Early Twentieth Century Research Articles

Intertwining Narrative and Technology: Reinterpreting European Cultural Heritage through the Voices of Latin American Women Writers

Travel literature not only provides relevant information about cultural heritage, such as authorship, chronology or location, but also reveals the impressions evoked by its reception. This article describes the methodology of the ongoing REWIND project, which explores European cultural heritage through the perspectives of Latin American women writers who travelled to Europe in the early twentieth century. The project seeks to amplify the voices of non-European women committed to feminism and sociocultural diversity to foster decolonial, inclusive and pluralistic historical narratives. On the one hand, we address the configuration of the project corpus, the semantic annotation process, and the design of the ontological modelling according to the deep data concept. On the other hand, we explain the analysis of the relationships between cultural heritage, time, space and emotion. The project uses travel literature in digital format to retrieve, study and interpret data on cultural heritage, creating a workflow that integrates information from various historical sources to raise further questions and provide new insights. The proposed methodology follows the FAIR principles and prioritizes using open-source software to ensure reproducibility and facilitate the use of deliverables in other studies.

Toward a Symmetrical Global History of Technology: The Adoption of Chlorination in Bogotá, London, and Jersey City, 1900-1920.

This article discusses how the notion of "diffusionism" has functioned as a straw man in the history of technology. This has prevented it from becoming fully global and symmetrical. In contrast, the second section of this article offers an example of what a symmetrical account of the global history of technology might look like, using the case of chlorination in the early twentieth century. Focusing on London, Bogotá, and Jersey City, it shows that chlorination was initially rejected in each of these places but was later adopted in all of them for economic reasons after discussions that took the same form. It concludes by suggesting that global histories of technology must treat North and South, East and West, center and periphery, and metropole and colony symmetrically, drawing out similarities and differences based on the available evidence without assuming them in advance.

The Existence of Phraseological Units of Journalistic Deception in the Russian Pre-Revolutionary Press

Fake (false) news today has a global scale. Unfortunately, this fact confi rms the relevance of this study. The word fake is constantly found in modern media, but earlier phraseological units of deception were more common. The article examines the genesis of phraseological units of journalistic deception in the domestic pre-revolutionary press. The author reviewed about 40 periodicals of the Russian Empire, dictionaries, fi ction and ego-documents. The purpose of the study is to form a picture of hostility towards journalistic deception, phraseologically fi xed at the verbal and visual level of Russian periodicals of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Among the many European and domestic studies of phraseological units of journalistic lies, scientists paid almost no attention to the visual context. This article partially fi lls this gap. Illustrated publications of the 1860s–1880s were especially carefully reviewed to identify early visual images associated with phraseological units of journalistic lies. The research is based on the principles of historicism and systematicity; the methodology of the history of concepts and the history of images was used. During a continuous and selective review of Russian pre-revolutionary periodicals, 38 verbal examples of the use of phraseological units of journalistic deception and 69 visual examples were identifi ed. The most common are the word pouf and the phraseological unit newspaper hoax, much less often magazine hoax, literary hoax, political hoax, etc. The word pouf in the context of deception appeared in Russian journalism from the late 1830s and began to be widely used in the 1840s. The phraseological unit newspaper hoax entered the Russian language in the late 1850s, since the 1860s it had become understandable to most readers and was actively used by the domestic press throughout the pre-revolutionary period. Among the most desirable prospects for this research should be the identifi cation of phraseological units of journalistic deception in Russian periodicals of the early twentieth century. In this case, special attention should be paid to the poorly studied visual area. Keywords: Russian pre-revolutionary journalism, phraseology, journalistic deception, fake, pouf, newspaper hoax

ХЭЛФОРД МАККИНДЕРИ ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ ПОЛИТИКИ В НАЧАЛЕ ХХ В.

