E-glass Fiber Research Articles

Investigating the creep resistance of E-glass/polyester composite for automotive structural components

This study was focused on investigating the influence of fiber-to-matrix weight ratios on the creep behavior of a composite material made from E-glass fiber and polyester resin. The aim was to assess the practical applicability of the composites for aircraft and vehicle structural parts by checking creep strength. The test specimens were prepared using the hand layup method, combining E-glass fiber and polyester resin. Three different fiber-to-matrix weight ratios (65/35, 55/45, and 35/65) were selected and the test specimens were manufactured according to the ASTM D2990 standard. The tests were conducted on each weight ratio using creep loads of 20, 30, and 40 N., and finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to substantiate the experimental results. Based on the experimental and simulation results, it was observed that the composite with a fiber weight ratio of 65/35 has 62.43 Mpa stress and 7.59 mm deformation. This exhibited favorable creep behavior and higher deformation resistance compared to the other compositions. The finite element analysis results were in good agreement with the experimental findings. This suggests that this weight composition could be preferred for vehicle structural parts. The agreement between the experimental and finite element analysis results further validates the practical applicability of the composite material.

Study on mechanical properties of E-glass mat reinforced basic magnesium sulfate cement thin-slab

To achieve sustainable development and reduce the carbon footprint in building material production, the E-glass fiber mat was impregnated with basic magnesium sulfate cement (BMSC) by lamination impregnation. This process reduces environmental pollution from cement preparation, increases fiber volume content, and enhances the mechanical properties of cementitious composite materials. The study examined axial tensile, four-point bending resistance, drop weight impact resistance and pendulum impact resistance of BMSC thin-slab reinforced with dispersed short glass fiber (SGF), short glass fiber mat (SGFM) and continuous glass fiber mat (CGFM) of varying gram weights. The results show that the mechanical properties of BMSC thin-slab reinforced with fiber mat are much higher than those of SGF reinforced thin-slab. The tensile strength of BMSC thin-slab reinforced with CGFM is higher than that of BMSC thin-slab reinforced with SGFM at the same gram weight, and the tensile strength increases as the weight of CGFM increases. Specifically, the axial tensile strength of BMSC thin-slab reinforced with 450 g of CGFM is nearly 8 times higher than that of SGF reinforced BMSC thin-slab. BMSC thin-slab reinforced with 450 g of CGFM has the maximum proportional limit load and bending strength. The impact strength and toughness indexes of BMSC thin-slab reinforced with CGFM are the highest, followed by SGFM reinforced BMSC thin-slab. The addition of 300 g CGFM significantly enhanced flexural toughness during the early stage of thin-slab cracking, while 450 g CGFM showed significant improvement in flexural toughness during the middle and late stages of cracking. When comparing thin-slabs with the same glass fiber volume ratio, those reinforced with 450 g CGFM exhibited the best impact resistance. SEM results indicated superior adhesion between 450 g CGFM and the cement matrix, as well as between adjacent CGFM layers, with fiber breakage being the main cause of specimen failure.

Determination of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Composite

Abstract: Manufacturing of composite laminates is the peculiar member of science that encounter its immense utilization in various industrial areas such as sporting, automotive, aerospace and marine industries. The superior properties of composites such as stiffness, better mechanical properties, low density, and lightweight make it a candidate in engineering applications. The continuous research in this area is due to the need for seeking alternative materials with increased performance. In this report, the basalt fiber E-glass reinforced composite mechanical properties has investigated. The basalt fiber E-glass composite was formulated with hand layup moulding technique. Mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural strength and impact strength of the basalt fiber E-glass composite have been analysed

Effects of Seawater on Mechanical Performance of Composite Sandwich Structures: A Machine Learning Framework.

