Earthquake Risk Analysis Research Articles

Earthquake Risk Analysis as a Disaster Mitigation-Based Spatial Planning Strategy in the National Tourism Strategic Area of Kolorai Village, Morotai Island

Kolorai Village is a National Strategic Tourism Area (KSPN) influenced by complex tectonic activity. The low community resilience to earthquake disasters in Kolorai Village means that the government must refrain from using disaster risk factors as a reference in developing disaster mitigation-based tourism areas. This research aims to analyse the risk of earthquake disasters in the tourism area of Kolorai Village. Problem-solving in this research uses the survey method and descriptive analysis with a quantitative approach. Primary data or field data in the form of vulnerability and capacity data are obtained using the help of checklist instruments, questionnaires, and interviews. The earthquake disaster risk analysis results in Kolorai Village have a score of 3. They are included in the high category with a percentage of hazard factors of 43%, 28% vulnerability, and 29% capacity. The value of earthquake disaster risk is produced as a map that illustrates the elements of earthquake disaster risk in the Kolorai Village Tourism Area. So that it can be used for spatial planning, it needs to be integrated with disaster risk reduction.

Earthquake Disaster Risk Assessment in Purworejo District, Central Java Province, Indonesia

<p class="Abstract">Purworejo Regency is directly adjacent to the Indian Ocean and is close to the Java subduction, so it is estimated to have a high earthquake risk index. This study aims to analyze the earthquake disaster risk in Purworejo District, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Earthquake risk analysis methods follow Perka BNPB No 02 of 2012, including hazard, vulnerability, and capacity analysis. The disaster risk index combines the disaster, vulnerability, and capacity indexes. The findings of this study reveal the following: (1) 295 villages within Purworejo Regency fall into the high earthquake hazard category, primarily located in the southern region of Purworejo or near the Java subduction zone. (2) The high vulnerability to earthquakes is widespread across almost all villages in Purworejo Regency. The highest concentration of villages with a high vulnerability index is found in Ngombol District (57 villages), Butuh District (41 villages), and Purwodadi District (40 villages). (3) Purworejo Regency exhibits a capacity to cope with earthquakes that are not categorized as low. The majority, comprising 464 villages (93.92%), falls within the middle class, while 30 villages (6.08%) are classified as having a high capacity. (4) Within Purworejo Regency, 117 villages (23.7%) are at a high risk of earthquakes, and 376 villages face a moderate risk. Only one village has a low disaster risk index.</p>

Earthquake Risk Analysis for Disaster Management and Mitigation in Central Lombok

This research focuses on analyzing the risk of earthquake disasters in Central Lombok Regency for disaster management and mitigation purposes that can be implemented in the future. This disaster risk analysis has been prepared using a methodology adapted to the Regulation of the Head of the National Disaster Management Agency Number 02 of 2012 concerning General Guidelines for Disaster Risk Analysis, as well as referring to other guidelines applicable at national level ministries/institutions. Central Lombok Regency faces significant risks related to earthquakes, especially in the coastal, southern and central areas. The risk index value is obtained from data analysis related to the hazard, vulnerability and capacity components for each potential disaster grouped into 3 (three) levels/classes, namely 0-0.333 for low class, > 0.333-0.666 for medium class, and >0.666-1 for high class. The index values are different for each disaster, except for the regional capacity index which applies the same to all regions. The Central Lombok Regency disaster risk assessment was carried out at the village/sub-district level. Detailed results of the analysis of each disaster risk assessment index for all potential disasters in Central Lombok Regency are described for each component determining disaster risk assessment. The results of this research show that the highest risk of earthquake disasters is in East Praya at 31%, then the moderate disaster risk is in the Jonggat and Pringgarata areas at 65%, and the low risk is in the North Batuliang area at 68%.

