African East Research Articles

Uhuru Sasa! Federal Futures and Liminal Sovereignty in Decolonizing East Africa

AbstractDecolonization in East Africa was a regional affair that required the remaking of temporal orders. The staggered independence timelines of Tanganyika, Uganda, and Kenya caused considerable consternation due to transnational solidarities and visions for East African Federation. The interminable delays of Kenyan decolonization also threatened the linked economy of the region and diluted the sovereignty of neighboring states. At issue was “liminal sovereignty,” with polities and people languishing between normative legal orders. Against expectations about self-determination, East Africans found themselves in partial control of their collective endeavors. I analyze the tactics of temporal activism by Africans who aimed to undo British control over the pacing, sequencing, and synchronicity of decolonization. The indeterminate geography of decolonization was linked to uncertain temporalities of independence which threatened to subvert self-determination. In East Africa, federation was a style of claims-making and chronopolitics intended to orchestrate the distribution of rights, resources, and authority in a new layering of sovereignty between postcolonies.

Seasonal Prediction of Tropical Cyclones and Storms over the Southwestern Indian Ocean Region Using the Generalized Linear Models

Tropical cyclones (TCs) and storms (TSs) are among the devastating events in the world and southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO) in particular. The seasonal forecasting TCs and TSs for December to March (DJFM) and November to May (NM) over SWIO were conducted. Dynamic parameters including vertical wind shear, mean zonal steering wind and vorticity at 850 mb were derived from NOAA (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis 1 wind fields. Thermodynamic parameters including monthly and daily mean Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) and equatorial Standard Oscillation Index (SOI) were used. Three types of Poison regression models (i.e. dynamic, thermodynamic and combined models) were developed and validated using the Leave One Out Cross Validation (LOOCV). Moreover, 2 × 2 square matrix contingency tables for model verification were used. The results revealed that, the observed and cross validated DJFM and NM TCs and TSs strongly correlated with each other (p ≤ 0.02) for all model types, with correlations (r) ranging from 0.62 - 0.86 for TCs and 0.52 - 0.87 for TSs, indicating great association between these variables. Assessment of the model skill for all model types of DJFM and NM TCs and TSs frequency revealed high skill scores ranging from 38% - 70% for TCs and 26% - 72% for TSs frequency, respectively. Moreover, results indicated that the dynamic and combined models had higher skill scores than the thermodynamic models. The DJFM and NM selected predictors explained the TCs and TSs variability by the range of 0.45 - 0.65 and 0.37 - 0.66, respectively. However, verification analysis revealed that all models were adequate for predicting the seasonal TCs and TSs, with high bias values ranging from 0.85 - 0.94. Conclusively, the study calls for more studies in TCs and TSs frequency and strengths for enhancing the performance of the March to May (MAM) and December to October (OND) seasonal rainfalls in the East African (EA) and Tanzania in particular.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of New-onset Diabetes after Transplant in East Africans.

Very little is known about the prevalence of new-onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT) in sub-Saharan and Eastern Africans. Most of the data are related to African Americans and to North and South Africans. The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of NODAT in Sudanese renal transplant recipients, compare it with the published literature, and identify the risk factors for developing NODAT. In total, 150 patients who received a living-related kidney transplant between January 2015 and January 2016 were included in this study. Patients with diabetic nephropathy and pretransplant diabetes were excluded. Follow-up was for 2 years after the transplant. The variables studied were age, sex, body mass index, a family history of diabetes mellitus (DM), pretransplant steroid therapy, dyslipidemia, and hepatitis C virus infection. Twenty- three patients (15.3%) developed NODAT during the study period. The mean age of the patients who developed NODAT was 39 ± 14 years, and the mean time to develop NODAT was 5.78 ± 5.9 months. In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors for developing NODAT were a family history of DM (P = 0.01) and pretransplant steroid therapy (P = 0.01). The prevalence of NODAT in this study was 15.3%, which is in line with the reported literature from North Africa. However, it was significantly lower than the reported prevalence in African Americans.