Sandwich structures made with fibre-reinforced plastics are commonly used in maritime vessels thanks to their high strength-to-weight ratios, corrosion resistance, and buoyancy. Understanding their mechanical performance after moisture uptake and the implications of moisture uptake for their structural integrity and safety within out-of-plane loading regimes is vital for material optimisation. The use of modern methods such as acoustic emission (AE) and machine learning (ML) could provide effective techniques for the assessment of mechanical behaviour and structural health monitoring. In this study, the AE features obtained from quasi-static indentation tests on sandwich structures made from E-glass fibre face sheets with polyvinyl chloride foam cores were employed. Time- and frequency-domain features were then used to capture the relevant information and patterns within the AE data. A k-means++ algorithm was utilized for clustering analysis, providing insights into the principal damage modes of the studied structures. Three ensemble learning algorithms were employed to develop a damage-prediction model for samples exposed and unexposed to seawater and were loaded with indenters of different geometries. The developed models effectively identified all damage modes for the various indenter geometries under different loading conditions with accuracy scores between 86.4 and 95.9%. This illustrates the significant potential of ML for the prediction of damage evolution in composite structures for marine applications.

Failsafe layer for wind turbine blades: Erosion protection of glass fiber composite through nanodiamond-treated flax composite top layer

Wind turbine blades are mainly made from E-glass fiber (GF) epoxy composites, because of their good ratio of strength to weight and costs. With the increase in blade length and tip speed, the problem of leading edge erosion is becoming more severe, reducing annual energy production and raising maintenance cost. It was recently shown that nanodiamond-treated flax fiber (FFND) composites have significantly less erosion than GF composites and could be an alternative for GF in the turbine blade aeroshells. However, FFND alone might not be suitable for manufacturing turbine blades at the large scale of modern wind turbines. Here, we show that a hybrid composite with a thin layer of only 1.5 mm of FFND on a GF base, can achieve the same superior results as bulk material FFND composite. In addition, we show and explain why aramid fibers, that are known for impact resistance, do not perform well as erosion protection. Our research shows the great potential of this technology to be implemented as a low-cost, lightweight skin layer on the leading edge. Acting as damage-tolerant failsafe layer, negligible ∼0.04% extra weight of the FFND could increase the blade’s base erosion resistance by a factor of 60±20 compared to plain GF, expanding the repair window, reducing costs, and enhancing reliability.

Two-phase Hybrid Thermal Interface Alkali-treated E-Glass Fiber/MWCNT/Graphene/Copper Oxide Nanocomposites for Electronic Gadgets.

Two-phase hybrid mode thermal interface materials were created and characterized for mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and wear behaviour. Therefore, the ultimate goal of this current research was to use alkali-treated glass fibre and other allotropes to produce high-performance two-phase thermal interface materials. Three different polymer composites were prepared to contain 20 vol.% alkalies [NaOH] treated e-glass fibre [E] and epoxy as a matrix with varying proportions of multi-walled carbon nanotube [MWCNT], graphene [G], copper oxide [C]. The one-phase material contained epoxy+20%e-glass+1%MWCNT [EMGC1], the two-phase hybrid composite contained epoxy+20%e-glass+1%MWCNT+1%graphene+1%CuO [EMGC2], and two-phase material contained epoxy+20%e-glass+1%graphene+1%CuO [EMGC3]. Vacuum bagging method was used for fabricating the composites. The higher thermal conductivity observed was 0.3466 W/mK for EMGC2, the alkali-treated glass fibre/hybrid mode nanofillers epoxy matrix composite was mechanically tougher than the other two composites [EMGC1 & EMGC3]. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the fine filler dispersion and homogenous interaction with the glass fibre/epoxy resin composite of the upper and lower zone, which also revealed the defective zone, fibre elongation, fibre/filler breakages, and filler leached surfaces. Finally, it was concluded that the hybrid mode two-phased structure EMGC2 epoxy matrix composite replicated the maximum thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and wear properties of the other two specimens.

Fabrication and Characterization of Natural Fiber-Polymer Composites for Prosthesis Socket Application

ABSTRACT A natural fiber-reinforced composite from a locally available false banana plant is developed for a prosthesis socket application. Four batches of composite samples are fabricated by arranging the longitudinal uniformly distributed unidirectional false banana fibers in four orientations (0°, 90°, ±45°, 0°/90o). The composites’ mechanical and physical properties, such as tensile strength, compression strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and the effect of chemical treatment on water absorption, are investigated. The results are compared with E-glass fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite. The false banana fiber-polymer composites with a 0° fiber orientation have a tensile strength of 86.81 MPa, less than 9% lower than E-glass-fiber composites (95.44 MPa), and an impact resistance of 6.25 J, 10% higher compared to the E-glass fiber polymer composites (5.70 J). In addition, the treated false banana fiber-polymer composite absorbed 70% less water than the untreated false banana fiber-polymer composite. It is observed that the fiber treatment has increased the polymer–fiber interaction and the interface strength of the false banana fiber-polymer composites.

