocene-early Eocene).

Sero-prevalence, cross-species infection and serological determinants of prevalence of Bovine Coronavirus in Cattle, Sheep and Goats in Ghana

Cattle, goats and sheep are dominant livestock species in sub-Saharan Africa, with sometimes limited information on the prevalence of major infectious diseases. Restrictions due to notifiable epizootics complicate the exchange of samples in surveillance studies and suggest that laboratory capacities should be established domestically. Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) causes mainly enteric disease in cattle. Spillover to small ruminants is possible. Here we established BCoV serology based on a recombinant immunofluorescence assay for cattle, goats and sheep, and studied the seroprevalence of BCoV in these species in four different locations in the Greater Accra, Volta, Upper East, and Northern provinces of Ghana. The whole sampling and testing was organized and conducted by a veterinary school in Kumasi, Ashanti Region of Ghana. Among sampled sheep (n = 102), goats (n = 66), and cattle (n = 1495), the seroprevalence rates were 25.8 %, 43.1 % and 55.8 %. For cattle, seroprevalence was significantly higher on larger farms (82.2 % vs 17.8 %, comparing farms with >50 or <50 animals; p = 0.027). Highest prevalence was seen in the Northern province with dry climate, but no significant trend following the north-south gradient of sampling sites was detected. Our study identifies a considerable seroprevalence for BCoV in Ghana and provides further support for the spillover of BCoV to small ruminants in settings with mixed husbandry and limited separation between species.

Mafic Volcanic and Subvolcanic Rocks from the Yüksekova Complex in the İçme-Kesikköprü Province (East of Elaziğ, Eastern Turkey): Whole-Rock Geochemistry and Confocal Raman Spectroscopy Characterization

The Late Cretaceous Yüksekova Complex within the southeastern Anatolia orogenic belt consists of mafic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks representing oceanic crustal products, which are the main focus of this study. The studied mafic lithologies from the İçme-Kesikköprü province east of Elaziğ are characterized by a primary mineral assemblage of olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase, and mainly display porphyric, intergranular, intersertal, vesicular, and amygdaloidal textures. Based on Raman peak positions, the pyroxenes of these mafic lithologies from Aşaği Igme, Pirimezartepe and Yolüstü were determined as augite. The studied mafic rocks are chemically classified as basalt and display tholeiitic-calc-alkaline transitional characteristics. In spider diagrams, they show prominent negative Nb anomalies, while their chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns are LREE-depleted to almost horizontal [(La/Sm)N: 0.54-1.42, (La/Lu)N: 0.54-1.85]. The immobile trace element systematics suggests that these mafic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks have originated from a metasomatized mantle source fluxed by slab-derived fluids/melts. Overall geochemical features are consistent with their generation in an oceanic arc environment.

Identification of Morphological and Pomological Characteristics of Iraq Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Variety Salakhani and Comparing with Variety Zivzik

In this study, morphological and pomological characteristics of Salakhani, local variety of Iraq and Zivzik (Punica granatum L.), local variety of Siirt, were compared. Salakhani variety, which is one of the well-known pomegranate cultivars in Halabja region, has been cultivated for centuries in this region, North of Iraq. Zivzik variety is considered to be one of the important local varieties in Siirt province in the South East of Turkey. Salakhani variety was collected from their natural area in Halabja and Zivzik variety was collected from Zivzik Village in Şirvan. This is the first study comparing both varieties in point of pomological and morphological features. Our study has shown that two varieties are similiar on account of some features on the other hand are also different with regard to some properties. In addition to that the study showed Salakhani has more bigger fruit size and with soft seed than Zivzik pomegranate; conversely, Zivzik cv. has also very juicy fruit and high quality of fruit juice compare with Salakhani. This study has shown the superior characteristics of these two varieties can be the subject of different breeding studies in developing new pomegranate varieties.