April 2022 Floods over East Coast South Africa: Interactions between a Mesoscale Convective System and a Coastal Meso-Low

Extreme rainfall occurred over the South African east coast during 10–12 April 2022, leading to over 500 deaths and massive damage. This study seeks to understand a key feature, namely the progression of the rainfall maxima from the northern KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) coast during the night of 10–11 April by ~550 km to the Eastern Cape coast about 48 h later. The large-scale circulation was dominated by a cut-off low over the South African interior with a strong ridging anticyclone southeast of the country in the South Indian Ocean. Satellite, rain gauge, and ERA5 reanalysis are used to show that the timing and location of the heaviest rainfall are closely tied to, firstly, the formation of a Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) at ~0300UTC April 11 on the northern KZN coast which tracked south and then offshore, and secondly, a meso-trough which formed a coastal meso-low by ~2100 UTC April 11. The meso-low tracked south over the warm waters of the Agulhas Current before strengthening into Subtropical Depression Issa. Mesoscale interaction between the MCS and coastal meso-low determined the positioning and timing of the strongest onshore low-level jet, moisture convergence and uplift, and hence the progression of the heavy rainfall down the coast. Such mesoscale interaction has not previously been documented in southern Africa or the Southern Hemisphere.

In This Issue

In This Issue

African Ancestry-Associated Gene Expression Profiles in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Underlie Altered Tumor Biology and Clinical Outcome in Women of African Descent.

Our comprehensive ancestry quantification process revealed that ancestry-associated gene expression profiles in TNBC include population-level distinctions in immunologic landscapes. These differences may explain some differences in race-group clinical outcomes. This study shows the first definitive link between African ancestry and the TNBC immunologic landscape, from an African-enriched international multiethnic cohort. See related commentary by Hamilton et al., p. 2496. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2483.

EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY: Arusha Summit

Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical SeriesVolume 59, Issue 7 p. 23932A-23932C Continental Developments EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY: Arusha Summit First published: 05 September 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2022.10688.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume59, Issue7September 2022Pages 23932A-23932C RelatedInformation

EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY: Budget 2022‐2023

Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical SeriesVolume 59, Issue 5 p. 23875C-23876A Policy and Practice EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY: Budget 2022-2023 First published: 02 July 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2022.10618.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume59, Issue5July 2022Pages 23875C-23876A RelatedInformation

Investigating the relationship between infraorbital canal morphology and maxillary sinus size.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate relationships between maxillary sinus (MS) dimensions and the bony structures associated with the infraorbital nerve (ION). Computed tomographic scans of 87 adult crania (174 sides) from four morphologically diverse groups (West Africans, East Africans, North Asians, Europeans) were utilized. Seven primary variables were collected: infraorbital canal (IOC) type; infraorbital foramen (IOF) shape; distance from the foramen rotundum to IOF (FR-IOF); distance from the posterior wall of the infraorbital groove to IOF (IOG-IOF); and MS length, breadth, and height. Chi-square analyses indicated a significant association between IOC-type and IOF-shape (Pearson chi-square=12.710; p-value=.013), with the most common pattern being oval IOFs and Type-I IOCs (45.68% of the sample; 74/162 sides). Analysis of covariance indicated a significant effect of ancestry (F=8.333; p < .001) and MS length (F=15.406; p < .001) on IOG-IOF distance. Ordinal regression analyses indicated that MS length (Wald chi-square=7.103; p=.008) also maintained a significant effect on IOC-type, while multinominal regression analyses indicated that none of the measured parameters had a significant effect on IOF-shape. These results have clinical implications: recognizing IOC-type and IOF-shape relative to the MS is important to avoid ION damage during medical procedures. Overall, this study found most individuals possess Type-I IOCs (housed in the maxillary sinus roof) and oval-shaped IOFs. Most aspects of the ION pathway, including IOC-type and IOF-shape, were not influenced by ancestry or sex. However, antero-posteriorly longer MSs tend to possess Type-III IOCs protruding into the sinus, which could lead to surgical complications.

