E-glass Fiber Research Articles

Radiation Shielding Features of Glass Fiber Reinforced Cast Polyamide Using Phy-X/PSD and SRIM Software

The utilization of various materials for their nuclear radiation shielding properties has been the subject of a growing number of research and development projects. In this study, the radiation shielding characteristics of E-glass fiber reinforced cast polyamide were evaluated. E-glass is a form of glass fiber frequently utilized as a reinforcement in various composite materials to provide more durability, stiffness, and strength. Samples S1-S7 were defined according to various compositions of E-glass fiber contents (SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O and K2O) and cast polyamide (C12H22N2O2). Within the energy range 0.015-15 MeV, the shielding parameters: Linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half and tenth value layers (HVL, TVL), mean free path (mfp), effective atomic number (Zeff), atomic and electronic cross sections (ACS, ECS), fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS) and exposure buildup factor (EBF) were analyzed. E-glass fiber reinforced cast polyamide S7 (70% glass fiber content) exhibited higher values of LAC, MAC and Zeff and lower values of HVL, TVL, and mfp proving it to be a better radiation shielding material among the samples. An abrupt reduction in values of Zeff was discerned within the photoelectric absorption-dominant region, contrasted with a stable trend within the Compton scattering-dominant region, and a marginal elevation was noted in the pair production region. The maximum and minimum values of FNRCS were observed for samples S1 (10% glass fiber content) and S5 (50% glass fiber content) respectively. Hence, S1 would be the most effective material in fast neutron shielding. At 35 mfp penetration depth, the minimum EBF values belonged to S7 in lower and intermediate regions (0.015-3 MeV) whereas S1 showed the minimum values at higher energy regions (4-15 MeV). Furthermore, the mass stopping power (MSP) and projected range (PR) of the samples for alpha and proton particles were determined using SRIM-2008 codes. S7 exhibited better shielding features for alpha and proton particles with lower values of mass stopping power and projected range. The reinforcement of glass fiber in the cast polyamide has been noticed to have a significant impact on the shielding performance of polymer composites.

Raman spectroscopic study and statistical modeling of composition-structure-property of MgO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 based glasses

Lightweight, glass fiber reinforced plastic composites (GFRP) have gained a broad, global acceptance in commercial markets, among which wind turbine blade for the renewable energy sector is one of the fastest growing areas. The usfsupplee of longer wind turbine blades can effectively reduce the cost of energy generation. However, it requires a fiberglass product with a higher tensile modulus to make the blades stiffer to meet the blade deflection requirement under severe weather conditions. Traditional wind turbine blades are made from conventional E-Glass fibers with and without boron. E-Glass is primarily composed of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CAS) with and without minor components of MgO (less than 4 %) and/or B2O3 (less than 1 %). Glass with higher modulus belongs to MgO (>7 %) -CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (MCAS) system or R-Glass. Our study focuses on the effects of selective key oxides on the glass network structure by using Raman spectroscopic technique. The Raman derived plausible structure groups are then used to build statistical structure (S) – property (P) models. The S-P models are then compared with the conventional statistical C-P models. A good agreement between S-P and C-P models led to the final construction of C-S-P model platform for future glass design.