The article attempts to analyze the process of intellectual design of geopolitical thought, which in the early twentieth century, when on the eve of the Great War an attempt was made to form a geographical certainty of foreign policy strategy. The study is based on the understanding of the geographical axis of history, carried out by the British geographer H. Mackinder, who was one of the founders of British geopolitics. His approach involved identifying key geographical regions of the world that influenced the vectors of European politics in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. At this stage, H. Mackinder's understanding of the definition of the Heartland as the center of world politics of European states is studied. The geographical approach of the British thinker to identifying patterns of political development of foreign policy fit into the desire to formulate laws of foreign policy, which were undertaken in the early twentieth century and subsequently formed the basis of geopolitical science. In the practical sphere, within the framework of the development of a post-war model of world development in 1919 during the Paris Peace Conference, the Heartland concept was expressed in the Versailles Peace Treaty concluded in 1919 in the form of the creation of a buffer zone between Germany and Soviet Russia.

Некоторые особенности документирования финансовой деятельности учреждений власти и самоуправления Нальчикского округа в начале ХХ века

The article focuses on studying some features of documenting the financial activities of govern-ment and self-government institutions of the Nalchik district in the early twentieth century. The paper considers the records of government and local government institutions that were entrusted with financial functions (district and district boards, Treasuries, including Nalchik, Stavropol Treasury Chamber, Congress of Trusted Rural Societies of Greater and Lesser Kabarda and Five Mountain Societies, Kabardian public Sum and its treasurer, rural boards, rural public funds). The informative impact of such clerical documents as prescriptions, resolutions, reports, relations, re-ceipts from residents of villages, bills from various institutions to the treasurer of the Kabardian public sum and the head of the Nalchik district, statements, receipts, certificates, etc. is deter-mined for the study of various areas of the economic history of the Kabardian and Balkarian popu-lation of the district. The exchange of information between the subjects of financial relations oc-curred through telegrams and notices, and their description is given. It is concluded that the rec-ords of the institutions of government and self-government of the Nalchik district in financial ac-tivity contain information about how, in what form and on what issues they interacted with each other and with other non-financial institutions, what the hierarchy of financial institutions of the Nalchik District looked like during the period under study; and also reflected information on the composition of employees of financial institutions, authorities and self-government and their em-ployees, including representatives of the Kabardian and Balkarian population.

The Social Ideas of Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal A Philosophical Exploration

This research paper instigates the profound social ideas of Dr. Allam Iqbal, a poet, philosopher, and thinker whose influence is felt long after his death. Iqbal's work demonstrates that he regarded the capitalist and socialist economic structures as flawed and unsuitable. He supported a social structure founded exclusively on the economic teachings of the Quran. The social ideas of Dr. Iqbal, rooted in the context of the Indian Subcontinent during the early twentieth century, have continued to shape South Asia's intellectual and political landscape. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the social philosophy of Dr. Iqbal, emphasising its relevance in contemporary society.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF ACTIVITY OF SCHOOLS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES OF RIGHT-BANK UKRAINE IN THE LATE ХІХ ‒ ХХ CENTURIES AS AN ACTUAL SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM

The article substantiates the relevance of the study of the organizational and pedagogical foundations of the activities of schools of national minorities of Right-Bank Ukraine in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The methodology of the study will be based on the principles of paradigmatic (allows to find out the peculiarities of the organization of the activities of schools of national minorities; to determine the directions of development of the modern paradigm of the activities of schools of national minorities, taking into account constructive retro experience), chronological (will allow to trace changes and to identify the main periods of development of the organizational and pedagogical foundations of the activities of schools of national minorities), historiographic (will direct the study of the state of the problem in the historical and pedagogical retrospective), systemic (will allow to analyze the activities of schools of national minorities as a set of components), asxiological (will allow to identify the value attitude of teachers, heads of educational districts, scientists, public figures to the activities of schools of national minorities), synergetic (will focus on the consideration of the object of research in constant development in accordance with the internal laws of school activities and general trends in the development of education) approaches.The scientific novelty of the article lies in the review of dissertations, monographs, scientific articles on the activities of schools of national minorities in Ukraine in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The scientific apparatus for the study of the organizational and pedagogical foundations of the activities of schools of national minorities of Right-Bank Ukraine in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is defined.