Attenuation Relationships for the Horizontal Component of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGAH) Using Gene Expression Programing (GEP) and Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH)

Earthquake is one of the natural disasters that has always influenced human life. It is not currently possible to predict exactly when and where an earthquake will occur, nor how large it will be. It is also impossible to prevent an earthquake. However, by designing seismic-resistant structures, the amount of financial losses and casualties can be reduced. This resistant design requires the use of earthquake risk analysis. By using the earthquake risk analysis, it will be possible to estimate the parameters of the strong ground motion, including acceleration, velocity, and displacement in each area. Estimating the parameters of strong ground motion will be possible just by obtaining the appropriate attenuation relationship. The aim of this paper is to present an appropriate attenuation relationship to estimate the horizontal component of the possible occurrence of peak ground acceleration in each region. Two methods were used to calculate attenuation relationship: gene expression programing (GEP) and group method of data handling (GMDH). In the first step, an up-to-date and comprehensive catalog consisting of 1,185 earthquake records that occurred around the world has been prepared. In the next step, the parameters of magnitude, hypocentral distance, and shear wave velocity of these records have been used as variables of the attenuation relationship. Then, the fitness function (f) was determined, and attenuation relationships were calculated using GEP and GMDH. The amount of fitness function (f) was obtained 766.12 from 1,000 in the GEP method and 767.77 from 1,000 in the GMDH method. The values of the fitness function, residuals and comparison plots showed a high-agreement between “the values predicted by the attenuation relationships” and “the actual values observed in the earthquakes.” Finally, according to the results of this research, it can be said that the use of GEP and GMDH methods has provided better results than the other similar researches. Also, the use of up-to-date records makes the results of this research more reliable than the previous researches.

Assessment and Earthquake Risk Analysis on Tehran Water Supply Network

Assessment and Earthquake Risk Analysis on Tehran Water Supply Network

An Enhanced Earthquake Risk Analysis using H3 Spatial Indexing

Risk assessment is the first step in disaster risk reduction and crucial for types of disasters with potentially significant impacts, such as earthquakes. Besides the direct impact of very devastating shocks, earthquakes can also trigger cascading events that are no less damaging such as landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis. This study aims to apply the H3 spatial indexing system to improve earthquake risk assessment using Sorong City as a case study, and compare the result of H3-based risk assessment with the normative risk assessment in Indonesia as defined by relevant Perka BNPB (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/National Disaster Management Authority) 2/2012. H3 is an open-source geospatial indexing system developed by Uber, which utilizes a hierarchical hexagonal grid for indexing, calculations, and visualization. The hexagonal cells in the grid have equidistant neighbors and possess the property of expanding neighboring rings, approximating circles and optimizing space filling. The H3 spatial index finds extensive applications in earthquake hazard, vulnerability, capacity, and risk assessment systems. The value of each parameter is entered into each hexagon so that in the end each hexagon has its risk index value. The study shows that the use of H3 in earthquake risk assessment can provide a more detailed level of analysis and indirectly does not depend on regional administrative boundaries. Technically, this advantage provides a more efficient calculation method and is also easier to modify partially both spatially and in terms of the parameters used. Based on the performance evaluation results on the spatial join aspect, H3 provides much faster performance compared to traditional indexing systems. Hence, the H3 spatial index will be very useful to meet the need for an earthquake risk assessment on a larger scale with a higher level of resolution.

In Challenge of Approaching Casualties and Injured People Due to a Damaging Earthquake

During big earthquakes, one of the challenges for the decision maker is the estimation of the resources for the attention of the disaster which is computed based on the casualties and injured people, which is generated by damaging earthquake. In this investigation, two criteria for the estimation of casualties during damaging earthquake were presented forMw>6.5 in one target area, namely, Chorrillos district in the Lima metropolitan. First criterion considers the compilation of existing data that reports the casualties on damaged cities with a population density involved, considering the lifestyle, the time of occurrence, the season of the year, that could influence in the number of victims, which is normalized to avoid temporary effects in the estimation. The second criterion considers the output generated prior computed process such earthquake hazard, microzoning and risk analysis of the target area. Here a series of identification of parameters has been computed such as location of the source of earthquake, depth and epicentral distance, distribution of population, social levels, and others, to estimate the risk. For the computing of the number of casualties in the affected area, a relation between the magnitude and risk is developed. Both criteria provided results which with an uncertain measure, but not so far from each other. That gives us confidence in this approach. Also, we evaluate the estimation with the major earthquake’s scenarios for the region especially in Peru, with reasonable results.

