Earthworm Research Articles

In-vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Anthelmintic Activity of Luffa acutangula, Luffa aegyptiaca and Momordica cochinchinensis

Aims: The study was designed to investigate cytotoxic and anthelmintic activity of aerial parts of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (Family: Cucurbitaceae, locally known as ‘Jhinga’), Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. (Family: Cucurbitaceae, locally known as ‘Dhundul’) and Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. (Family: Cucurbitaceae, locally known as ‘Kakrol’) extracted with various solvents (petroleum ether & methanol). Study Design: Determination of cytotoxic and anthelmintic activity of aerial parts of three (Cucurbitaceae family) Bangladeshi plants. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342. Performed between November 2011- September 2012. Methodology: The cytotoxic activity was evaluated by Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay and anthelmintic activity by in-vitro test using earth worm Pheretima posthuma (Annelida) as test animals. Results: In Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay, methanol extract of M. cochinchinensis and L. aegyptiaca were found to be highly toxic to Brine Shrimp nauplii, having LC50 of 1.91±0.79 μg/ml and 3.97±0.61 μg/ml respectively. The three methanol extracts of aerial part of L. acutangula, L. aegyptiaca and M. cochinchinensis showed moderate anthelmintic activity. 50mg/ml concentration of methanol extract of M. cochinchinensis showed maximum activity showing death in test animals at 43±1.3 min which is comparable to the standard (Piperazine Citrate, 10 mg/ml) which killed the test animal at 38 ± 0.63 min. Conclusion: Further studies are suggested to be undertaken to understand the underlying mechanism of the observed cytotoxic and anthelmintic activity of these three Bangladeshi (Cucurbitaceae family) plants.

STRUKTUR POPULASI CACING TANAH DI HUTAN SEKUNDER DAN AGROFORESTRI KOPI DESA KUTAGUGUNG KECAMATAN NAMAN TERAN KABUPATEN KARO

Research on the structure population of earthworm in secondary forest and coffee agroforestry Kutagugung Village, District Naman Teran, Karo, North Sumatra was conducted in January 2013. The aim of research was to determinate type earthworm, populations and its relation to environmental conditions. The method used is purposive random sampling with square method, hand sorting and environmental conditions (temperature, pH, rH, C-organik, N, P dan K). Amynthas sp., Pheretima sp. and Pontoscolex corethrurus found at both locations, while Peryonix sp. only found in coffee agroforestry. The highest density found in coffee agroforestry (283.73 ind/m2) followed by secondary forest (78.93 ind/m2). Types of earthworm bioindicator in secondary forest is Pontoscolex corethrurus (KR= 60.81%, FK= 60%) and Pheretima sp. (KR= 36.49%, FK= 53%), whereas in the coffee agroforestry only found Pontoscolex corethrurus (KR= 91.73%, FK= 100%). Pearson correlation analysis results indicate the number of individual earthworms were significantly positively correlated to the secondary forest soil pH (P= 0.544, α= 0.05). Keywords: coffee agroforestry, district karo, earth worm, population, secondary forest

In vitro anthelmintic efficacy of Borassus flabellifer Linn. (Palmae) against Pheretima posthuma

ObjectiveTo investigate the anthelmintic activity of Borassus flabellifer (B. flabellifer) Linn. leaves against Indian adult earth worms (Pheretima posthuma). MethodsThe B. flabellifer leaves and Indian adult earth worms (Pheretima posthuma) were collected and authenticated. Earth worms were grouped and treated with extract at 10, 20 and 50 mg/mL concentration, albendazole (10 mg/mL) as a standard and normal saline. The paralysis time and mortality time was considered as indicator of anthelmintic efficacy. ResultsAll the extracts showed concentration dependent activity but significant activity was observed at 50 mg/mL. At concentration 50 mg/mL extract pertained better activity with paralysis time (13.3 min) and death times (17.92 min) when compared to standard albendazole. ConclusionsThe study findings reveal that the methanolic extract of B. flabellifer leaves has effective anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earth worms.