Impact of Temperature Changes on Groundwater Levels in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya

Climate change poses uncertainties to the supply and management of water resources under the observed increase in surface temperatures all over Africa. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of temperature changes on groundwater levels in Nzoia River Basin. Temperature and groundwater level variability and trends has been analyzed using the parametric test of Linear regression and the non-parametric Mann-Kendall statistical test. Temperature data was obtained from the Kenya meteorological department (KMD) whereas groundwater level data was collected from Water resources management agency (WRMA). Linear regression of the annual groundwater levels in Nzoia River Basin between 2011 and 2017 revealed a decreasing trend ranging from -0.49 ft/year (Kitale Golf Club) to -0.03 ft/year (Kakamega Tande School). Mann-Kendall statistical test also showed decreasing groundwater levels for all observation wells with the results for Kitale Golf Club and Mois Bridge Quarry observation wells being statistically significant, whereas those for Kapsabet Boys High School, Kakamega Mwikalikha School, Kakamega Tande School and Busia Town Prison were statistically insignificant at 5% significance level. The highest decline in groundwater levels was observed in the upper catchment of the basin.There are significant increases in annual tempratures for Kitale and Kakamega stations in the period 1979 - 2014. Kitale showed annual maximum temprature rising at 0.0006260C/year; annual minimum temperature rising at 0.0011630C/year and the annual mean temprature rising at 0.0008940C/year. Kakamega had annual maximum temprature rising at 0.0007710C/year; annual minimum tempratures rising at 0.0004710C/year and the annual mean tempratures rising at 0.0006230C/year. Eldoret showed falling maximum temprature at - 0.002020C/year; rising minimum temperature at 0.0008130C/year and falling mean temperatures at - 0.001420C/year. The results for Kitale and Eldoret stations showed statistically significant trends whereas those for Kakamega station had a statistically insignificant trend. In Nzoia River Basin, Kitale and Eldoret, annual minimum tempratures are rising faster than the maximum whereas in Kakamega it’s the annual maximum tempratures that are rising faster than the minimum. Kitale and Kakamega stations showed rising annual mean temperatures whereas Eldoret showed falling annual mean tempratures. As one would expect, temperatures in Nzoia River Basin are expected to be rising; however, the case of falling temperatures recorded at Eldoret international airport might occur because this region of Rift valley has highly protected natural resources and a high forest cover is available all the year round. Another possible explanation to this could be the changing cloudness around Eldoret station. Kitale and Kakamega showed annual mean tempratures rising at about 0.10C per century and Eldoret showed mean temperatures falling at about -1.40C per century. The findings for Kitale and Kakamega stations compare well with IPCC Third Assessment Report estimated global warming rate of 0.60C during the twentieth century and other studies from the African continent and East African region.The decreasing trend in groundwater levels in the basin appears to be linked to climate change. Increases in temperature have an impact on the hydrologic cycle because they enhance evaporation of accessible surface water and vegetation transpiration. As a result, these changes have an impact on precipitation volumes, timings, and intensity rates, as well as indirect effects on water flux and storage in surface and subsurface reservoirs. While changes in important long-term climatic factors such as air temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration directly affect surface water supplies, the interaction between changing climate variables and groundwater is more intricate and little understood. For efficient and long-term groundwater resource management, understanding long-term temperature variability and trends, as well as the corresponding reaction of groundwater levels, is critical. Despite the fact that groundwater level records are only available for a short period of time, they include essential information that may be utilized to establish strategies for managing the basin's limited groundwater resources.

EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY: DR Congo Admission

Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical SeriesVolume 58, Issue 12 p. 23680A-23680C Continental Developments EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY: DR Congo Admission First published: 03 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2022.10368.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume58, Issue12February 2022Pages 23680A-23680C RelatedInformation

Marine turtles of the African east coast: current knowledge and priorities for conservation and research

Although published literature regarding the 5 species of marine turtle found along the continental African east coast has grown substantially over the last decades, a comprehensive synthesis of their status and ecology is lacking. Using a mixed methods approach, which combined an exhaustive literature review and expert elicitation, we assessed the distribution and magnitude of nesting, foraging areas, connectivity, and anthropogenic threats for these species in Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, and South Africa. A complex pattern of nesting sites, foraging areas, and migration pathways emerged that identified areas of high importance in all 5 countries, although significant data gaps remain, especially for Somalia. Illegal take, bycatch, and loss of foraging and nesting habitat were identified as the most serious anthropogenic threats. Although these threats are broadly similar along most of the coast, robust data that enable quantification of the impacts are scarce. Experts identified regional strengths and opportunities, as well as impediments to turtle conservation. Topics such as legislation and enforcement, collaboration, local stakeholders, and funding are discussed, and future directions suggested. Given the projected growth in human population along the continental African east coast and expected accompanying development, anthropogenic pressures on turtle populations are set to increase. Stronger regional collaboration and coordination within conservation and research efforts are needed if current and future challenges are to be tackled effectively.