Mechanical Characterization of Hybrid Bagasse/Eggshell/E-glass Fiber-based Polyester Composite

Currently, numerous researchers, scientists, and industrialists are drawn towards utilizing natural fillers rather than synthetic ones because of their environmentally-friendly characteristics, lower density per unit volume and favorable mechanical attributes. Several studies have demonstrated that using organic filler in polyester matrix composites, instead of disposing of them in landfills, has various advantages. The current study focuses on the investigation of the mechanical characteristics of composite material made from a combination of bagasse, eggshell, and e-glass fibers exhibit characteristics such as strength under tension, strength under bending, resistance to indentation, and mass per unit volume. Different weight percentages of eggshell/bagasse were used to make the material using the hand lay-up technique (3wt%, 6wt%, 9wt%, and 12wt%), with 19wt% of glass fiber mixed in the resin. The use of inorganic fillers like calcium carbonate, a non-renewable mineral that may be expensive and environmentally hazardous to extract and process, is being reduced in favor of organic fillers like eggshell and bagasse, which are inexpensive and readily available. Specimens were generated by interposing fiber waste amidst chopped strand glass fiber mats, with variations in the bagasse, eggshell and polyester content, while keeping the amount of E-glass fiber constant. Afterward, the specimens were trimmed to the appropriate dimensions and subjected to analysis with a universal apparatus. The research showed that enhancing the quantity of bagasse/eggshell fiber within the hybrid composite resulted in an enhancement of its mechanical characteristics. The best reinforcement effect was observed in a hybrid composite with 6% bagasse/eggshell fiber.

Mechanical Properties of Basalt / Chopped E-Glass Fiber and Graphite Powder Reinforced Hybrid Composites

In the current investigation an effort has put to study the effect of E-glass chopped mat and graphite powder in variations of 5g, 10g, and 15g on the tensile and flexural behavior of a basalt fiber-reinforced epoxy composite laminate reinforced with E-Glass fiber and Graphite powder. Hand layup technique has been used for the fabrication of the composites. Tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness tests were done on the Basalt/E-glass/Graphite epoxy composite in accordance with ASTM standards. The results indicate significant improvement in tensile strength, impact strength and hardness when E-glass was incorporated in the basalt/epoxy composite. However, basalt/E-glass/10% graphite epoxy composite was shown to have a greater flexural strength. An excellent dispersion of the reinforcements in the polymeric matrix, which elevated surface area for solid interfacial contact and effective load transmission, could possibly be accountable for the improved performance of the laminates that were successfully developed.

A study on: Design and fabrication of E-glass fiber reinforced IPN composite chain plates for low duty chain drives

Chains are used in mechanical drives to carry away a large amount of load from one drive to another drive. Therefore the material of the chain should be able to withstand tensile loads and have high stiffness. Usually the chains are made up of iron. But the disadvantage is that iron consumes more weight and it is more expensive. In order overcome the difficulties, the chain plates are fabricated with the help of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs) resins (with vinyl ester and polyurethane) and reinforced E-glass fiber composite material. The main aim of the project is to study and analyze the physical properties and structural properties of the plate material varying proportions of IPN resin such as 100% vinyl ester (VEU) with 0% polyurethane (PU), 90% VEU and 10% PU, 80% VEU and 20% PU, 70% VEU and 30% PU, 60% VEU and 40% PU. Finally a fatigue tests is conducted for different plates for different resin proportion and comparison is made between the characteristics of fabricated chain plate with that of iron material. Because of their dependability and durability, glass fibre reinforced composite link plates are used in material handling equipment, agricultural machinery, manufacturing conveyors, and automobile manufacture.