In vitro potential anthelmintic activity of bulbils of Dioscorea bulbifera L. on earthworms and liverflukes

Ethnobotanical information from Nigeria specifies the usage of Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae) in treatment of parasitic diseases in human and thus, could be of value in preventing the development of resistance to common synthetic anthelmintics. The present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of methanolic extracts of the flesh and peel of the bulbils of D. bulbifera, on Fasciola gigantica and Pheritima posthuma at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 mg/ml. Albendazole and normal saline were included in the assay as standard reference drug and control, respectively. Thin layer chromatography was used to screen the methanol extracts of the flesh and peel of the bulbils of D. bulbifera for important secondary metabolites in comparison with gallic acid and quercetin. The median lethal concentration values of the flesh and peel extracts of D. bulbifera were 39.67 and 30.40 mg/ml for earthworm and 61.73 and 41.79 mg/ml for liverfluke, respectively. The peel was more potent at 100 mg/ml, causing paralysis in 5.6 ± 0.51 min and death in 10 ± 0.45 min in earthworm. The findings from this study show that D. bulbifera possess in vitro anthelmintic compound worthy of further evaluation. Key words: Albendazole, anthelmintic, Dioscorea bulbifera, Fasciola gigantica, Pheritima posthuma.

ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF SOPHORA INTERRUPTA

Crude methanolic extracts of leaves of Sophora interrupta (Fabaceae) were evaluated for in vitro a nthelmintic activity on the Indian adult earthworms Pheritima posthuma . Albendazole was used as a standard drug to compare the test results. The results were interpreted as time taken for paralysis and death of the earth worms. The study conclud ed that the methanolic leaf extract of Sophora interrupta showed significant Anthelmintic activity in a dose dependent inhibition of spontaneous motility of earthworms.

COMPARATIVE IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF METHANOLIC AND PETROLEUM ETHER EXTRACTS OF WOODFERDIA FRUTICOSA (L). FLOWER

The present study aims at preliminary phytochemical investigation and anthelmintic activity of dried flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa (L) . The dri ed flowers we re extracted individually with methanol and p etrolium ether . The extracts were evaluated for phytochemical studies . Preliminary screening of the flow ers of Woodfordia fruticosa revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins and glycosides in major quantities, phenols in moderate quantities and anthraquinones and flavonoids in minor quantities. Methanol extract and Petrolium ether extract of Woodfo rdia fruticosa flower were tested for anthelmintic potential against the Indian earth worm Pheritima posthuma . Differen t concentrations of the extract ranging from 50 - 100 μg / ml were tested and results expressed as time required for paralysis and death of the worms. Piperazine citrate (10 mg / ml) and Albendazole (20 mg / ml) were used as a reference standard s and DMSO (1 %) as the negative control. The methanol ic extract of Woodferdia fruticosa (L) flower exhibited significant anthelmintic activity as compared to petroleum ether extract .

Investigation of in-vitro anthelmintic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Boerhavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae) including pharmacognostical and phytochemical screening

The present study clearly indicated that the crude ethanol extract of Boerhavia diffusa did produce anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. The plant possesses significant anthelmintic activity at 100 mg/ml concentration measured by time taken for paralyze/death of the earth worms. The current investigation leads to conclusion that the leaves of B. diffusa have potent anthelmintic activity of conventionally used drug. The results did not, however, exclude the possibility that doses of the extract with lower anthelmintic activity in this study might be efficacious against other species of helminths. Further studies using in vivo models and to isolate active constituents from extract are required to carry out and established the effectiveness and pharmacological rational for the use of B. diffusa as an anthelmintic drug.