Temperature Variability and Trends in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya

Nzoia River Basin is one of the regions that is highly vulnerable to climate change in Kenya. Many attempts have been made to identify and quantify the impact of climate change on socio-economic sectors and ecosystems using global studies resulting into recommendations on policy changes aimed at generating sustainable mitigation and adaptation strategies. This top-down approach by using global studies lacks the required local and regional climate change specificities to address the regional and local climate change challenges. Temperature is one of the most important components of the climatic parameters widely measured as a starting point towards the apprehension of climate change courses. This study aims at filling the top-down approach knowledge gaps in Nzoia River Basin by assessing temperature variability and trends at three stations for the period 1979 to 2014, using Linear regression analysis and Mann-Kendall statistical test. Monthly maximum and minimum temperature data for Kitale, Kakamega and Eldoret stations was obtained from Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, Kenya. The main findings reveal that Kakamega has highest temperatures, followed by Kitale and the lowest temperatures are found at Eldoret. This trend seems to go with altitude as the lowest temperatures are found at highest altitudes and highest temperatures at lowest altitudes. There are significant increases in annual temperatures for Kitale and Kakamega stations, with Kitale showing annual maximum temprature rising at 0.0006260 C/year; annual minimum temperature rising at 0.0011630 C/year and the annual mean temprature rising at 0.0008940 C/year. Kakamega shows annual maximum temperature rising at 0.0007710 C/year; annual minimum temperatures rising at 0.0004710 C/year and the annual mean temperatures rising at 0.0006230 C/year. Eldoret shows falling maximum temperature at - 0.002020 C/year; rising minimum temperature at 0.0008130 C/year and falling mean temperatures at - 0.001420 C/year. The results for Kitale and Eldoret stations show statistically significant trends whereas those for Kakamega station were statistically insignificant. Eldoret annual minimum temperatures are rising faster than the maximum whereas in Kakamega it’s the annual maximum temperatures that are rising faster than the minimum. Kitale and Kakamega show annual mean temperatures rising at about 0.10C per century which compares well with IPCC Third Assessment Report estimated global warming rate of 0.6 0C during the twentieth century and other studies from the African continent and East African region.

Projected changes in East African climate and its impacts on climatic suitability of maize production areas by the mid-twenty-first century.

Maize crop (Zea mays) is one of the staple foods in the East African (EA) region. However, the suitability of its production area is threatened by projected climate change. The Multimodel Ensemble (MME) from eight Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) models was used in this paper to show climate change between the recent past (1970-2000) and the future (2041-2060), i.e., the mid-twenty-first century. The climatic suitability of maize crop production areas is evaluated based on these climate datasets and the current maize crop presence points using Maximum entropy models (MaxEnt). The MME projection showed a slight increase in precipitation under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in certain places and a reduction in most of southern Tanzania. The temperature projection showed that the minimum temperature would increase by 0.3 to 2.95°C and 0.3 to 3.2°C under RCP4.5 and 8.5, respectively. Moreover, the maximum temperature would increase by 1.0 to 3.0°C and 1.2 to 3.6°C under RCP4.5 and 8.5 respectively. The impacts of these projected changes in climate on maize production areas are the reduction in the suitability of the crop, especially around central and western Tanzania, mid-northern and western Uganda, and parts of western Kenya by 20-40%, and patches of EA will experience a reduction of as high as 40-60%, especially in northern Uganda, and western Kenya. The projected changes in temperature and precipitation present a significant negative change in maize crop suitability. Thus, food security and the efforts towards the elimination of hunger in EA by the mid-twenty-first century will be hampered significantly. We recommend crop diversification to suit the new future environments, modernizing maize farming programs through the adoption of new technologies including irrigation, and climate-smart agricultural practices, etc.