History and epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Afghanistan: a retrospective study

BackgroundFoot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Afghanistan with serotypes O, A and Asia 1 being prevalent. A retrospective study of data collected through passive surveillance of outbreaks of FMD in Afghanistan from 1995 to 2016 was undertaken to determine the temporal and spatial distribution of FMD in the country.ResultsA total of 4171 outbreaks were reported between 1995 and 2008 with a strong correlation between the number of outbreaks and the number of provinces (r = 0.85, s = 68.2, p < 0.001); and between the number of outbreaks and the number of districts containing infected animals (r = 0.68, s = 147.8, p = 0.008). Of 7558 samples collected from livestock originating from 34 provinces in 2009, 2011 and 2013–2015, 54.1% were test positive (FMDV 3ABC-trapping ELISA) and the prevalence varied significantly between years (χ2 = 263.98, df = 4, P < 0.001). Clinically suspected cases were reported in 2016 with a substantial positive correlation (r = 0.70, P < 0.001) between the number of districts with cases and the number of reported cases. Serotype O was the predominant serotype detected during the study period, although serotypes A and Asia1 were also detected. Cattle were involved in all outbreaks in the study period and infections were detected in all years of the study in Hirat province in the north-west (bordering Iran), Nangarhar province in the east (bordering Pakistan) and Kabul province in the centre of the country.ConclusionsThe current paper was the first analysis of existing data focusing on the spatiotemporal distribution of FMD in Afghanistan. The findings from this study provide valuable direction for further research to understand the epidemiology of FMD and its control in Afghanistan.

East New Britain Province Monitoring &amp; Evaluation

East New Britain Province Monitoring &amp; Evaluation

Assessment of Patient Satisfaction with Pharmaceutical Services in Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province, Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,2,116-121.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.20Published:June 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Mohammed Mohsen Almaznai, Osama Mohammed Almadani, Ibrahim Abdul Karim Aloraifi, Saleh Ali Alsallouk, Hussain Alkabaz, Abdulaziz Saud Alotaibi, Hamdi Abdullah Alamri, Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi, Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi, and Yousef Ahmed Alomi Author(s) affiliations:Mohammed Mohsen Almaznai1, Osama Mohammed Almadani2, Ibrahim Abdul Karim Aloraifi3, Saleh Ali Alsallouk4, Hussain Alkabaz5, Abdulaziz Saud Alotaibi5, Hamdi Abdullah Alamri5, Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi6, Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi6, Yousef Ahmed Alomi7,* 1Director of Pharmaceutical Care Administration in Eastern Province Health, SAUDI ARABIA. 2Head of Forensic Medicine in Eastern Province, SAUDI ARABIA. 3General Manager of Regional Health Affairs in Eastern Province, SAUDI ARABIA. 4Advisor of Director of Dammam Medical Complex, SAUDI ARABIA. 5Pharmacy Staff, Pharmaceutical Care Administration in Eastern Province, SAUDI ARABIA. 6Clinical Pharmacist Staff, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. 7The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Former Head, National Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Former Head, Pharmacy R and D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Objective: Patient satisfaction is considered as a measure of the quality of care in health system. Investigation of satisfaction with pharmaceutical services will disclose gaps in training and barricades of implementation. The study examined patient satisfaction of pharmaceutical services at Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-sectional self-administered survey of patient satisfaction of pharmaceutical care in Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province, Saudi Arabia. The survey comprises two parts; the first part was demographic data about the patients, the second part was several domains about various pharmaceutical care services at East Province in Saudi Arabia. The 5-point Likert response scale system used with closed and ended questions. The survey scattered through five hospitals in East Province involved a public, pediatrics, maternity and psychiatry hospitals ambulatory care patient. All data and variables analyzed by Microsoft Excel program version 10. Results: The study sample size was 892. Out of 892 patients, 815 (95.66%) was Saudi and 37 (4.34%) was non-SaudiSaudi. Of that 213 (25%) was female and 639 (75%) was male. The majority of patients were between the ages of 20-40 (61.33%) and 41-60 years (39.44%) old. The average score of pharmacy location and related issues was 3.69/5.00. The domain of pharmacy location was ranked highest (4.05/5.00), while the domain of pharmacy waiting area was ranked lowest (3.47/5.00). The average score of medication related issues was 4.28/5.00. The domain of the drug label stickled with all medications was ranked highest (4.43/5.00), while the domain of the medication reconciliation was ranked lowest (3.56/5.00). The average score of pharmacist related issues was 4.66/5.00. The domain of the pharmacist assure by your name before dispensing was ranked highest (4.58/5.00), while the domain of the pharmacist provides you with medication counseling and encourages you to ask questions was ranked lowest (3.91/5.00). The overall pharmacy evaluation was 4.55/5.00. Conclusion: The patient satisfaction of pharmacy services was adequate at MOH hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia. The outcomes showed a lack in pharmacists ‘interaction with patients and exertions should be focused towards involvement in a more patient-oriented training in Saudi hospital pharmacies. Keywords:Assessment, East Province, Ministry of Health, Patient, Pharmaceutical, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia, ServicesView:PDF (364.29 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Patient satisfaction Parts.