A Comprehensive Review of Geospatial Technology Applications in Earthquake Preparedness, Emergency Management, and Damage Assessment

The level of destruction caused by an earthquake depends on a variety of factors, such as magnitude, duration, intensity, time of occurrence, and underlying geological features, which may be mitigated and reduced by the level of preparedness of risk management measures. Geospatial technologies offer a means by which earthquake occurrence can be predicted or foreshadowed; managed in terms of levels of preparation related to land use planning; availability of emergency shelters, medical resources, and food supplies; and assessment of damage and remedial priorities. This literature review paper surveys the geospatial technologies employed in earthquake research and disaster management. The objectives of this review paper are to assess: (1) the role of the range of geospatial data types; (2) the application of geospatial technologies to the stages of an earthquake; (3) the geospatial techniques used in earthquake hazard, vulnerability, and risk analysis; and (4) to discuss the role of geospatial techniques in earthquakes and related disasters. The review covers past, current, and potential earthquake-related applications of geospatial technology, together with the challenges that limit the extent of usefulness and effectiveness. While the focus is mainly on geospatial technology applied to earthquake research and management in practice, it also has validity as a framework for natural disaster risk assessments, emergency management, mitigation, and remediation, in general.

Earthquake Risk Probability Evaluation for Najin Lhasa in Southern Tibet

The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) method is effectively used in an earthquake risk probability evaluation in seismogenic regions with active faults. In this study, by focusing on the potential seismic source area in Najin Lhasa, southern Tibet, and by incorporating the PSHA method, we determined the seismic activity parameters and discussed the relationship of ground motion attenuation, the seismic hazard probability, and the horizontal bedrock ground motion acceleration peak value under different transcendence probabilities in this area. The calculation results show that the PSHA method divides the potential source area via specific tectonic scales and detailed tectonic markers, which reduces the scale of the potential source area and better reflects the uneven spatial distribution of seismic activity in the vicinity of Najin. The corrected attenuation relationship is also in line with the actual work requirements and is suitable for earthquake risk analysis. In addition, the major influences on the peak acceleration of ground motion in the study area are mainly in the potential source areas of Qushui (M7.5), Dangxiong (M8.5), and Kangma (M7.5). The peak horizontal ground motion acceleration (PGA) with a transcendence probability of 10% in 50 years is 185.9 cm/s2, and that with a transcendence probability of 2% in 50 years is 265.9 cm/s2.

Effect of Spatial Variation of Earthquake Ground Motions on Seismic Vulnerability of Urban Road Network Considering Building Environment

Evaluating the seismic damage of urban road infrastructure systems is of vital importance in reducing the earthquake hazard risk of cities. Urban road infrastructure systems are commonly represented as a spatial network that covers the whole city, and in its seismic damage analysis the spatial variation of earthquake ground motions cannot be ignored. However, the effect of the spatial variation of ground motions on the seismic vulnerability of urban road networks is unknown. In this article, based on the case study on Datong, China, it is shown that the spatially variation of ground motions may increase the damage risk of urban road networks and should be considered in the seismic vulnerability analysis. This was achieved by developing a method to evaluate the performance of a post-earthquake road network considering the structural damage of road components and the building environment. This work is anticipated to be a starting point for more sophisticated studies on the earthquake risk analysis of spatially extended urban lifeline systems.

Study of Building Safety Monitoring by Using Cost-Effective MEMS Accelerometers for Rapid After-Earthquake Assessment with Missing Data.

Suffering from structural deterioration and natural disasters, the resilience of civil structures in the face of extreme loadings inevitably drops, which may lead to catastrophic structural failure and presents great threats to public safety. Earthquake-induced extreme loading is one of the major reasons behind the structural failure of buildings. However, many buildings in earthquake-prone areas of China lack safety monitoring, and prevalent structural health monitoring systems are generally very expensive and complicated for extensive applications. To facilitate cost-effective building-safety monitoring, this study investigates a method using cost-effective MEMS accelerometers for buildings’ rapid after-earthquake assessment. First, a parameter analysis of a cost-effective MEMS sensor is conducted to confirm its suitability for building-safety monitoring. Second, different from the existing investigations that tend to use a simplified building model or small-scaled frame structure excited by strong motions in laboratories, this study selects an in-service public building located in a typical earthquake-prone area after an analysis of earthquake risk in China. The building is instrumented with the selected cost-effective MEMS accelerometers, characterized by a low noise level and the capability to capture low-frequency small-amplitude dynamic responses. Furthermore, a rapid after-earthquake assessment scheme is proposed, which systematically includes fast missing data reconstruction, displacement response estimation based on an acceleration response integral, and safety assessment based on the maximum displacement and maximum inter-story drift ratio. Finally, the proposed method is successfully applied to a building-safety assessment by using earthquake-induced building responses suffering from missing data. This study is conducive to the extensive engineering application of MEMS-based cost-effective building monitoring and rapid after-earthquake assessment.