Study of Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Fly ash with E-Glass fibre Reinforced AL MMC’s

AMC’s specimen made by liquid stir casting technique, by addition of fixed 3% E-glass fibers and fly ash particles in different proportions (4, 6 and 8 wt.%) prepared the matrix phase. A uniform distribution of reinforcement is obtained with good bonding with matrix. Dry sliding wear behavior of the aluminum alloy and the composites has been studied and tested using a pin-on-disc wear and friction monitor. The testing carried out on sliding velocity of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 m/s and load ranges from 1, 2 and 3kgf. The composite shows better mechanical properties than the base alloy. Abrasive wear resistance improves by addition of fly ash reinforcement

The Influence of e-glass epoxy composite laminate material application on the crack pattern of cylinder concrete column cross-section

In order to better understand the phenomenon of applying GEC reinforcement to RCC based on the percentage of surface crack pattern (PCP), this research will use e-glass epoxy composite laminate (GEC) to obtain the damage pattern of reinforced concrete column specimens (RCC) utilizing GEC. Additionally, it will compare the splitting tensile strength (STS) and SCP. In accordance with ASTM C496 guidelines, the RCC specimens used in this investigation had a cylindrical shape and measured 150 mm in length and 50 mm in diameter. GEC material, consisting of 0–4 layers of woven e-glass fiber sheets, was applied as an extra layer on top of the RCC. In compliance with ASTM C496 guidelines, a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was used to perform the split tensile test. With the aid of Adobe Photoshop software, the Histogram approach was used to calculate the crack pattern's proportion. The study's findings demonstrated that the specimens reinforced with four layers of GEC exhibited the highest damage pattern. This suggests that the reinforced specimens must be subjected to a sizable load in order to be damaged. Hence, the damage that occurs in the specimens can be lessened by applying GEC layers on RCC. Further information about the performance of RCC reinforced with GEC is also provided by a comparison of the splitting tensile strength and the percentage of fracture pattern

Evaluation of compressive strength, microhardness and solubility of zinc-oxide eugenol cement reinforced with E-glass fibers

BackgroundZinc-oxide eugenol (ZOE) cements are among the most used temporary materials in dentistry. Although ZOE has advantages over other temporary fillers, its mechanical strength is weaker, so researchers are working to improve it. E-glass fibers have emerged as promising reinforcing fibers in recent years due to their strong mechanical behavior, adequate bonding, and acceptable aesthetics.ObjectivesTo evaluate and compare the compressive strength, surface microhardness, and solubility of the ZOE and those reinforced with 10 wt.% E-glass fibers.MethodsA total of 60 ZEO specimens were prepared; 30 specimens were reinforced with 10 wt.% E-glass fibers, considered modified ZOE. The characterization of the E-glass fibers was performed by XRF, SEM, and PSD. The compressive strength, surface microhardness, and solubility were evaluated. Independent sample t-tests were used to statistically assess the data and compare mean values (P ≤ 0.05).ResultsThe results revealed that the modified ZOE showed a significantly higher mean value of compressive strength and surface microhardness while having a significantly lower mean value of solubility compared to unmodified ZOE (P ≤ 0.05).ConclusionThe modified ZOE with 10 wt.% E-glass fibers had the opportunity to be used as permanent filling materials.

Fabrication and Mechanical Testing of Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites Modified with Powdered Metallic Fillers

Composite materials made up of polymer matrix reinforced with synthetic fibers have gained popularity of late owing to their enhanced mechanical properties. However, very little work is reported to date on metals being used as filler material. Research gaps were obtained pertaining to the use of metallic fillers in synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composites. This paper demonstrates an attempt to fabricate composites made of Epoxy polymer matrix and E-glass fiber reinforcement with Mild Steel in its powdered form as fillers. Composites are prepared in varying weight percentages of the filler in the order of 2 wt. %, 4 wt. % and 6 wt. %. Hand layup method is employed for fabricating these composites which are later subjected to compression. Further, the samples are machined according to ASTM D3039 standard for tensile test and ASTM D256 standard for Izod impact test. Hardness test is also performed using a Shore D Durometer and these properties are compared with the unfilled samples. The results indicated that the weight percentage of the filler clearly influenced the mechanical properties of the developed composites. This study also revealed that the hardness and tensile strength of these composites improved with the incorporation of fillers up to 2 wt. % whereas, the impact strength improved up to 4 wt. %. Thereafter, there was a decline in their impact and tensile properties. However, hardness marginally increased beyond 4 wt. %. This area is open for research with regard to their usability under tribological, high temperature or magnetic conditions.