Neo-Hasidism: The Questions are Theological

Abstract The article opens with a brief definitional and historical summary of the phenomenon called Neo-Hasidism, referring to the adoption of Hasidic modes of thought, devotion, and praxis by Jews outside the traditional Hasidic communities. This is to be distinguished from Neo-Hasidism as a literary-artistic movement of the early twentieth century. The article then turns to what the author considers to be Hasidism’s most basic religious innovation, the popularization of a panentheistic notion of a God-infused universe and its implications for Hasidic Judaism. From here, he turns to some key theological issues as presented in early Hasidic sources, extensively quoted and referenced. These include concepts of God, revelation, mitzvot, and claims of religious exclusivism. In each case, he asks how this Hasidic view might be adapted for use in a contemporary neo-Hasidic context.

Copra Production at the “End” of the World

Abstract Often mentioned only as a brief reference, the port town of Ende was a crucial player in a network connecting Arabic, Chinese, Indian, and Javanese merchants with the trade in valuable commodities from Eastern Indonesia. This article explores the cultural and economic exchanges at the heart of Endenese identity through archival research, historical ecology, oral histories, and ethnography. Known to the Dutch as a pirate and slaving centre, Ende was the most significant force in the Savu Sea until 1907. With the local economy reshaped to produce agricultural staples in the early twentieth century, Ende experienced a minor boom by exporting copra, or dried coconut husks. In this article, I reconstruct the complex commodity dynamics that silently shaped Ende. “Invisibilised” by colonial and Indonesian forces, I identify Ende’s peripheralisation as the deliberate consequence of the consolidation of governance power among outside elites and the disempowerment of local groups. I conclude by showing the value of ethnographic tools in retelling the stories of those who were once at the centre of the world.

TOMBSTONE OF PRINCE DMYTRO KOZEKA: A «NEW AND OLD» LAPIDARY MONUMENT OF VOLYN OF THE 16th CENTURY

The Scientific Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine holds a drawing of the tombstone of Prince Dmytro Kozeka. The drawing on a sheet of paper was made in pencil in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It contains two inscriptions (epitaphs) in Old Ukrainian and Latin and the princely coat of arms between them. The texts of the inscriptions were published twice in the nineteenth century. The large coat of arms on the tombstone has never been described. Its image, as well as the image of the inscriptions, is published for the first time. The large coat of arms has the shape of a heraldic shield inscribed in a circle. The shape of the shield is made in the Baroque style. Four heraldic signs are symmetrically arranged on the shield, the first of which, in the form of a bow and cross, is the minor coat of arms of the prince. This sign is present on the personal seals of Dmytro Kozeka. The second sign is still unknown in the heraldry of Ukraine in the sixteenth century. Two other signs belong to well-known arms used by many noble families. The paper is accompanied by illustrations that show a complete drawing of the prince’s tombstone and individual elements of this lapidary monument: two epitaphs and a great coat of arms, opening the way for studying the vocabulary of the inscriptions and performing paleographic analysis. The attribution of the coat of arms will allow us to clarify the genealogy of the Kozeka family. Prince Dmytro Kozeka died in 1583 and was buried in the Church of the Assumption of Our Lady in the monastery not far from Zymne village near Volodymyr city. The marble slab on the grave was installed by his wife Kateryna Falchevska. After the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, there is no evidence of the location of the slab. The Kozeka family appeared in Volhynia in the mid-fifteenth century. Their origin is not clear. Dmytro Kozeka is the most famous representative of this family, according to written sources. The paper describes some episodes of his biography, gives an overview of the princely estates, specifies the time period when his father died, and reveals the previously unknown names of his two sisters. The tombstone of Prince Dmytro Kozeka is a valuable historical source for the study of the elite stratum of the Ukrainian population of the early modern period.