THE USE OF SELECTED ANAESTHETIC DRUGS IN SEARCH OF A METHOD FOR IMPROVING EARTHWORMS’ WELFARE

This paper describes selected effects of body contact of earthworms Dendrobaena veneta Rosa with local anaesthetic (LA) drugs used for human anesthesia (lidocaine and prilocaine) and anaesthetics for aquatic animals (MS-222). The findings showed safe and effective immobilization of earthworms with prilocaine at a concentration of 0.25-1%. At the applied concentrations lidocaine was safe, but less effective. On the other hand, MS-222, at the applied concentrations had a strongly irritating effect for earthworms and induced convulsive body movements connected with a discharge of coelomic fluid. The results may be relevant both for improving the welfare of earth worms during experiments and for the organization of research involving testing drugs on invertebrates. In this case, by using earthworms as an experimental model and by applying the method for measuring their mobility after contact with anaesthetics, which has been described in this article, it might be possible to replace experiments on guinea pigs, rabbits, rats and mice, which are expensive and require an approval of an ethics committee, with laboratory tests on earthworms.

Pengaruh Pupuk Kandang Sapi dengan Biodekomposer dan Pupuk Anorganik terhadap Efisiensi Serapan K dan Hasil Tanaman Padi (Oryza Sativa L.) di Lahan Sawah Palur Sukoharjo

Title : The Effect of Cow Manure with Biodecompocer and Inorganic Fertility to Efficiency of K Absorption and Yield of Paddy ( Oryza sativa L.) on Paddy Field Palur Sukoharjo. This research was conducted from January–August 2008 in paddy field, Palur Sukoharjo. The aim of this research were to know the effect of cow manure with Biodecompocer and inorganic fertilizer to K uptake efficiency and the rice yield (Oryza sativa L.) in paddy field Palur Sukoharjo. This research used Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with two factors. The first factor was dosage cow manure consist of 7 levels i.e.: B0 (no cow manure), B1 (2.5 t.ha-1cow manure), B2 (5 t.ha-1 cow manure), B3 (2.5 t.ha-1 +stardec), B4 (5 t.ha-1+stardec), B5 (2.5 t.ha-1 +earthworm), B6 (5 t.ha-1 +earthworm). The second factor was Inorganic fertilizer consist of 3 levels i.e.: (without inorganic fertilizer) A0; (Urea 150 kg.ha-1, ZA 50 kg.ha-1, SP36 dosage 75 kg.ha-1 and KCl 50 kg.ha-1) A1; and (Urea 300 kg.ha-1, ZA 100 kg.ha-1, SP36 150 kg.ha-1 and KCl 100 kg.ha-1) A2. Data was analyzed with F-tested level 1% and 5% or Kruskal Wallis test, and continued with Duncan Multiple Range Test 5% (DMRT 5%) or mood median, and correlation test to know relation between observation variable. The result of this research shows that the highest efficiency of K uptake was achieved at 2.5 t.ha-1 cow manure+stardec and Urea 300 kg.ha-1, ZA 100 kg.ha-1 , SP36 150 kg.ha-1 and KCl 100 kg.ha-1 its 4.67%. The highest weight of 1,000 seed was achieved at 5 t.ha-1 cow manure+earthworm and without inorganic fertilizer its 28.79 gr. The highest weight of dry yield rice was achieved (GKG) at 5 t.ha-1 cow manure+stardec and Urea 150 kg.ha-1, ZA 50 kg.ha-1, SP36 75 kg.ha-1 and KCl 50 kg.ha-1) its 11.5 kg.18 m -2 6.39 t.ha-1. Keywords: cow manure, biodecomposer, K Efficiency, paddy

“Earth Worm Wit Lies Under Ground”: The Compositional Genesis of Coleridge’s “Limbo” Constellation

Previous articleNext article No Access“Earth Worm Wit Lies Under Ground”: The Compositional Genesis of Coleridge’s “Limbo” ConstellationEwan James JonesEwan James JonesTrinity Hall, University of Cambridge Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Modern Philology Volume 110, Number 4May 2013 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/670161 Views: 23Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref © 2013 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Ashley Cross To “buzz lamenting doings in the air”: Romantic Flies, Insect Poets, and Authorial Sensibility, European Romantic Review 25, no.33 (May 2014): 337–346.https://doi.org/10.1080/10509585.2014.899760

EARTHWORMS FROM ISRAEL. I. GENERA DENDROBAENA EISEN, 1874 AND B1MASTOS MOORE, 1891 (OLIGOCHAETA: LUMBRICIDAE)

ABSTRACT The earthworm genera Dendrobaena Eisen, 1874 and Bimastos Moore, 1891 in Israel were studied. Twelve taxa were collected, of which three species, B. jordanis, D. nevoi, and D. negevis spp. nov., are newly described. The taxonomic status of D. orientalis, D. semitica, and D. veneta kervillei is clarified.