Properties of model E-glass fiber composites with varying matrix monomer ratios

ObjectiveTo evaluate properties of fiber-reinforced-composites (FRC) containing Bis-EMA/UDMA monomers but identical dispersed phase (60% wt BaSi glass power +10% wt E-glass fibre). MethodsA control (Group A), monomer mixture comprising 60% Bis-GMA, 30% TEGDMA, and 10% PMMA (typical FRC monomers) was used. The following monomer mass fractions were mixed: 50% bis-GMA plus 50% of different ratios of Bis-EMA+UDMA to produce consistent formulations (Groups B-E) of workable viscosities was also studied. Flexural strength (FS), fracture toughness (KIC), water sorption (SP), solubility (SL) and hygroscopic expansion (HE) were measured. FS and KIC specimens were stored for 1, 7 d, and 30 d in water at 37 °C. SP/SL specimens were water-immersed for 168d, weighed at intervals, then dried for 84 d at 37 °C. To analyze differences in FS, and KIC, a two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests (α = 0.05) were conducted. For SP/SL, and HE, one-way ANOVA with subsequent Tukey post-hoc tests (α = 0.05) were utilized. ResultsFS and KIC for groups A, D, E decreased progressively after 1 d. Groups B and C (highest amounts of Bis-EMA) did not decrease significantly. The modified matrix composites performed significantly better than the control group for SP and HE. The control group outperformed the experimental composites only for SL with up to 250% higher SL for group E (6.9 μg/mm) but still below the maximum permissible threshold of 7.5 μg/mm. Significance: Experimentalcomposites with highest amounts of Bis-EMA showed improved hydrolytic stability and overall enhancement in several clinically-relevant properties. This makes them potential candidates for alternative matrices to a semi-interpenetrating network in fiber-reinforced composites.

Degradation behavior and ageing mechanism of E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite pipes under accelerated thermal ageing conditions

In this work, accelerated ageing experiments with circulating air and simulated oilfield water were carried out at 95 °C on aromatic amine-cured GFRP pipes used in oilfield environments, with effective ageing times of 5000 h and 3000 h respectively. The differences in ageing behavior and ageing mechanisms of the GFRP tubes at different times under the two conditions were then analyzed and discussed. The changes in the apparent morphology and microstructure of the samples after thermal ageing were first observed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the results demonstrated that the thermal oxygen environment triggered more drastic color changes and obvious oxidation layers. The resin matrix manifests a large number of nano-scale micropores and modest matrix shrinkage pores in the micron size range, this is accompanied by damage to the fiber cross-section. Hydrothermal ageing causes further dissolution of the surface resin and dissolution of the exposed fibers. ATR-FTIR analysis verifies the increase in CO bonding of the ester group during thermal oxidation and the decreasing strength of the C–O–C and C–H bonds, while the behavior of ageing water absorption and glass fiber hydrolysis is illustrated by changes in the intensity of the –OH and Si–O characteristic bands. NMR hydrogen spectroscopy verified the formation of amides, methyl ethers and carboxylic acids in the thermal oxidation products of epoxy resins. Furthermore, the decay pattern of the circumferential tensile strength indicates that the hydrothermal environment has a more significant effect on the mechanical properties of GFRP pipes, which is attributed to the physical dissolution of the surface resin, significant hydrolytic damage to the surface exposed fibers, and the combined damage to the resin-fiber interfacial bonding by chloride ions in simulated oilfield water.

Investigation of mechanical properties and damage types of E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites under various loadings

This study presents a comprehensive experimental investigation to determine the elastic material properties of a unidirectional E-glass fiber/epoxy composite. Tension, compression, in-plane shear, and flexural tests were conducted in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The composite laminates were manufactured using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) with a 65% fiber weight fraction. Mechanical tests were performed according to ASTM standards, and special fixtures were used for shear and compression tests. The damage mechanisms were interpreted for each test, revealing fiber splitting in tension and kink band failure in compression were dominant damage modes. The findings provide valuable insights into the behavior and performance of the composite under various loading conditions, which may help in its application in different engineering fields.