“When the Kalmyks saw me, they thought I was their black devil”: Inverting Centres and Peripheries in Colonial Travelogues Written by East Africans

&#x0D; Travelogues are a rich medium through which to explore observations of everyday culture and rituals, perceptions of the world order, and narrative strategies of othering. In this paper, I turn my attention to travelogues written by East Africans (coastal Swahili Muslims, diasporic Shi’i and Parsi South Asians, and Christian Ugandans) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although the authors come from different religious groupings, cultural-linguistic backgrounds and socio-economic milieus, they travel the same routes within East Africa and, occasionally, also to Europe or even as far as Siberia. I argue that the texts (including journals, retrospectives, and ethnographies) must be read as documents of East African cosmopolitanism. Mobility enables the authors to subvert the imperial world order by re-framing it narratively according to their own religious identity. This gives rise to reflections on humanity, equality and the beauty of knowledge, but not to the exclusion of racial and religious bigotry within and between the non-European communities in East Africa. In my analysis, I tease out narrative patterns, observational styles, and literary tropes present in the texts across religious boundaries. As all the texts were either commissioned by Europeans or edited by their translators before publication they do not document naively ‘authentic’ perspectives of East Africans, but reflect the complexities of communication within strict racial hierarchies. In concluding, I discuss the potential of religion to invert colonial centres and peripheries: European metropoles become places of exotic fascination while the familiar practices of co-religionists can turn the ‘hinterland’ into centres of learning.&#x0D;

Economic, Health and Physical Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic in Sub-Saharan African Regions: A Cross Sectional Survey.

PurposeThe key preventive measures adopted to minimise the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) had significant health, economic and physical impacts mostly in developing countries. This study evaluated the health, economic and physical impacts of COVID-19 lockdown measures among sub-Saharan African (SSA) population and associated demographic variations.MethodsA total of 1970 respondents took part in this web-based cross-sectional survey during the mandatory lockdown period in most SSA. The dependent variables were health (COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation), socioeconomic (lost job, closed down business) and physical impacts (separated from family) of COVID-19. Univariate and bivariate logistic regression analyses were used to explore the factors associated with each of the dependent variables by the four sub-regions (Southern, Western, Central and East Africa).ResultsThe respondents were aged 34.1 ± 11.5 years (range: 18–75 years) and mostly men (1099, 55%). 25.9% (n = 511) reported an impact of COVID-19 pandemic with significant regional variations (p < 0.0005, higher proportion were East 36.2% and Southern Africans 30.3%) but no gender (p = 0.334) and age group variations (p > 0.05). Among Central African respondents, more men than women lost their businesses (45.7% versus 14.3%, p = 0.002) and contracted COVID-19 infections (40.0% versus 18.2%, p = 0.024) during the study period. Multivariable analysis revealed that respondents from East (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42–2.69), Southern (AOR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.09–1.96) and Central Africa (AOR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.06–2.03) reported significantly higher impact of COVID-19. Those who reported family separation during the lockdown were more likely to be older participants (39–48 years, AOR 2.48, 95% CI: 1.11–5.57).ConclusionOne in four SSA respondents, mostly East and Southern Africans, were adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic during the lockdown. Interventions in high-risk populations are needed to reduce the health, socioeconomic and gender disparities in the impacts of COVID-19.

Risk Allele Frequency Analysis of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Vitamin D Concentrations in Different Ethnic Group.

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varies from 20.8% to 61.6% among populations of different ethnicities, suggesting the existence of a genetic component. The purpose of this study was to provide insights into the genetic causes of vitamin D concentration differences among individuals of diverse ancestry. We collected 320 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with vitamin D concentrations from a genome-wide association studies catalog. Their population-level allele frequencies were derived based on the 1000 Genomes Project and Korean Reference Genome Database. We used Fisher’s exact tests to assess the significance of the enrichment or depletion of the effect allele at a given SNP in the database. In addition, we calculated the SNP-based genetic risk score (GRS) and performed correlation analysis with vitamin D concentration that included latitude. European, American, and South Asian populations showed similar heatmap patterns, whereas African, East Asian, and Korean populations had distinct ones. The GRS calculated from allele frequencies of vitamin D concentration was highest among Europeans, followed by East Asians and Africans. In addition, the difference in vitamin D concentration was highly correlated with genetic factors rather than latitude effects.