Generation of a Stochastic Seismic Event Set Based on a New Seismicity Model in China’s Earthquake Catastrophe Model

AbstractEarthquakes are among the most devastating natural disasters in China, causing serious casualties and property losses. To effectively reduce catastrophic risk, it is important to establish an earthquake catastrophe insurance system based on the earthquake catastrophe model, of which seismic hazard analysis is a main module. Probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis uses the potential source model, seismicity model, and ground-motion attenuation model, as well as the probability method to obtain the seismic hazard value of a given point. However, because the influence of a single seismic event is required when the earthquake catastrophe model is used for risk analysis, a series of single events needs to be generated according to the potential source model so as to calculate the influence of each event on the given point. In this study, based on the seismicity model (potential sources and their seismicity parameters) used in compiling the fifth generation of Seismic Ground Motion Parameter Zoning Map of China, we use the Monte Carlo method to simulate seismic events conforming to temporal, spatial, and intensity distribution of China’s seismic activities. In the simulation process, we follow the Poisson distribution in occurrence time and the Gutenberg–Richter law in magnitude distribution, and we use potential sources and earthquake occurrence rates to describe spatial distribution. The simulated seismic events include the following parameters: date (year, month, and day), location (longitude and latitude), depth, magnitude, and attitude of seismogenic faults. The simulated seismic event set can support earthquake risk analysis in the earthquake catastrophe model and has been applied in the earthquake catastrophe model of China.

Penerapan Teorema Probabilitas Total dalam Analisis Resiko Gempa

Total probabilistic theorem was applied to analyze seismic risk by mean Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). Earthquake as natural earthquakes as a random natural event was approached by the concept of uncertainty. The PSHA method is described in 5 (five) stages of work, called identificating the source of the earthquake, characterizing the earthquake source, characterizing the seismicity, determinating the movement of soil surface occurring at a location due to the earthquake, the combining the uncertainty of the location of the earthquake, magnitude of the earthquake and prediction of soil surface movement parameters. Ez-Frisk computer Program was used to perform earthquake risk calculation. Earthquake risk analysis for the city of Bontang, East Kalimantan taken as a case study. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) in Bontang base rocks for some periodic of time presented in chart form as result of earthquake risk analysis.

Prediction of V s30 in Datong Basin and Amplification Effect of Site Ground Motion Based on Typical Geological Characteristics Analysis

Shear wave velocity of soil layer is an important dynamic parameter, which is of great significance for site classification, determination of ground motion parameters and prediction of ground motion. Based on the analysis of shear wave velocity data of 1429 geological boreholes in Datong Basin, this paper studies the relationship between V S and geological characteristics such as soil type, geological unit type, SPT blow number and compactness degree. Based on the correlation analysis of shear wave velocity ratio of soil, soil compactness coefficient and thickness of Quaternary upper overburden, this paper presents a soil V S30 prediction model. The goodness of fit R 2 > 0.90 and the prediction accuracy is very high under the overall sample condition. Based on the abundant strong earthquake records and drilling information of KiK-net and K-net networks in Japan, V S30 and site period T S are selected as the two quantitative indexes of the amplification effect of site ground motion. The correlation between V S30 and PGA amplification coefficient and site period T S is established. The distribution characteristics of PGA amplification coefficient and site period T S based on V S30 distribution are given. The results show that the maximum values of PGA amplification coefficient and TS distribution characteristics of site period are consistent with the geological location of the earthquake swarm with M6.1 in 1989 in Datong Basin. It shows that the characteristics of the site ground motion effect estimated by V S30 can indicate the occurrence of earthquakes. The occurrence of earthquakes is affected by active faults and local conditions of the site at the same time, which fully proves the feasibility of this research method and the accuracy of the research results. The shear wave velocity ratio and the soil compactness coefficient are proposed for the first time, and they are applied to the prediction of V S30 with the thickness of the upper overburden of the quaternary system. This paper provides a good research idea for V S30 prediction of non-shear wave velocity test site, study of amplification effect of site ground motion, study and judgment of earthquake location. The research results can provide important technical support for urban earthquake prevention and mitigation planning, large earthquake scenario construction, earthquake risk analysis, earthquake damage prediction and regional earthquake safety evaluation in Taiyuan Basin.