Application of E-Glass Jute Hybrid Laminate Composite with Curved Shape on Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Column Concrete

This study provides a better understanding of reinforcing cylindrical concrete columns (CCC) using a hybrid laminated composite material (HLC) composed of jute and e-glass fibers, including the influence of layer quantity on strength and a comparison with previous research. The utilization of these alternative materials may lead to the development of novel and efficient solutions for constructing durable and robust structures. The primary objectives of this research are to assess the effects of employing HLC as a reinforcing layer on CCC compressive strength, optimize the reinforcement process by selecting appropriate layer sequences and types, and analyze the type of fiber damage in relation to the strength of HLC composite material. The materials utilized in this study encompass woven jute fabric sheets, e-glass fiber sheets, and epoxy resin. Compressive strength testing was conducted following ASTM C39 standards. Specimen variations were based on the number and type of reinforcing layers. The results revealed that CCC compressive strength increased by up to 100% with the application of up to three layers of jute compared to an unlayered specimen. Furthermore, CCC compressive strength experienced a remarkable enhancement of up to 150% with the incorporation of HLC composite. Hence, the implementation of HLC demonstrates significant potential for augmenting the strength of concrete structures.

An Extensive Study and Evaluation of Tribological Properties of Fsw Plates Using Linear Reciprocating Tribometer (LRT)

This study extensively focuses on analyzing the fretting wear characteristics of Aluminum-based hybrid Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) under dry conditions, essential in understanding materials' tribological properties in mining environments. Aluminum-based MMCs offer improved wear resistance and durability, potentially enhancing mining equipment performance. The investigation targeted Aluminum 7075 alloy-based MMCs, comprising 7% fine greenish Silicon Carbide and 3% chopped E-glass fibers (2-3mm length, 10-14 micrometer diameters). Using traditional stir casting and Friction Stir Welding (FSW) techniques, composite plates meeting ASTM standards were fabricated. FSW parameters like rotation speed and tool feed rate were varied.Analyzing fretting wear on the welded zone, employing different loads through Linear Reciprocating Tribometer (LRT), provided insights into the tribological performance of these Aluminum-based hybrid MMCs. The lightweight and exceptional thermal properties of Aluminum have significantly expanded its use across various industries, enabling partial replacement of ferrous materials, especially in MMCs where Aluminum alloys offer distinct advantages over other materials.This research aids in determining the suitability of these MMCs for demanding mining conditions, where materials endure extreme stress. Understanding their tribological behavior is crucial for potential applications in mining equipment, contributing to longevity and improved performance.

Experimental and Regression Analysis on Impact Behaviour of the Thermally Aged Wollastonite Filled E-glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composite

Experimental and Regression Analysis on Impact Behaviour of the Thermally Aged Wollastonite Filled E-glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composite

RETRACTED: Crashworthiness performance of filament wound GFRP composite pipes depending on winding angle and number of layers

The main goal of this study is to enhance the crashworthiness performance of tubular composites to absorb more energy by optimizing the winding angle of their fibers. The crashworthiness performance of glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite pipes manufactured using the filament winding is investigated in detail. The effects of the winding angle of the fibers and thickness of the tube wall on the energy absorption were examined through quasi-static compression tests. The composite pipes were produced with 1200 tex E-glass fibers and Epikote 828 resin as the matrix material. The winding angles of ± 30°, ± 45°, ± 55°, ± 75°, and ± 90° were evaluated, and the number of the winding layers, ranged from 1 to 3, was also assessed. Quasi-static axial compressive loading was applied to 15 specimens using a hydraulic actuator. The results revealed that the one-layer specimens experienced buckling damage at low load levels, while an increase in the number of the layers led to higher load-carrying capacity and different types of damages. Furthermore, as the number of the layers increased, the load-carrying capacity and energy absorption of the specimens significantly improved. Progressive failure was observed in the specimens [± 90] for all the layers' configurations, with the specimen [± 90]3, having three layers, exhibiting the highest performance in terms of the load-carrying capacity and energy absorption. The failure modes indicated a combination of the fibers' separation, buckling, diagonal shear failure, and crushing in the upper and lower heads.