Preliminary Investigations and Support for the Mechanical and Dynamic Characteristics of a Natural Rubber Reinforcement in E-Glass/CNT/Epoxy Composite

The present investigation reports the synthesis and mechanical properties of a hybrid polymer composite consisting of E-Glass fiber, epoxy and 2 wt.% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with a varying percentage of natural rubber (NR). The prepared hybrid polymer composites were examined in terms of their surface morphology, thermal properties as well as mechanical properties. The findings from the present study indicate that natural rubber enhances the mechanical properties of the hybrid polymer composites and, in particular, 10 wt.% is the optimum percentage of NR that yields the highest strength of 88 MPa, while the strength is 52 MPa with 5 wt.% NR. In order to evaluate the damping properties, a dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out on the E-Glass/CNT with NR composites at various frequencies along with a thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the composite reinforced with 10 wt.% natural rubber exhibited a higher glass transition temperature of 376.86 °C and storage modulus of 2468 MPa when compared to the other composites, which indicates the enhanced cross-linking density and higher polymer modulus of the composite. X-ray diffraction analysis was also conducted and the results are reported to improve the general understanding of crystalline phases.

Tailoring Basalt Fibers and E-Glass Fibers as Reinforcements for Increased Impact Resistance

The usage of basalt fiber in the engineering industries has gained significant interest due to its characteristics such as alkali resistance and enhanced mechanical properties. Similarly, E-glass-fiber-reinforced composites have been widely used in the fabrication of electrically resistive industrial components such as switches, circuit panels, and covering cases. In the present study, the tensile, flexural, thermogravimetric, and low-velocity impact characteristics of various percentages of basalt/E-glass-fiber-reinforced polymer composites fabricated via vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding were investigated. The results show that a higher volume percentage of basalt (39%) significantly enhances the impact resistance up to 45% with a moderate improvement in flexural properties. The higher the vol % of E-glass (40%), the more the tensile and flexural properties are increased, i.e., 185 N/mm2 and 227.87 N/mm2, respectively. It is concluded that by choosing the optimum hybridization method, impact resistance and other mechanical properties can be improved significantly. The thermogravimetric analysis results show that PC313534 (35 vol % basalt and 34 vol % E-glass) possesses the lowest decomposition temperature of 381.10 °C. The results from the present study indicate that the polymer composite fabricated in the present study is suitable for applications where higher structural-load-resistive properties are required.

Investigation of Mechanical, Thermal Properties of Camel wool Fiber and Chopped E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin with and without Addition of Iron Oxide

Composites are an excellent alternative to metal alloys due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. It's awesome that researchers are working on biodegradable and recyclable fiber-reinforced composites. Each natural and synthetic fiber has advantages and disadvantages, but combining different fibers alters the properties of composite materials. In this project, we used camel wool fiber and chopped E-glass to make a hybrid composite with epoxy as the matrix. Combining different fibers in composite materials, it is possible to alter their properties and create materials with specific characteristics. Additionally, adding fillers to composites can further enhance their characteristics, such as improving strength, stiffness, and other mechanical and thermal properties. We also experimented with different amounts of iron oxide which resulted in these semi-biodegradable materials. The mechanical and thermal characteristics of these composites improved as the iron oxide powder content rose. The best part is that using iron oxide as a filler material can help reduce material costs. Key Words: Chopped E glass (CEG), Camel wool Fiber (CWF), Filler, Differential thermal analysis (DTA), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG).