Pharmacist's Intervention and Medication Errors Prevention at Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia

Pharmacist's Intervention and Medication Errors Prevention at Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia

Epidemiological Study of Tuberculosis in Northern Iran

Background &amp; Purpose: One of the most important united nation Millennium Development Goals is to control Tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to identify the high-risk areas of TB and other related factors of it in an epidemiological study.&#x0D; Materials &amp; Methods: In this retrospective study, the records of 1566 TB infected patients in healthcare centers of 17 cities of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences were investigated during 2009-2013 years. Information of patients was gathered using a check list. The collected data was then analyzed using chi-square.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of the patients was 46.17± 20.6 years. The 5-year incidence rate was 12.14 in 100,000 populations. Cities in the east of Province (Sari, Behshahr, and Neka) had highest incidence rate (about 16 cases in 100,000 population). The incidence rate was different based on gender as, 15.3 % of the men and 10.2 % of the women were infected. The median delay time in the diagnosis was 34 days.&#x0D; Conclusions: The incidence rate of TB in Mazandaran was found to be almost similar to the previous reported rate in Iran. High incidence rate in east of province may be due to bordering to the Golestan Province as the immigrant province. The short delay time of TB diagnosis during this period indicated the well health services practices in this province. More attention should be paid to high risk areas for identification and giving education to those patients.

Multiple Domestication Centers Revealed by the Geographical Distribution of Chinese Native Pigs.

Simple SummaryPhylogenetic analysis of Chinese native pigs was performed by screening for haplotypes inferred from a phylogenetic tree of pig mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences based on sequence-specific mutations. Our results suggest there are at least four domestication or expansion centers of Chinese native pigs, of which at least two domestication or expansion centers of Tibetan pigs are located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the intersection of the Hengduan Mountains (YSGH) of Yunnan, Sichuan, and Gansu provinces. The other two domestication or expansion centers are the Mekong River Basin in Yunnan Province and the middle and downstream regions of the Yangtze River.Previous studies have shown that Southeast Asian pigs were independently domesticated from local wild boars. However, the domestication of Chinese native pigs remains a subject of debate. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis of Chinese native pigs was performed by screening for haplotypes inferred from a phylogenetic tree of pig mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences based on sequence-specific mutations. A total of 2466 domestic pigs formed 124 haplotypes and were assigned to four clades. Clade A comprised pigs distributed mainly in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas; these pigs clustered into three groups. The pigs of clade B were mainly from the Mekong River Basin in Yunnan Province and had been exposed to genetic infiltration from European populations. Clade C comprised pigs mainly from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The pigs of clade D were distributed mainly at the intersection of Yunnan, Sichuan, and Gansu provinces east of the Hengduan Mountains (YSGH). Compared with wild boar, at least three domestication centers and one expansion center of pigs in China were detected. Among the four centers detected, two were for Tibetan pigs and were in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and at the YSGH intersection, and the other two were in the Mekong River Basin in Yunnan Province and the middle and downstream regions of the Yangtze River.

Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Medication Safety Program at Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, East Province, Saudi Arabia

Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Medication Safety Program at Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, East Province, Saudi Arabia