Fabrication of continuous woven E-glass fiber composite using vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing process

PurposeThe industrial application of continuous glass fabric-reinforced polymer composites (GFRPCs) is growing; however, the manufacturing boundedness of complex structures and the high cost of molds restrict their use. This research proposes a three-dimensional (3 D) printing process for GFRPCs that allows low-cost and rapid fabrication of complex composite parts.Design/methodology/approachThe composite is manufactured using a digital light processing (DLP) based Vat-photopolymerization (VPP) process. For the composites, suitable resin material and glass fabrics are chosen based on their strength, stiffness, and printability. Jacob's working curve characterizes the curing parameters for adequate adhesion between the matrix and fabrics. The tensile and flexural properties were examined using UTM. The fabric distribution and compactness of the cured resin were analyzed in scanning electron microscopy.FindingsThe result showed that the object could print at a glass fabric content of 40 volume%. In DLP-based VPP printing technology, the adequate exposure time was found to be 30 seconds for making a GFRPC. The tensile strength and Young's modulus values were increased by 5.54 and 8.81 times, respectively than non-reinforced cured specimens. The flexural strength and modulus were also effectively increased to 2.8 and 3 times more than the neat specimens. In addition, the process is found to help fabricate the functional component.Originality/valueThe experimental procedure to fabricate GFRPC specimens through DLP-based AM is a spectacular experimental approach.

Optically transparent and high-strength glass-fabric reinforced composite

Fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) are widely utilized in various industrial applications due to their significant advantages such as low cost and superior mechanical properties. However, owing to the trade-off between high mechanical strength and high optical transparency with typical FRPs, it is technically challenging to achieve high mechanical performance while meeting the optical requirements for transparent electronics and automotive applications. We herein report the synthesis of a transparent fiber reinforced polymer (tGFRP) by incorporating reinforced E-glass fiber into refractive-index-tunable thermosetting epoxy resin and the consequential advantageous opto-mechanical properties. By doping organic molecules, the optical property of the epoxy-based resin system has been efficiently engineered, achieving the match of the chromatic dispersions of the E-glass fiber and the epoxy resin. By the means of a novel technique derived from infusion treatment and in-situ polymerization combined with a liquid composite molding (LCM) method, both surface and bulk defects have been efficiently mitigated. With the refractive-index of the epoxy matrix matched with that of the embedded fiber fabrics, high transparency up to 88% has been realized with 10v.% fiber loading (500 μm thick tGFRP). An outstanding transparency and superior mechanical properties were achieved on 2 mm thick samples, maintaining up to 85% transmittance even when using 25 layers of E-glass fabric, corresponding to 50 v.% fiber. This work has shed light on the development of transparent composite materials for applications such as in construction, transportation, and protective equipment.

Water Chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) Microfiber Reinforced Composite with NaOH Modification

This study aimed to obtain the physical and mechanical properties of a composite made from water chestnut microfiber and e-glass with a polyester matrix. Using water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) as reinforcement for composite materials is a good way to utilize local materials and increase the economy of local people. It would need a modified treatment to improve the mechanical properties of water chestnut fiber-reinforced composites. The water chestnut fiber was modified by treating it with 5% volume NaOH solution and continued with 5% volume H2O2 bleaching, 50% volume H2SO4 hydrolysis, and ultrasonication. Then it was washed with water and dried in the oven for 12 hours to obtain the microfiber. The size of the water chestnut microfiber obtained was about 3-9 µm. Composite was produced using the compression molding method at a pressure of 2 MPa and a temperature of 25°C. The variations in the volume fraction of the polyester composite, water chestnut microfiber, and e-glass fiber with Volume Fraction (%) were 60%:40%:0% (sample A), 60%:0%:40% (sample B), 50%:25%;25% (sample C), 60%:40%:0% (sample D) and 70%:15%:15% (sample E). The physical characterization of composites showed that the lowest composite density and water content on samples B and A were 1.22 g/cm3 and 0.59%. In contrast, the mechanical characterization of composites showed the highest MoR and MoE on samples A and C of 87.86 MPa and 10.43 Gpa, respectively. Composite made from water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) modified microfiber reinforcing material with 5% volume NaOH solution and e-glass with a polyester matrix at a volume fraction composition of 50%:25%:25% is recommended.