Atmospheric and Climatic Drivers of Tide Gauge Sea Level Variability along the East and South Coast of South Africa

Atmospheric forcing and climate modes of variability on various timescales are important drivers of sea level variability. However, the influence of such drivers on sea level variability along the South African east and south coast has not yet been adequately investigated. Here, we determine the timescales of sea level variability and their relationships with various drivers. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) was applied to seven tide gauge records and potential forcing data for this purpose. The oscillatory modes identified by the EMD were summed to obtain physically more meaningful timescales—specifically, the sub-annual (less than 18 months) and interannual (greater than two years) scales. On the sub-annual scale, sea level responds to regional zonal and meridional winds associated with mesoscale and synoptic weather disturbances. Ekman dynamics resulting from variability in sea level pressure and alongshore winds are important for the coastal sea level on this timescale. On interannual timescales, there were connections with ENSO, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), although the results are not consistent across all the tide gauge stations and are not particularly strong. In general, El Niño and positive IOD events are coincident with high coastal sea levels and vice versa, whereas there appears to be an inverse relationship between SAM phase and sea level.

Advanced cancers amongst individuals of African ancestry exhibit an almost five-fold higher prevalence of high-risk HPV types not covered by the current 9-valent vaccine

<h3>Objectives:</h3> Among women with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) detected in cervical swabs, the distribution of hrHPV types is known to differ by racial/ethnic group, with East and West Africans and North Americans of African ancestry1 showing overrepresentation of hrHPV types that are not covered by the current 9-valent HPV vaccine. Possible downstream consequences in ethno-specific rates of aggressive hrHPV-related cancers, however, have not been systematically examined. Here, we surveyed a large, multiethnic database of aggressive cancers for non-9-valent-vaccine hrHPV types in association with individual ancestry data. <h3>Methods:</h3> Our archive of 290,311 unique advanced cancer samples underwent comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) using a hybrid-capture-based DNA sequencing platform. We detected hrHPV genomic sequences in 1,690 cervical, 1,196 anogenital, and 1,380 head and neck cancers by <i>de novo</i> assembly of nonhuman reads, followed by alignment to the RefSeq database, which distinguishes hrHPV types. Patient ancestry was determined by classifying specific SNPs by CGP based on their known variation among populations in the 1000 Genomes Project. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Fisher exact test. A two-tailed P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant; the Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple simultaneous comparisons. <h3>Results:</h3> We identified four non-vaccine hrHPV types with >10 cancer cases each: HPV35 (n=71 cases), HPV51 (n=11), HPV59 (n=42), and HPV67 (n=12). Among patients whose cancers harbored hrHPV types that are covered by the 9-valent vaccine (here, HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58), 7.5% (308/4,131) were of African ancestry, lower than the overall representation of African ancestry in our database (9.1% [26,471/290,311]). In contrast, among cases with non-9-valent-vaccine hrHPV types, we identified several-fold enrichment for individuals of African ancestry (HPV35: 24% of African ancestry [17/71], HPV51: 27% [3/11], HPV59: 43% [18/42], HPV67: 25% [3/12]). In total, these four non-vaccine hrHPV types accounted for 11.4% (40/350) of all hrHPV-related advanced cancers in persons of African ancestry, but only 2.4% (95/3928) of hrHPV-related advanced cancers in individuals of other ancestries, a difference of nearly five-fold (p<0.00001, Table 1). Genomic alterations and tumor mutational burden showed no significant differences based on hrHPV type or patient ancestry, suggesting similar tumorigenic mechanisms. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> In our pan-hrHPV analysis of advanced cancers, hrHPV types not covered by the current 9-valent vaccine are strikingly increased in individuals of African ancestry. Our data strongly indicate a need to re-evaluate the choice of hrHPV types to include in the vaccine, as well as a need to re-evaluate the underlying process by which hrHPV types are chosen for inclusion.

EAST AFRICAN BUDGETS 2021/22: Kenya

Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical SeriesVolume 58, Issue 6 p. 23463A-23467C Full Issue EAST AFRICAN BUDGETS 2021/22: Kenya First published: 17 August 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2021.10096.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume58, Issue6August 2021Pages 23463A-23467C RelatedInformation