Banaz’da İki Son Neolitik/İlk Kalkolitik Çağ Yerleşimi: Ada Höyük ve Mercimeklik

Banaz, Uşak ilinin doğusunda Afyonkarahisar ve Kütahya ile sınır olan ilçedir. Banaz’da gerçekleştirdiğimiz yüzey araştırmaları sonucunda bölgede çok sayıda İTÇ yerleşimi tespit edilmiştir. Ada Höyük ve Mercimeklik yerleşmeleri Banaz ilçesinde Sürmecik Orta Paeolitik yerleşmesinden sonra en erken döneme tarihlenen iki yerleşimdir. Ada Höyük Son Neolitik/İlk Kalkolitik Çağ, Mercimeklik ise İlk Kalkolitik Çağ buluntuları vermektedir. Uşak ilinde Neolitik ve Kalkolitik Çağ yerleşmeleri azdır. Bu nedenle Banaz’daki bu iki yerleşim bölge araştırmaları için önemlidir. Bu makalede Ada Höyük ve Mercimeklik yerleşmesinden toplanan 49 adet Neolitik ve Kalkolitik Çağ çanak çömleği değerlendirilmektedir. Neolitik Çağ çanak çömleği (40 adet) kahverengi, kırmızı ve gri astarlı mallardan oluşmaktadır. Açık ve kapalı formlar vardır. Ayrıca minyatür kaplarda bulunur. Dikey kulp, sepet kulp ve ip delikli tutamaklar belirgindir. Dipler düzdür. Neolitik Çağ kapları genellikle bezemesiz olmakla beraber bezemeli olanlar da vardır. Konsantrik daire bezemeli örnek dikkat çekicidir. Kalkolitik Çağ çanak çömleği (9 adet) boya bezemelidir. Kahverengi, beyaz, pembe ve mor astarlı mal grupları belirlenmiştir. Son Neolitik Çağ kaplarının Göller Yöresi, Batı Anadolu kıyıları ve kuzeydeki Kütahya bölgesi ile ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Orta Anadolu ile ilişkiler ise daha azdır. İlk Kalkolitik Çağ kapları Göller Yöresi ile olan güçlü ilişkileri vurgulamaktadır. Yine Afyonkarahisar ile olan ilişkiler vardır. Morumsu kırmızı astarlı örneklerin varlığı kuzeydeki Aslanapa kültürünün Uşak ilindeki yayılımını göstermesi bakımından önemlidir.

The Relationship between Literacy and Violence: Evidence from Selected Political Areas in Zimbabwe

The youth in Zimbabwe post-independence have never engaged in large-scale political violence as a response to poor governance and other social and economic ills as would happen in other countries. Various implicit theories and qualitative studies attribute this to literacy and economic empowerment. The study therefore sought to validate the assumptions and possibly establish the relationship between literacy and the youths’ propensity to engage in political violence. The research adopted a survey approach using 200 questionnaires. Participants were drawn from Mashonaland East province, Mashonaland Central province and Harare. The study focused on the Zimbabwe 2013 General election era. Analysis of data was conducted using ‘Framework’ approach. The study could not qualitatively establish any direct relationship between literacy and political violence especially on the sample in Zimbabwe. There were other factors that contributed to violence.

DETERMINATION HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY FOR TRAITS YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN THE FABA BEAN (VICIA FABA L.)

Study was conducted genotypes of faba bean half diallel crosses were done in winter season 2016. All genotypes (parents and hybrids) were planted in winter season 2017, in one of the agricultural fields in the Al-Sufiya region at latitude 33.28? north and longitude 43.33? east of Anbar province, using R.C.B.D. design with three replicates. Studied traits were pod length, number of pods per plant ,number of seeds per pod, seeds100 weight and seed yield. Results showed significant differences between the mean of parents and the mean of their hybrids for all studied traits. The parent (Spanish) was superior and had the highest mean of the pod length 16.610 cm, number of pod plant 15.493 pod plant-1, number of seeds pod 5.873 seed pod-1 and seed yield 124.110 g plant-1. While the parent (Dutch) recorded the highest mean for trait seed100bweight reached 142.580g. As for the means of the hybrids, hybrids (Spanish×Dutch) showed the highest mean significant for traits the pod length 24.120 cm, number of pod plant 20.420 pod plant-1 and the seed yield 212.330 g.plant-1. While the hybrid (Iraqi×Italian) gave the highest significant mean of the number of seeds pod 6.267 seed pod-1 and non-significantly from the hybrid (Spanish×Dutch). Hybrids (Iraqi×Turkish) showed the highest mean for trait seeds100 weight 176.340 g. Hybrid (Turkish×American) was superior and had the highest value of heterosis in number of pods plant 39.560%. While hybrid (Iraqi×Italian) recorded the highest value of the heterosis number of seeds pod reached 69.83% , The highest value of the heterosis in two trait seed100 weighed and seed yield was by the hybrid (Iraqi×Turkish) gave 30.820% and 78.238% sequentially. And that the variance components of the general ability to the specific ability components were less than one for all traits. This indicates the type of gene action for dominance genes in the control of the heritability of these traits.

DETERMINATION HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY FOR TRAITS YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN THE FABA BEAN (VICIA FABA L.)