Exploring the influence of placing bi-directional E-glass fibers as protective layer under a CAD-CAM resin composite on the fracture pattern.

To investigate the influence of the presence and position of bidirectional E-glass fibers under a CAD-CAM resin composite on the fracture pattern evaluated both after quasi-static mechanical loading and after fatigue. Rectangular specimens (10mm-long, 5mm-large and 4.2mm-thick) were prepared and divided into four groups (n=30/group). The control group (C-Group) consisted of a 4.2mm-thick layer of monolithic CAD/CAM resin composite resin (Cerasmart, GC). In the 3 other groups including the placement of a fiber layer (F-Groups), the CAD/CAM resin composite layer was reduced to 3-, 2- and 1-mm thickness (F3-, F2- and F1-Groups, respectively). Two bonded layers of bidirectional E-glass FRC (Dentapreg, ADM A.S.) were bonded underneath and a light-curable resin composite base (Gaenial Posterior, GC) was then added to reach a total thickness of 4.2mm for all samples. In each group, half of the specimens (n=15) were submitted to quasi-static mechanical loading to failure in a universal testing machine. The other half (n=15) was subjected to cyclic isometric stepwise loading until failure or completion of 105000 cycles (5000 cycles at 500N, followed by five stages of 20000 cycles at 750N, 1000N, 1250N, 1500N, and 1750N). The data were analyzed by Weibull statistics for quasi-static loading, and by the Kaplan-Meier product limit estimation procedure after fatigue. All fractured specimens were studied using light and electron microscopy techniques, and the types of fracture were determined. For quasi-static mechanical loading, significant differences were observed for Weibull modulus and characteristic strength between groups, with values ranging from 10.8 to 22.4 for the former and from 2336.6 to 2974.7 for the latter. Also, survival after stepwise fatigue revealed statistically significant differences between groups (p<0.05), the lowest values of cycles before failure being observed for F1-Group - Median =61223 (50415; 65446) - as compared to the other groups - C-Group: Median =89005 (86189; 98195); F3-Group: Median =85198 (77279; 87860); F2-Group: Median =89306 (87454; 97024). Both in quasi-static loading and after fatigue, the observation of fracture modes revealed major differences. While all fractures were vertical (split) in C-Group, the majority of the specimens in F-Groups presented some degree of horizontal deflection of the crack. In all deviated fractures, fractographic analysis confirmed a toughening effect of the fiber layer. The present in vitro work tends to show that the fracture pattern of CAD-CAM resin composites is favorably affected by the presence and position of an underlying bidirectional E-glass fiber layer. The placement of E-glass fibers under a CAD-CAM resin composite may therefore represent an interesting strategy to reduce the risk of catastrophic restoration failure, which could be integrated in the development of the new generation of indirect materials, possibly in 3D-printing approaches.

Experimental evaluation of the durability of glass Textile-Reinforced concrete

Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is a promising alternative to conventional steel-reinforced systems, especially for slender, lightweight structural and nonstructural applications. One of the critical parameters to be accounted for in the design of these composites is their long-term mechanical performance, especially the reduction in tensile capacity with time. This paper looks at the influence of aging on the response of textiles and composites with AR- and E-glass fibers. Six coated glass textiles were exposed to three alkaline solutions with different pH ranges. Accelerated aging of the composites with these textiles was carried out with the hot water immersion method at 50 °C, and the reductions in tensile strength are compared with the results from the natural aging of composites over 4 years. Two matrices were used in the studies to identify the improvements due to lower water/binder ratio and matrix porosity. The change in the morphology of fibers and coating after exposure is discussed with observations from scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The type and extent of textile coating have a profound influence on the residual strength of the composite. The composites with higher strength matrix showed better retention of strength. The trend of degradation in alkaline exposure, accelerated and natural aging is discussed with the comparison of the deterioration mechanism observed from microstructural studies in each case.