Earthquake Risk Analysis and Qualitative Comparison of Attenuation Relationships in Garmsar City, Iran

Despite the scientists’ wide efforts to determine earthquake risks all around the world, it is not still possible to predict the exact time, location and magnitude of future earthquakes and aftershocks at the ground surface so precise results are not predictable within near future. The most significant reason for this relates to numerous complexities of earthquake mechanism and causal conditions and waves through different ground layers with completely different properties. Logical tree method was used with weights to determine acceleration spectra due to spectral nature of region. Probabilistic analysis of earthquake hazard was done using SEISRISK III program. The analysis results are proposed through spectral acceleration maps for 50 years in Garmsar. Moreover, uniform hazard spectrum and spectrum with constant shape are presented.

Fault Strike Detection Using Satellite Gravity Data Decomposition by Discrete Wavelets: A Case Study from Iran

Estimating the gravity anomaly causative bodies boundary can facilitate the gravity field interpretation. In this paper, 2D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is employed as a method to delineate the boundary of the gravity anomaly sources. Hence, the GRACE’ satellite gravity data is decomposed using DWT. DWT decomposites a single approximation coefficients into four distinct components: the approximation, horizontal, vertical and diagonal. For evaluating the efficiency of wavelets, both the noisy and free-noise synthetic gravity data, have been decomposed at level 1 with six discrete two-dimensional wavelets. In this manuscript, the satellite gravity data of a part of the Makran region (in the south-east of Iran) is decomposed by DWT in order to detect the Saravan Fault trend. The outcome indicates the acceptable performance of the Haar and Biorthogonal mother wavelets in detecting the edges of the real and synthetic gravity anomaly sources. Also, the results demonstrate that the satellite gravity data can be appropriate to study the regional geological structures, particular in revealing the hidden faults where have great importance in earthquake risk analysis.

The GIS-Based Earthquake Risk and Accessibility Analysis of Değirmendere

Bu çalışmada, Değirmendere beldesinde, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) temelli, depreme yönelik afet yönetimi zarar azaltma amacıyla bir sistem geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen sistem için öncelikle bölgede yapılmış olan çalışmalar, 17 Ağustos 1999 depreminde bölgede oluşan zararlar ve sebepleri incelenmiş ve bölgede depremde yapıları etkileyen yerbilimleri verilerine dayanarak risk oranları ve yerbilimleri verilerinin alt kategorilerinin etki oranlarına göre alt risk oranları belirlenmiştir. Bölgenin depreme yönelik tehlike analizinin yapmakta kullanılan bu verilerin CBS ortamında değerlendirilebilmesi için Analitik Hiyerarşik Süreç (AHS) yöntemi ile ağırlıklandırılması yapılmıştır. Analiz birimi olarak ‘alan’ ı esas alan diğer CBS çalışmalardan farklı olarak, tüm veriler, yapı birimlerinin öznitelik değeri olarak CBS ortamına aktarılmıştır. Bölgede yaşayan nüfus ile ilgili demografik bilgiler Nüfus Vatandaşlık Genel Müdürlüğü’nden elde edilmiş ve yine yapılara ait veri olarak CBS ortamına aktarılmıştır.Sonrasında da CBS ortamında tehlike analizleri yapılarak bölgedeki riskli yapılar ve risk oranları belirlenmiştir. Diğer afet yönetimi çalışmalarından farklı olarak, riskli yapılarda yaşayan nüfus verileri de değerlendirilmiş ve bunlara yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Assessment of macroseismic intensity in the Nile basin, Egypt