Impact of Vermicompost on Growth and Development of Cabbage, <em>Brassica oleracea </em> Linn. and their Sucking Pest, <em>Brevicoryne brassicae </em> Linn. (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Aim of the present study was to produce vermicompost from organic solid wastes by using red earth worm, <em>Eisenia fetida </em> and to check growth promoting and pest suppression properties on cabbage, <em>Brassica oleracea </em>. The mass of 100 kg of various organic waste sources were collected from Gondar and used to prepare vermicompost. The vermicompost was prepared in the month of June-August 2011 and tested on cabbage, <em>B. oleracea </em> from October 2011 to February 2012. Vermicompost was applied at the rate of 25, 50, 100 and 200 gm/plant individually. Each application 10 plants were selected and vermicompost application was continued on bimonthly basis. Totally 40 plants were used for control group in which 10 plants were selected randomly. Total number of leaves per plant; leaf length and width; plant stand height and root length; cabbage head round distance and weight and aphid population built-up were the parameters studied in experimental and control cabbage plants. Significant differences (p<0.05; LSD) were observed in the growth and development and pest infestation level between vermicompost applied and control plants. The number of plant stand height, cabbage head, leaves of cabbage were also significantly different (p<0.05; LSD) in experimental cabbage compared to control. Maximum number of cabbage plant was infested by aphid in control than experimental groups. In conclusion vermicompost have significant impact on cabbage growth promotion and reduce the aphid infestation. In future using vermicompost to all kinds of crops and adopting it as commercial fertilizer may create job opportunity to small scale farming society. Also, in this ever escalating cost of chemical fertilizers, the use of vermicompost seems to be quite reasonable in agro-management and should be inclusive as one of the elements of poverty alleviation strategies in such as Ethiopian context.

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTHELMINTIC SCREENING OF LEAVES, BARK, ROOTS OF PLANT TABERNAEMONTANA CORONARIA

Tabernaemontana coronaria is a potent ial non cultivated medicinal plant widely distributed in waste lands and open forests in India. The alcoholic, ethereal and chloroform extracts were obtained from the plant Tabernaemontana coronaria by soxhlet extraction or co ntinuous hot percolation method and the extracts were evaluated for their anthelmintic activi ty , against locally available earth worms ( Pheretima posthuma ). Three concentrations (10, 30, 60 mg/ml) were prepared from each extract and were used for the study over earth worms. The study inv olves the determination of time of paralysis and time for dea th of the earth worms tested. The results obtained from the study revealed that all the extracts of Tabernaemontana coronaria possess significant anthelmintic effect at highest concentration (60 mg/ml). A solution of Albendazole was prepared in same concen tration as that of extract and was used as standard. A 5 % tween - 80 suspension prepared using normal saline solution was used as control

Toxicity of methyl parathion on growth and reproduction of three ecologically different tropical earthworms

This work illustrates the toxicological impact of pesticide methyl parathion (MP) (dust—2 % active ingredient, a.i.) on growth and reproduction performance in tropical earthworms: Metaphire posthuma (endogeic), Lampito mauritii (anecic) and Allolobophora parva (epigeic). A total of three concentrations (a.i. g kg−1 dry test soil), 1.00 (T 1), 1.125 (T 2) and 2.25 (T 3) of MP, were applied in test substrate to examine the impact on mortality, individual live weight changes and reproduction patterns in test species over 60 days under laboratory conditions. MP caused significant mortality in all tested species, and median lethal dose (LD50) for L. mauritii, M. posthuma and A. parva was 24.85, 23.64 and 22.67 mg a.i., respectively. The individual live weight loss was 27.0–37.0 % in L. mauritii, 36.0–57.1 % in M. posthuma and 1.2–11.0 % in A. parva in different test concentrations. The pesticide-exposed worms produced less cocoons than control, but in L. mauritii, an unusual reproduction (hormesis) was recorded. Results suggested the species-specific toxicity of MP against tropical earthworms.