The effects of zircon particles on the mechanical and morphological properties of glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite

Recent studies have focused on improving the mechanical properties of thermosetting composites that seem to include inorganic nanoparticles dispersed throughout the matrix material. This study investigates the mechanical properties, crystallographic and morphological study of epoxy composites when ball-milled zircon filler is incorporated into epoxy at weight percentages of 0, 5, 10, and 15(wt%). Zircon nanoparticles and epoxy resin are blended using an ultrasonic liquid technique, and then compression moulding is used to make the composite materials. Using theoretical and calculated densities (g/cm3), the volume fraction of voids (%) in the prepared composites is estimated. The Mechanical tests were done in accordance with ASTM requirements. The average zircon particle size was found to be 73.26 nm using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition, crystalline structure and the crystalline size (2.1 nm) of zircon particle was determined using X-Ray diffraction. In comparison to pure glass fibre reinforced epoxy polymer, the 10 wt% zircon particle's tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus are 33.33%, 12.56%, 32.88%, and 15.74% higher, respectively. Strain energy for tensile test is 82.96%, elongation at break is 53.52% higher and strain energy for flexural test is 52.38%, elongation at break is 14.67% higher than pristine composites. As a comparison to neat sample, Shore "D" hardness at 10 wt percent ZrSiO4 is 5.88% harder, and Izod average impact strength (J/mm) is 63.20% greater. Pullout of fibre, damaged interfaces, filler dispersion and voids are identified using field emission scanning electron microscopy. Zircon filler of 10 wt% inclusion on epoxy with E-glass fibre reinforcement reportedly improves characteristics than other proportions, especially better improvement than plain sample. Because of this, the mechanical and structural properties of developed composites are enhanced by this approach. This research proposal would lead to a special combination of ZrSiO4 inclusion and E-glass fibre reinforcement in epoxy composites for aircraft structural applications.

Epoxy polymer nanocomposite containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes/nano bagasse and e-glass fibre for stealth applications; mechanical and thermal qualities

In this work, epoxy polymer nanocomposites reinforced with E-glass fibre, MCNT, and nano bagasse are hand-layup and their mechanical properties are tested. 3, 5, and 7-layer E-glass nanocomposites are made. MCNT percentages are 1%, 3%, and 5%, while nano bagasse is 0.5. 3 layered nanocomposites with 3% CNT have 352 MPa ultimate tensile strength. Seven-layer nanocomposites with 1% CNT had 132 J of impact strength. Flexural modulus is excellent with 3 layers of pure nanocomposite (no MCNT or nano bagasse). The DSC, DTA, and TGA thermal analyses determine the thermal behaviour of stealth material layered with aluminium foil in last but one layer in both sides of composites.

Investigation behavior of gypsum soil reinforced by geosynthetics supported square footing-an experimental study

Recently, an urban expansion prompted to construction of structures on weak or unsuitable ground soils. In a sustainable view, there is a need to investigate and improve such types of soils under consideration. Gypsum soil is one of the weak soils when exposed to wetness, especially the value of bearing capacity and Collapse. The main objective of this study is to carry out several model tests for gypsum soil at a relative density of 30% for dry and wet conditions under static vertical stress. The study involved evaluating the effectiveness of soil stabilization using geosynthetics reinforced (geotextile and E-glass fiber fabric) by using single, double, and triple layers placed at different locations. Soil with a gypsum content of 47% was used. Experimental tests were carried out on soil models for the dry and saturated conditions for a relative density of 30%. The ultimate bearing capacity was calculated, as well as the ratio of improvement BCR% according to the reinforcement layers. It was found that the ultimate bearing capacity increases 100% when using E-glass fiber fabric comparing used geotextile at reinforcement triple layers (0.25B+0.5B+1B) for dry state.