This work intends to assess deterministic seismic hazard and risk analysis in terms of the maximum expected intensity map of the Egyptian Nile basin sector. Seismic source zone model of Egypt was delineated based on updated compatible earthquake catalog in 2015, focal mechanisms, and the common tectonic elements. Four effective seismic source zones were identified along the Nile basin. The observed macroseismic intensity data along the basin was used to develop intensity prediction equation defined in terms of moment magnitude. Expected maximum intensity map was proven based on the developed intensity prediction equation, identified effective seismic source zones, and maximum expected magnitude for each zone along the basin. The earthquake hazard and risk analysis was discussed and analyzed in view of the maximum expected moment magnitude and the maximum expected intensity values for each effective source zone. Moderate expected magnitudes are expected to put high risk at Cairo and Aswan regions. The results of this study could be a recommendation for the planners in charge to mitigate the seismic risk at these strategic zones of Egypt.

A comparative study on Soil Properties and Applications Review with EERA and NERA in İstanbul-MARMARAY Project between Kazlıçeşme to Sirkeci

Over the course of history Marmara region in North-western Turkey has been the site of numerous destructive earthquakes. Based on historical and instrumental earthquake records, the Marmara sea region is one of the most seismically active regions of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Marmara region is under the influence of the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) and the N-S extensional regime of Western Turkey. Therefore, the earthquake risk analysis is very important for the MARMARAY Project. 76 km-long MARMARAY Project is an important project not only for Turkey but also for the world because it joins the two continents through railway. It will also serve for a comfortable and healthy way of environment, providing a contemporary solution for urban transportation. Geotechnical and geological parameters of the region were obtained from analyses of seven boreholes. In this paper, using average wave velocities in layers, thickness, density and formation data based on the PS logs, 43 m and 65.5 m depths ranging from 7 different boring logs in a ground-wise different geological regions in Istanbul, ground response functions were obtained. Based on the soil profiles transferred to EERA (Equivalent - Linear Earthquake Site Response Analyses of Layered Soil Deposits) and NERA (Nonlinear Earthquake Site Response Analyses of Layered Soil Deposits) softwares, the rock soil record of August 17, 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in Istanbul – Besiktas Ministry of Public Works and Settlement (IBMPWS), response and design spectrums that may be considered crucial in case of an earthquake were obtained. The acceleration record was used as an input motion having PGA value of 0,04287 g (east-west component) which was applied on sublayers (i.e. sand, gravel, clay) using EERA and NERA programs. The analysis is done by keeping constant damping ratio of 5%. Also nonlinear analysis was compared with the linear method of analysis. Stages involved in ground response analyses to develop site-specific response spectra at a soil site are summarized. Some of the known site response analysis methods are summarized and similarities and differences between linear and nonlinear methods.

Soil properties and applications review with NERA (nonlinear earthquake site response analyses) in İstanbul-MARMARAY Project between Kazliçeşme to Sirkeci

Over the course of history, Marmara region in northwestern Turkey has been the site of numerous destructive earthquakes. Based on historical and instrumental earthquake records, the Marmara sea region is one of the most seismically active regions of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Marmara region is under the influence of the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone and the N–S extensional regime of Western Turkey. Therefore, the earthquake risk analysis is very important for the MARMARAY Project. The 76-km-long MARMARAY Project is an important project not only for Turkey but also for the world because it joins the two continents through railway. It will also serve for a comfortable and healthy way of environment, providing a contemporary solution for urban transportation. In this paper, using average wave velocities in layers, thickness, density and formation data based on the PS logs, and seven different boring logs located in different geological regions with depth range 43–60 m from the ground surface, ground response functions have been obtained. The influences of nonlinearity on the site response analysis have been summarized and evaluated with a numerical example. Based on the soil profiles transferred to nonlinear earthquake site response analyses of layered soil deposits (NERA) software, the rock and soil records of August 17, 1999 Kocaeli earthquake from a recording site in Besiktas town of Istanbul, response and design spectrums that may be considered crucial in case of an earthquake have been obtained. The acceleration record having a PGA value of 0.04287 g in east–west component has been used as an input motion to sublayers (i.e., sand, gravel, clay) with constant damping ratio of 5 %, using NERA program. The study also provides a critical overview of the site response analysis of the field under interest.