Evaluation of mechanical and erosive wear properties of hybrid nano composites basalt/E-glass fiber + MWCNTs/SiO2

The extensive study conducted has revealed that the mechanical and other characteristics of hybrid composites are greatly influenced by several aspects, such as the kind of fibre reinforcement, nanofillers, matrix materials, and the manufacturing methods employed. In the context of structural applications, the incorporation of Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as fillers in E-Glass fibres had a significant impact on the rapid alteration of mechanical properties, particularly strength, in the composites. This study aimed to create hybrid nanocomposites by including multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) as filler materials, Basalt/E-glass as fibres, and epoxy with hardener as the matrix. This study utilises statistical methods, specifically the Taguchi L16 Orthogonal Array (OA), to analyse the impact of various operating factors. The parameters selected for this study include MWCNTs/SiO2 fillers at varying weight percentages (0 %, 1 %, 2.9 %, and 3 %), an epoxy matrix with decreasing weight percentages (40 %, 39 %, 38 %, and 37 %), compression pressures ranging from 5 MPa to 35 MPa, and moulding temperatures ranging from 40 °C to 100 °C. The mechanical parameters being examined are the tensile strength and erosive wear. The utilisation of the hand layup and compression moulding technique achieved the development of these composites. By optimising the moulding temperature, significant improvements were achieved in the tensile strength, which reached 184.38 MPa. Similarly, reducing the percentage of fillers resulted in a substantial decrease in erosive wear, with a value of 95.06 mg/kg.

Glass fiber strengthened BNNS/ST/polyolefin composites with high dielectric constant and high thermal conductivity

The present research presents an examination of the consequential effects brought about by the introduction of short-cut E-glass fibers (GF) on the properties of high-dielectric constant, high-thermal conductivity microwave composite systems (xGF/(8-x)BNNS/78 wt%ST/polyolefin, x = 0-8 wt%, BNNS: hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets). The GF is modified using KH550, with the success of the surface modification definitively confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). All components are found to exhibit consistently ultra-high and stable dielectric constants within the 8–12 GHz frequency range (Dk = 17.7–18.08). Based on thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results, the incorporation of modified GF improve the thermal stability of the composite materials, enhancing thermal decomposition temperature, residual carbon content and glass transition temperature. Furthermore, replacing BNNS with GF significantly amplifies the mechanical properties of the composite substrate. This substitution leads to a notable reduction in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in all directions while simultaneously increasing the bending and tensile strength. At the same time, the composites can maintain reasonably high thermal conductivity values. Overall, with a GF concentration of 4 wt%, the composite showcases an appreciable increase in dielectric constants (17.81), a high thermal conductivity (1.3 W/m·K) and enhances mechanical properties (cross-plane CTE: 15.44 μm/(m·°C), in-plane CTE: 26.06 μm/(m·°C), bending strength: 65.6 MPa, tensile strength: 17.42 MPa). Considering its superior performance metrics, the composite can be identified as an optimal choice for microwave composite dielectric substrate material.

Effect of bio nanofiller in influencing the carbon and E-glass fabric reinforced composites

The exceptional mechanical properties, dimensional stability and low cost of production of textile composites have made them quite popular in recent years. In the present analysis, plain woven inter, intra and hybrid carbon and E-glass fibre reinforced composites incorporated with or without nano-coconut shell ash (CSA) as filler were manufactured by hand lay-up method. The mechanical and thermal properties were determined for the manufactured composites. Simultaneously, the fractographic study was conducted by scanning electron microscopy to predict the different kind of failures in composites. The mechanical properties of the composites were found to be significantly better when 2 wt.% of CSA was substituted in it. The inter-hybrid composite containing 2 wt.% nanofiller demonstrated the highest tensile strength of 245.96 MPa, flexural strength of 496.03 MPa and maximum degradation temperature with weight change of 81.08%. A combination of intra- and inter-hybrid woven composite revealed the highest impact resistance of 3.3 J. The pseudo-ductile performance of intra-hybrid composites is also distinctly observed, showing moderate tensile stress of 299.376 MPa and maximum elongation of 5.137 mm. The current scientific effort makes it clear that the greatest tensile strength was obtained by positioning carbon fibres inside and the glass fibres outside. The surface proximity and diffusion of nanofillers in the composites further enhanced their tensile properties. Shear dispersion also led to maximum energy absorption without the need for nanofiller in case of combination of intra- and inter-woven fibre composites.