Thermal insulation and sound absorption properties of fibrous layered structures

In this study, the effects of the addition of Activated carbon powder (ACP), Polyacrylonitrile nanofiber web (PAN), application of Plasma treatment (P), and the number of treatment layers on thermal insulation and sound absorption properties of fibrous structures have been examined and compared to each other. Bamboo and E-glass fibers have been used to produce fibrous layered structures. E-glass-based fibrous structures had slightly higher thermal resistance than that of bamboo fiber-based fibrous structures. However, sound absorption of bamboo-based fibrous layered structures was higher than that of E-glass fiber-based fibrous layered structures. The results revealed that plasma treatment, nanofiber web application, and activated carbon powder insertion increased the thermal resistance of fibrous layered structures made of bamboo fiber and E-glass fiber. In particular, the plasma treatment on three layers provided the highest thermal resistance for the E-glass fiber fibrous layered structure, however, PAN nanofiber application between three layers resulted in the highest thermal resistance for the bamboo fiber fibrous layered structure. Concerning sound absorption, the PAN nanofiber web provided the highest improvement for both the bamboo fiber-based layered structures and the E-glass-based layered structures.

Effect of linear density on the mechanical properties of 3D spacer composites with improved manufacturing quality

The innovative 3D weaving method allows I-beams to be woven in one piece and promises to eliminate delamination failure with the interlacing yarns. Therefore, woven I-beam composites have been developed to improve the resistance of laminated I-beam composite structures against delamination. In this study, woven I-beam fabrics (IBFs) were produced by the 3D weaving method by using 300, 600, and 1200 TEX E-glass fibers with a custom-built weaving machine. Then, IBFs were made into woven I-beam composites (IBCs) using the vacuum infusion method (VIP) to examine the influence of linear density on the mechanical properties of IBCs. The results of the three-point bending test represent that 300 TEX, 600 TEX (warp density: 20 ends/cm), 600 TEX (warp density: 12 ends/cm), and 1200 TEX samples had an average maximum flexural stress of 8.6, 9.2, 8.5, and 8.8 MPa, respectively. The compression strengths for 300 TEX, 600 TEX (warp density: 20 ends/cm), 600 TEX (warp density: 12 ends/cm), and 1200 TEX were 2.6 MPa, 3.8 MPa, 2.9 MPa, and 4.1 MPa, respectively.

Degradation of Polyester Composite Reinforced E-Glass Fiber with Calcium Carbonate Filler in Seawater

This research is concerned with composite materials that use CaCO3 as a reinforcing material in construction, especially subsea panels and buildings. Composite materials are solids composed of two or more materials that have their own properties and improve their properties when combined. In this experiment, glass fiber and CaCO3 were mixed in a certain composition and tested to evaluate the water absorption and mechanical strength of the composite. The results show that increasing temperature can increase water absorption, while the addition of CaCO3 has a significant effect on water absorption due to its hydrophilic properties. Water absorption in polyester composites is influenced by aging temperature and Calcium Carbonate powder filler, affecting tensile and bending strength. As aging temperature increases, mechanical strength decreases, composite having the highest tensile strength. Bending tests show debonding and splitting fault patterns due to glass fiber arrangement. With a deeper understanding of how CaCO3 affects composite materials under various conditions, this research can provide valuable insights for developing more durable composite materials suitable for construction applications, especially in corrosive environments such as subsea buildings.In this research, it proposes theoretically model to controlling on half-wave voltage of modulator, in which it uses studying the factor of effective of refractive index difference, this using analysis distribution of refractive index for LN material before and after voltage is applied (i.e., with and without applied voltage), and uses analysis a factor of propagation constant difference ??, before and after voltage is applied where it depends on the wavelength, these leads to it controls on the half-wave voltage V? using a reduction half-wave voltage up to 1V. Also, it achieves an excellent solution for solve the fundamental optical mode with effective factor is neff. Finally, the modulator with an effect effective refractive index difference have lower applied voltage up to 10V, and with an effective propagation constant difference the operating voltage is from value of 20V.