Study was conducted genotypes of faba bean half diallel crosses were done in winter season 2016. All genotypes (parents and hybrids) were planted in winter season 2017, in one of the agricultural fields in the Al-Sufiya region at latitude 33.28? north and longitude 43.33? east of Anbar province, using R.C.B.D. design with three replicates. Studied traits were pod length, number of pods per plant ,number of seeds per pod, seeds100 weight and seed yield. Results showed significant differences between the mean of parents and the mean of their hybrids for all studied traits. The parent (Spanish) was superior and had the highest mean of the pod length 16.610 cm, number of pod plant 15.493 pod plant-1, number of seeds pod 5.873 seed pod-1 and seed yield 124.110 g plant-1. While the parent (Dutch) recorded the highest mean for trait seed100bweight reached 142.580g. As for the means of the hybrids, hybrids (Spanish×Dutch) showed the highest mean significant for traits the pod length 24.120 cm, number of pod plant 20.420 pod plant-1 and the seed yield 212.330 g.plant-1. While the hybrid (Iraqi×Italian) gave the highest significant mean of the number of seeds pod 6.267 seed pod-1 and non-significantly from the hybrid (Spanish×Dutch). Hybrids (Iraqi×Turkish) showed the highest mean for trait seeds100 weight 176.340 g. Hybrid (Turkish×American) was superior and had the highest value of heterosis in number of pods plant 39.560%. While hybrid (Iraqi×Italian) recorded the highest value of the heterosis number of seeds pod reached 69.83% , The highest value of the heterosis in two trait seed100 weighed and seed yield was by the hybrid (Iraqi×Turkish) gave 30.820% and 78.238% sequentially. And that the variance components of the general ability to the specific ability components were less than one for all traits. This indicates the type of gene action for dominance genes in the control of the heritability of these traits.

Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium crookwellens cause onion basal rot in Iran

Basal rot is the main and economically soil-borne disease of onion that caused by various Fusarium species worldwide. To identify the prevailing Fusarium species, 140 Fusarium isolates were obtained from red onion bulbs farms in 10 regions of East and West Azarbaijan provinces in 2015. By inoculating 80 selected isolates, 40 of them were pathogenic on onion. These 40 isolates were identified as F. oxysporum with 43.62%, F. subglutinans with 44%, F. culmorum with 50.66%, F. avenaceum with 51%, F. solani with 42.41%, F. crookwellens with 55%, F. proliferatum with 47.16% and F. redolens with 55.5% virulence. Their frequency were 20%, 2.5%, 7.5%, 5%, 42.5%, 2.5%, 15% and 5%, respectively. Forty studied isolates demonstrating that, 14.2% were highly virulent, 26.1% virulent, 40.3% moderately virulent and 19.4% weakly virulent. This is the first report of F. avenaceum and F. crookwellens as the causal agents of red onion basal rot in Iran.

A Chasicoan (late Miocene) vertebrate assemblage from Cerro Azul Formation, central Argentina. Geomorphological and biochronological considerations

The Cerro Azul Formation, mainly extended in the center and east of La Pampa Province (Argentina), has provided interesting late Miocene faunal assemblages mostly assigned to the Huayquerian. However, other assemblages recovered from several localities were preliminarily assigned to the Chasicoan. One of them, based on the presence of the Ctenomyidae rodent Chasichimys bonaerense, was Cerro La Bota, placed at the southwestern limit of the Pampa Central Block. The revision of the vertebrate assemblage from this locality, as well as new geomorphologic and sedimentological interpretations of the Cerro Azul Formation in the area, confirms the previous assignation to the Chasicoan age. Cerro La Bota shares 18 taxa with Arroyo Chasicó Formation in Buenos Aires Province; several of them are mentioned for the first time for Cerro Azul Formation in La Pampa Province. Geomorphological data indicate that Cerro La Bota is included in a topographic step linked to the Valle Daza–Lonco Vaca fault that exposed the older levels of the Cerro Azul Formation in the area.