Effect of Composting Of Different Organic Wastes with Earthworm Species on C: N Ratio.

A vermicomposting study was conducted with different organic waste like wheat straw, cotton stubble waste and leaf litter by using five species of earthworms i.e. Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus, Lampito mauritii and one local. Lowest C:N ratio was recorded in cotton waste inoculated with Eisenia foetida over all other combinations except cotton waste inoculated with Lampito mauritii and leaf litter inoculated with Eisenia foetida and Lampito mauritii.

In vitro anthelmintic activity of Acacia catechu Willd

Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of heartwood of Acacia catechu Willd. Materials and Methods: The alcoholic extract of heartwood of Acacia catechu Willd and its ethyl acetate fractions at different concentrations were tested on Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) by in vitro standard procedure. Time of paralysis and time of death of the worms were considered as the parameters to assess the anthelmintic action. Albendazole and 2% w/v gum acacia in distilled water were used as standard and control respectively. Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of alcoholic extracts exhibited potent anthelmintic activity compared to alcoholic extract as evidenced by a significant decrease in time of paralysis and death. The observed activity could be due to the presence to phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids in the test extract. Conclusion: These in vitro studies indicated that the A. catechu Willd. is a significant source of natural anthelmintic, which might be helpful in preventing the progress of various parasitic disorders. Key words: Acacia catechu, alcoholic extract, anthelmintic activity, death, ethyl acetate fraction, paralysis

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and in Vitro Anthelmintic Effects of Acmella Paniculata Plant Extracts

Development of resistant to most of commercially available anthelmintic became a sever problem worldwide. Pet ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Acmella paniculata were evaluated for there anthelmintic activity using Pheretima posthuma model (Indian earthworm). The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins in whole plant. Three concentrations (0.075, 0.15 and 0.22w/v) of each extracts were used for this study involve the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worm. Extracts obtained from whole plant not only paralyzed but also killed the earth worms. It was observed that both ethyl acetate, pet ether, chloroform and methanol extracts showed a remarkable Anthelmintic potential against intestinal parasitism. Further, there is scope to evaluate those active principles of Acmella paniculata whole plant for their Anthelmintic activity to open the new door for natural Anthelmintic.

1P1-F09 水力学的骨格を用いた完全密閉型柔軟移動ロボット : 繊維材料を用いた耐圧向上による小型化と動作速度の向上(フレキシブルロボット・メカニズム)

This study proposes a new exible hermetically-sealed mobile robot named "MOLOOP". MOLOOP is driven by hydraulic skeleton mechanism, which is found in exible creatures such as earth worm. In our former robot, the driving force and speed are not enough because of low performance of the uid-bags used as actuators. This report describes a new MOLOOP prototype which makes use of new reinforced uid bags. Moving speed of New MOLOOP is 9mm/s whereas 3mm/s with the former type.

Effects of aerosolized earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme on bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats

To explore the effects of aerosolized earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme (EFE) on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. A total of 72 male SD rats were divided randomly into 3 groups of bleomycin (BLM) group with intratracheal BLM (5 mg/kg), control group with the same dose of normal saline, then after both receiving aerosolization of normal saline once daily instead of EFE, EFE group with EFE (2500 U/kg) by aerosolization once daily after BLM instillation. Lung histopathology, immunohistochemistry for transforming growth factor β(1) (TGF-β(1)), lung hydroxyproline contents, levels of urokinase PA (uPA), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and PA inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in lung and blood were observed at Days 7, 14 and 28 of experiment, respectively. Compared with BLM group, pulmonary fibrosis improved and the TGF-β(1) expression of lung tissue decreased (P < 0.01). Hydroxyproline content of lung tissue decreased in EFE group compared with BLM group ((5.8 ± 2.5) vs (9.6 ± 1.3), (6.7 ± 1.4) vs (9.7 ± 1.5), (7.5 ± 1.2) vs (9.7 ± 1.4) mg/L, P < 0.01). Compared with BLM group, the uPA levels of lung were elevated in EFE group at Days 7 and 14 ((1.04 ± 0.36) vs (0.72 ± 0.11), (0.90 ± 0.09) vs (0.75 ± 0.08) µg/L, P < 0.05). Moreover, the plasma levels uPA of increased at Days 14 and 28 ((0.32 ± 0.04) vs (0.25 ± 0.02), (0.36 ± 0.05) vs (0.28 ± 0.04) µg/L, P < 0.05). Consistently, compared with BLM group, the tPA levels of lung increased in EFE group ((4.70 ± 0.87) vs (3.01 ± 0.62), (5.72 ± 0.37) vs (3.00 ± 0.51), (6.73 ± 1.12) vs (3.18 ± 0.38) µg/L, P < 0.01) and the plasma levels of tPA also increased ((3.40 ± 0.36) vs (1.79 ± 0.38), (3.17 ± 0.37) vs (2.18 ± 0.17), (3.85 ± 0.56) vs (2.80 ± 1.06) µg/L, P < 0.01). However, compared with BLM group, the PAI-1 levels of lung decreased in EFE group ((6.04 ± 0.81) vs (8.52 ± 1.01), (6.78 ± 0.81) vs (9.81 ± 1.73), (7.63 + 0.99) vs (11.44 ± 2.54), P < 0.05) and the plasma levels of PAI-1 also decreased in EFE group ((4.82 ± 0.42) vs (6.89 ± 0.84), (5.73 ± 0.40) vs (7.30 ± 1.09), (5.64 ± 0.87) vs (7.98 ± 1.10) µg/L, P < 0.05). Earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme may decrease bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and TGF-β(1) expression while increasing fibrinolytic activation. And fibrinolytic strategies are probably useful for the therapy of fibrotic lung diseases.

Earthworm Communities in the Pineapple (Ananus comosus) and Mixed Fruit Plantations of West Tripura, India

Present studies on the community characteristics of earthworms revealed the occurrence of 11 species of earthworms in the pineapple (Ananus comosus) and 14 species in the mixed fruit plantations of west Tripura (India). While 9 species of earthworms namely Drawida assamensis, Drawida papillifer papillifer, Drawida nepalensis, Kanchuria sp., Metaphire houlleti, Eutyphoeus gigas, Eutyphoeus scutarius, Eutyphoeus comillahnus and Pontoscolex corethrurus are of common occurrence to both the pineapple and the mixed fruit plantations, two and five earthworm species namely Kanchuria sumerianus, Eutyphoeus sp. and Metaphire posthuma, Perionyx excavatus, Lampito mauritii, Amynthus alexandri, Eutyphoeus gammiei are restricted to the pineapple and the mixed fruit plantations respectively. Earthworms were found mostly within 15 cm depth of soils having temperature 25–25.8 °C, moisture 18.8–22.4 %, water holding capacity 26–31.7 % and organic matter content 2.4–4.0 %. Mean earthworm densities (158 ind. m−2) was significantly higher (p < 0.01, t = 9.67) and biomass (36.67 g m−2) significantly lower (p < 0.01, t = −5.98) in the pineapple plantation than the mixed fruit plantation (density 93 ind. m−2, biomass 56 g m−2). High density value of earthworms in pineapple plantation is linked with dominance of D. assamensis and high biomass value in mixed fruit plantation was due to the higher relative abundance of larger species like E. gigas, E. scutarius, E. comillahnus and E. gammiei. Compared to the mixed fruit plantation, significantly (p < 0.05) higher index of dominance, lower index of diversity, species richness index and species evenness were recorded in the pineapple plantation.