Balkanization vs Europeanization: conceptual deconstruction

The article is dedicated to the deconstruction of the binary opposition between the concepts of “Balkanization” and “Europeanization”. The initial phase of deconstruction entails a critical examination of conventional conceptualizations that reflect power relations between Balkans and Europe. A particular emphasis is placed on the dominant perception of balkanization as a process of fragmentation and barbarization, which is a representation commonly depicted within Western strategic discourse. As an alternative, the authentic concept of balkanization, formulated by Yugoslav avant-guardists during the early twentieth century, is analysed. The avant-guard movement Zenitism proclaimed the slogan of the Balkanization of Europe and featured the figure of Barbarogenious-Decivilizer. This approach not only represents an inversion of the Western perspective on the Balkans, but also draws upon ideas of internationalism and class struggle, deriving inspiration from the experience of the Russian revolution. The concept of Europeanization is examined in both broad and narrow senses - as a notion of modernization and as transformations caused by the institutional influence of the European Union. The concept of europeanization, positioned as a positive project and vision of a better future, stands in contrast to the Balkan past ofthe region. With such as interpretation, the successful implementation ofthe europeanization agenda would entail the complete erasure of Balkan subjectivity and identity. Europeanization is conceptualized as a process of debalkanization. In the concluding phase of deconstruction, during the stage of“reassembly”, an alternative perception ofbalkanization is put forward. In accordance with the ideas of Zenitism and the political experience ofthe Balkan peoples' struggle for independence and the establishment of a common stated, balkanization is perceived as, on the one hand, resistance and rebellion; on the other hand, as a desire to overcome borders and internationalization. Accordingly, europeanization is perceived as a process of construction of homogeneous modern nation-states. It can be argued that fragmentation is indeed a consequence and essence of europeanization.

A Miscarriage of Justice: Women's Reproductive Lives and the Law in Early Twentieth Century Brazil

A Miscarriage of Justice: Women's Reproductive Lives and the Law in Early Twentieth Century Brazil

Diplomacy of architecture and the Ghana National Mosque complex: concrete sign of a soft Turkish Imperium?

In a manner almost reminiscent of the Ottoman Empire’s frantic search (late nineteenth to early twentieth century) for müstemlekat (colonies) in Africa, modern Turkey seems to have revived its imperialist dreams in contemporary Africa. Following the elaboration of a proactive African foreign policy strategy, Turkey declared 2005 the Year of Africa, and established diplomatic relations with a raft of Muslim-majority African countries (MMACs). While Ghana is not an MMAC, Turkey re-established diplomatic ties with Accra in 2010, heralding a burgeoning relationship. Drawing on the theory of sub-­imperialism in tandem with the diplomacy of architecture (DoA) framework, this work will argue that Turkey has cleverly utilised the symbolism and siting of the Ghana National Mosque Complex (GNMC) to make the most visible and audacious broadcast yet of its imperial intentions in Africa, and in record time. In unpacking the argument my primary interest will be to canvass the view that architectural imprints have become a powerful cultural weapon in the geostrategic soft-power arsenal of recent rising powers.

A Problem as Much of Economic Theory as of Statistical Technique? The Walsh-Edgeworth Debate on Index Numbers, 1921–25

Abstract Correa Moylan Walsh (1862–1936) was a monetary economist of the early twentieth century, mostly remembered for his contributions to the theory of index numbers. Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1845–1926) was a renowned mathematical economist, remembered as one of the great masters of the discipline. Walsh was an adamant defender of a deterministic, test approach to the theory of index numbers, whereas Edgeworth favored probabilistic approaches and thought index-number theorists should not close themselves to alternative methods. Holding contrasting views about the making of index numbers, they engaged in a fierce debate in the first half of the 1920s—a period marked by several quarrels on the subject. The main points in dispute between Walsh and Edgeworth were the existence of an ideal formula for index numbers and the use of probability in the measurement of price variations. The goal of this article is to explore this debate and its underpinnings. It is argued that the main points of contention between them relate to their conflicting perspectives on the nature of index numbers.