Source apportionment of summertime ozone in China using a source-oriented chemical transport model

Contributions of industries, power plants, residential, transportation, open burning, and biogenic sectors to summertime ozone (O3) in China in August 2013 are quantified using an improved O3 source apportionment method implemented in a source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The new O3 source apportionment method attributes in-situ O3 formed in each time step to nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with a new attribution scheme that considers NOx-VOC-O3 formation sensitivity in NOx-limited, transition, and VOC-limited regimes (three regimes, 3R). This represents an improvement from the traditional O3 source apportionment models, in which O3 formation sensitivity is divided into two-regimes (2R), either NOx-limited or VOC-limited. An expanded source-oriented gas phase chemical mechanism is developed to concurrently track NOx and primary VOCs and their oxidation products from different sources. The source-resolved NO2 photolysis rates and the NO to NO2 conversion rates by peroxy radicals from the source-oriented chemical mechanism are then used to apportion O3 to NOx (O3_NOx) and VOCs (O3_VOC) from different emission sources.Industries, transportation, power plants and biogenic sources are the major emission sectors to O3. High industrial O3_NOx (8–15 ppb; 20–25% of total O3) is mainly located in north and northeast China, the Yantze River Delta (YRD) and part of the Sichuan Basin (SCB). Transportation O3_NOx accounts for 10–15% of total O3 in most urban areas. Power plants’ contributions to O3_NOx (10–15%) are mostly located in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and part of Shandong and Jiangsu. The contribution of soil NOx to O3_NOx is highest in regions in west, central and south China with less direct anthropogenic emission influences. VOC-limited grid cells are mostly located at urban cores and large city clusters in the YRD and Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions. Biogenic and industrial sectors are the most important emission sectors that contribute to O3_VOC, accounting for more than 85% of the O3_VOC in China. In north and east provinces, more than 50% of the O3 is non-background, with the provinces in north China having higher overall O3. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region has an area-averaged 8-hr O3 of 75 ppb in August 2013 and about half is non-background. Contributions of industries, transportation, power and biogenic sources to non-background O3 are 37%, 22%, 13% and 23%, respectively. The relative contribution of biogenic emissions to non-background O3 is lower on high 8-hr O3 days. The 2R and 3R approaches show significant differences in assessing the relative importance of O3_NOx and O3_VOC, with the 2-regime approach predicting lower O3_NOx but higher O3_VOC. The new source allocation method for O3_VOC can lead to up to 10% differences for industrial and biogenic sectors.

PENGELOLAAN DANA DESA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT DI DESA FATUKOTO KECAMATAN MOLLO UTARA KABUPATEN TIMOR TENGAH SELATAN PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR ( MANAGEMENT OF VILLAGE FUNDS IN INCREASING SOCIETY WELFARE IN FATUKOTO VILLAGE, NORTH MO

ABSTRACT&#x0D; The purpose of this research is to know and analyze supporting and obstacle factors management of village funds in Fatukoto Village, North Mollo Subdistrict South Middle Timor District Province East Nusa Tenggara. The research is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Techniques of data collection in this research are interview, observation, documentation and triangulation. The result of this study to show the management of village funds has not been efective and many physical development activities that causes the proverty rate has not descreased or preprosperous in Fatukoto Village. Empowerment programs and activities are implemented but not on target and there are no result to improve the welfare of society. Therefore, in this thesis the writer give an explanation of supporting and obstacle factors in management of village funds and the efforts to overcome obstacle factors such as increasing the quality, capacity, human resource competence, increasing socialization in other to encourage society participant, the using of village financial system (SESKEUDES) development capacity of village-owned business entity (BUMDES) ans also a change of the recruitment village technical personil system and finally can creating the quality and capacity of village funds management.&#x0D; Key words : Management, Village Funds, Welfare of Society

Water balance of the basin of Mandali/ east part of Iraq

Mandali Basin is located between latitudes (33◦ 39' 00" and 33◦54' 55") to the north and longitudes (45ο 11' 00" and 45ο 40' 00") to theeast; to the east of Diyala province at the Iraqi-Iranian border; thebasin area is approximately 491 km2.From the study of climate reality of the basin between 1990-2013and assessment of the basic climate transactions, it was foundthat the annual rate of rainfall is 253.02 mm, the relative humidity(44.4%), the temperature (21.3 ◦C), wind speed (2.08 m /sec.),sunshine (8.27 h/day) and evaporation of the basin class (a) (271.98mm) and corrected potential evapotranspiration (80.03 mm). Theresults of the data analysis show that, there are three basic periods ofclimate variability wet period, semi wet and dry period.This study shows that, there is water surplus of 60.87% of therainfall amount which is equivalent to 154.03 mm, the amount ofrunoff is 7.47 mm, and the amount of water recharge is 146.56mm.