The fate of the «bison»

The review talks about the book by A.A. Ivanov about the leader of the Black Hundreds N.E. Markov. It is emphasized that the book was written on a very serious source base and is the result of many years of work. The author explores in great detail all stages of Markov’s biography, the features of his political views, party, zemstvo and Duma activities. It is shown that Markov, like most other party leaders of the early twentieth century, weakly expressed the interests and desires of their supporters. Work by A.A. Ivanov is a significant contribution to historical science.

State power and society of Late Imperial Russia in the assessments of V. A. Maklakov

The article describes the publication of part of the memoirs of a prominent political and public figure in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, one of the leaders of the Kadet Party, the famous lawyer Vasily Alekseevich Maklakov. The excellent style and content of the memoirs are noted, reflecting the development of the social movement in Russia, the relationship between government and society, the fate of the Kadet Party, and vivid portraits of contemporaries through a biographical context. This publication is very important for the study of the social movement and Russian liberalism of the early twentieth century.

Water and Waste: A History Reluctant Policymaking in U.S. Cities

U.S. cities experienced a sanitary revolution during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The abandonment of cesspools, privy vaults for waste containment and cisterns, pumps, and shallow wells for water delivery brought about a large increase in living standards. While the gains are impressive, investments were often made reluctantly. Scientific advances clarifying the origins of waterborne illness improved, and filtration plants and universal access to water and safe sewerage offered a solution. Yet few cities made those investments. Only with chlorination, a low-cost purification solution, did rapid adoption occur. These delays came at a large human cost.

Strolling in the Ruins: The Caribbean’s Non-sovereign Modern in the Early Twentieth Century, by Faith Smith

Strolling in the Ruins: The Caribbean’s Non-sovereign Modern in the Early Twentieth Century, by Faith Smith

‘He is the superman of sport’: the Übermensch and modern athletic culture, 1895–1938

ABSTRACT The Nietzschean Übermensch or ‘superman’ was frequently invoked in sports-writing of the early twentieth century. While the misappropriation of this figure by the Nazis and Fascists in their programmes of national or racial renewal is well known, the superman appeared in other, less familiar contexts too. This article explores the various roles that the ‘superman’ played in Anglophone as well as German-speaking discourse prior to 1933, as a way of expressing, and interrogating, the ideals that shaped modern athletic culture and of framing long-standing debates in the history of sport: on professionalism and amateurism, national identity, commercialisation and specialisation.

BEYOND THE ‘WILD SHEPHERD’: HOW GLOBAL CAPITALISM HAS RESHAPED PASTORALISM. SUGGESTIONS FROM A MEDITERRANEAN ISLAND

This article shows how, from the modern era up to the present day, Sardinian pastoralism has been increasingly incorporated into global capitalism, despite essentialising narratives about the primitiveness and backwardness of shepherds that have been propagated from the mid-eighteenth century to the present neoliberal phase. The case-study considered in this article illustrates how capitalism works as a ‘food regime’, producing the ‘conversion of agriculture and food to commodity-type relations, which, in addition to cheapening food, also incorporates agricultures and foods into investment strategies’ (McMichael 2013: 21). First, a reconstruction of the embedding of Sardinian pastoralism into the global capitalist chain from the modern age to the early twentieth century is presented. Then the changes in pastoralism from the post-World War II period to the 2000s and the neoliberal turn of the last twenty years are considered. The aim is to analyse how pastoralists coped with the uncertainties arising from being part of the global market, the volatility of milk prices and the resulting contradictions that have emerged. This article was published open access under a CC BY-NC 4.0 licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ .