E-glass Fiber Research Articles

Investigation of hybridization effect on ballistic performance of multi-layered fiber reinforced composite structures

The aim of this study is enhancing the ballistic performance of multi-layered fiber reinforced composite structures by hybridization approach against fragment simulating projectile (FSP). For manufacturing of homogeneous and hybrid composite structures, 170 g/m2 twill weave aramid and 280 g/m2 plain weave E-Glass fibers were used with epoxy resin systems and two different thickness values for each composite panel were fabricated and tested to obtain a relationship between areal density and V50 parameters. Tensile, 3-point bending, and short beam strength tests of composite panels were performed, and ballistic performance of composite structures were measured by V50 test method with 1.1 g FSP threat. Ballistic performance of hybrid composite structures was compared with high-performance composite ballistic panel test results reported in literature. As a result, it was found that E-Glass fabric layers together with aramid fabrics increased the energy absorbing capability of hybrid composite panels and ballistic performance was enhanced to be similar or higher than ballistic fiber reinforced composites. Hence, hybridization was found to be an effective way to enhance ballistic performance of fiber reinforced composite structures.

Effect of Wollastonite Filler on the Experimental and Microstructural Analysis of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with E-glass Fibre

Effect of Wollastonite Filler on the Experimental and Microstructural Analysis of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with E-glass Fibre

Effect of Different Solutions on the Colour Stability of Nanoparticles or Fibre Reinforced PMMA.

This study aimed to evaluate the colour stability of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base reinforced with ZrO2 nanoparticles, E-glass fibres, and TiO2 nanoparticles at various concentrations over 180-day storage in Steradent™ (STD) denture cleaner or coffee (CF). A total of 130 disc-shaped specimens were fabricated at various filler concentrations and divided into four main groups to measure the colour changes. Groups Z, T, and E consisted of PMMA reinforced with ZrO2 nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoparticles, or E-glass fibre, respectively, while Group C consisted of PMMA specimens without filler served as the control group (n = 10). The three reinforced groups were further subdivided according to the filler content (n = 10) added to the PMMA (1.5%, 3.0%, 5.0%, and 7.0% wt.%). Half of the specimens were stored in STD, while the other half was stored in CF for 180 days. A Minolta Chroma Meter was used to measure the colour changes (ΔE) at 7, 30, 90 and then 180 days. The results were assessed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) along with Bonferroni post hoc tests at a p ≤ 0.05 significance level. Significant different colour changes (ΔΕ) were observed between all tested groups and across different time points. TiO2-reinforced PMMA in STD/CF showed the lowest colour stability, while the E-glass fibre-reinforced PMMA in STD/CF showed the highest colour stability. Furthermore, coffee appeared to have the greatest impact on the colour change in comparison to the SteradentTM. The results indicated that the filler type and concentration, type of solution, and length of storage all affected the colour stability of the tested specimens.

Mixture optimization of epoxy base concrete for achieving highest fracture toughness and fracture energy values using Taguchi method

Manufacturing polymer concrete (PC) with suitable performance against cracking is an important issue for using these composite materials in practical applications. Fracture toughness and fracture energy of such randomly distributed aggregates inside the matrix of polymeric resin is affected by the mix design and percentages of PC ingredients. In this research, the optimum composition of epoxy base PC mixture made of four ingredients (epoxy resin, fine and coarse silica aggregate and E-glass fiber) was obtained using a L32 Taguchi design of experiment method. Some fracture toughness tests under mode I were conducted on symmetric semi-circular bend specimen according to design of experiment suggested by Taguchi method. The initial range for each PC ingredient was selected as: 0–2% fiber, 20–35% fine aggregate, 13–28% epoxy resin, and 41–56% coarse aggregate, and it was found that the mixture containing maximum resin (25–28%), moderate fine filler (28–31%), minimum percentages of fiber and coarse aggregate can provide the highest fracture energy and fracture toughness values.

Modeling and Analysis of Surface Roughness Parameters in Drilling of Silk-glass/epoxy Composite

In the recent past, the demand for multifunctional and lightweight materials have increased steadily creating an increase in demand for Hybrid polymer matrix composite which consists multiple fibers in conventional resins. In this study, a hybrid composite comprising of two reinforcements - natural silk fiber and E-Glass fiber - in an Epoxy resin matrix which is a partially eco-friendly composite has been fabricated and the effect of drilling, by using an 8 facet solid carbide drill, on the surface roughness has been studied. Taguchi�s L27 Orthogonal array was used for experimentation by modifying three parameters - feed rate, spindle speed and drill diameter - on three levels (low, medium and high) and thereby studying the effects. From the results of experimentation it has been observed that increase in spindle speed and drill diameter reduces surface roughness however it increases with increase in feed rate. Further, regression analysis and Fuzzy modeling are used in order to determine optimum parameter values to get the desired surface finish. Good agreement between the experimental, regression and fuzzy model is observed with the correlation coefficient of 0.9814 and 0.9677 respectively.

Natural frequency and buckling optimization considering weight saving for hybrid graphite/epoxy-sitka spruce and graphite-flax/epoxy laminated composite plates using stochastic methods

In recent years, the use of hybrid composites, in which natural fibers combine with synthetic fibers, in place of composite structures consisting only of synthetic fibers has become increasingly popular due to growing environmental concerns and the need to develop sustainable, more lightweight, recyclable materials required for engineering applications. In this regard, the present paper is an attempt to show the usage of sitka spruce as an alternative to synthetic E-glass fiber and natural flax fiber in design of interply hybrid composite structures in terms of fundamental frequency, buckling resistance and weight. The single-objective and multi-objective approaches are considered to acquire optimum design for non-hybrid and hybrid structures. The modified versions of the optimization methods Differential Evolution (MDE), Nelder Mead (MNM) and Simulated Annealing (MSA) algorithms are considered to solve problems. The results show that the optimum design of the hybrid graphite/epoxy-sitka spruce laminated plate to obtain the structure having a more lightweight (e.g., 53%), higher frequency (e.g., 65%) and buckling resistance (e.g., 90%) was computed and compared with those of the hybrid graphite-flax/epoxy, neat sitka spruce, neat flax/epoxy and neat glass/epoxy laminated composite plates.

Experimental investigation on multi-layered filament wound basalt/E-glass hybrid fiber composite tubes

In this study, the mechanical damage of Basalt/E-glass hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer composite tubes was evaluated experimentally using Micro hardness on transverse direction, uni-directional static tensile loading, and Quasi-static compressive loading. The Burn-off test method has been studied for the volumetric fraction of hybrid composite tubes. The multi-layer hybrid composite tubes composed of eight layers of plies at constant fiber tension of 20N, a constant mandrel rotation speed of 45 RPM and constant winding angle of ±55° for basalt fiber and ±90° for E-glass fiber were fabricated through a 3-axis filament winding machine with a seamless amalgamation of the stage by stage curing in the furnace. Eleven tube arrangements with fiber content proportion of {100%, 25:75%, 50:50% and 75:25%} with various stacking sequence were studied. The test results provide that these mechanical property’s behavior was moderately affected by the proportion of fiber content and most of the time affected by the variation of layer stacking sequence. Adding 50% of basalt and 50% E-glass fiber sharing of BGH7 hybrid combination of basalt laminate placed in the outer side increases the mechanical characterization compared to the 25% and 75% sharing of basalt and E-glass fiber. The fractured fibrous matrix of the tensile specimens and compressive specimens was assessed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Investigation of Compression properties on E-Glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites used for micro wind turbine blades

The main goal of this work is to understand the mechanical behaviour of composites to compression loads. A unidirectional (UD) fabric of E-glass fiber is the most common reinforcement in composite structural applications which exhibits excellent strength, modulus, resistance to water degradation and corrosive environments, durability, good and a quantitative and qualitative analysis is conducted on this model and the results are validated. An experimental test sample made of the E- Glass/Epoxy-resin composite is subjected to uniaxial compression test. The experimental results are validated with the multiscale mechanical model built. The FEA (Finite Element Analysis) is being utilized and the results obtained are validated through experimental approach. With such validated numerical model, application in micro wind turbine blade would result in faster prototype development. Keywords: Compressive strength, Composite material, Micro wind turbine, E-Glass fiber, FEA, Orthotropic Material, Numerical methods, Macrostructure, Microstructure.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyester and Rice Husk Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for Structural Applications

Abstract: In current years composites have concerned considerable importance as a potential operational material. The composite materials are replacing the traditional materials, because of its superior properties such as low thermal expansion, high tensile strength, high strength to weight ratio ,Low cost, light weights, high specific modulus, renewability, and biodegradability are the most basic & common attractive features of composites that make them useful for industrial applications. The composite have generally minimal effort of creation, simple to create and better-quality contrast than perfect polymer tars. The developments of new materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. In this study, Woven roving mats (E-glass fiber orientation (-45/45, 0/90, 45/45),UD450GSM) were cut in measured dimensions and a mixture of Polyester Resin, Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEKP), Cobalt and rice husk powder is used to manufacture the glass fiber reinforced composite by hand lay-up method. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact are evaluated Keywords: Epoxy Resin, e-glass fibre, fly ash, Biodegradability, Mechanical Properties

Effect of oil pressure upon filament wound basalt/glass fibers hybrid polymer based composite pipes subjected to low velocity impact

In this study, low-velocity impact tests were applied to E-glass fiber (GFR) and basalt fiber reinforced (BFR) filament-wound hybrid composite pipes. The BFR/GFR hybrid pipes were subjected to low-velocity impact tests when they were oil-unfilled, oil-filled at 0 bar (unpressurized oil) and low oil pressure at 5 bar. Impact energies were applied as 15 J, 20 J and 25 J, respectively. After the experiments, the dynamic behaviors and damage formation within the samples were evaluated in terms of type and severity.

Acidic whey as a novel coupling agent for composites based on E-Glass fibers and low-density polyethylene

In order to enhance the interfacial-adhesion between short E-glass fibers and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), acidic whey; a dairy byproduct was applied as coupling agent. The fibers were immersed in acidic whey for 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours. Composite materials containing 20 wt.% E- glass fibers and LDPE were prepared by extrusion process. The tensile strength and modulus of the produced composites were improved by using acidic whey, and the improvement in those properties was strongly affected by the immersion time of E-glass fibers in acidic whey. An increase of about 289%, 107%, 291% and 721% in modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, modulus efficiency and strength efficiency factors respectively were achieved after 60 hours of immersion of glass fibers in acidic whey. The effects of acidic whey on tensile properties and efficiency factors could be ascribed to the mend in interfacial-adhesion between glass fibers and LDPE polymer.

A Review of Comparative Analysis of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Glassfiber Leaf Spring with Conventional Leafspring

Abstract: Leafspring is one of the oldest and most effective suspension systems. Today it can be seen used in all heavy commercial vehicles the leaf spring used conventionally was made up of plain carbon steel, silicon manganese steel etc. but as steel is heavy it increases the overall weight of vehicles and decreases its performance, but nowadays after the advent of composites many researchers are trying to replace conventional leafspring with new composite leafsprings which are light in weight. In our project we are trying to compare and analyse two such composite material made up of bamboo fiber reinforced with s-glassfiber and bamboo fiber reinforced with e-glass fiber using epoxy resin matrix with conventional leafspring. Keywords: Bamboo fiber ,s-glass fiber, e-glass fiber, leafspring, epoxy resin

Hardness and Impact Strength Characteristics of Al based Hybrid Composite FSW Joints

Aluminium and its alloys have an excellent mechanical property in that metal matrix composite has a promising role in the field of automobile and aviation. This work aims to investigate the hardness and impact strength of aluminium Al2024, Al6061 and Al7075 alloy reinforced with a weight fraction of fine greenish silicon carbide 7% and chopped E-glass fiber 3%. The metal matrix composite plates were welded by using the friction stir welding process at 550, 850 and 1150 rpm with a feed rate of 40, 80, 120 mm/min. Hardness specimens are prepared as per ASTM-E-92 and investigated the hardness of welded and unwelded (base metals and composite metal) in nugget zone, HAZ and TMAZ with the help of Vickers hardness test machine. Impact strength specimens are prepared as per ASTM-E-23. The results were compared with welded and unwelded aluminium specimens.

Interface failure and delamination resistance of fiber-reinforced geopolymer composite by simulation and experimental method

Fiber-reinforced geopolymer matrix composites (FRGC) have the potential areas of application to bridge the gap between the performances of polymer matrix and ceramic matrix composites. One of the major drawbacks of the geopolymer matrix is the extreme brittleness and weak interlaminar strength. To improve the interlaminar strength of composites, reinforcement of fibers such as carbon and E-glass are considered as fillers in the matrix. The study aimed to evaluate the inner strength and delamination behavior of carbon and E-glass fiber-reinforced composite. The inner structure of the delaminated area of the impacted composite is examined based on the microstructural images and internal areas. The study is being evaluated by simulation method and experimental observation was correlated. The effect of fiber reinforcement was evaluated using three-point flexural methods to obtain strength and modulus of rupture. Results indicate that the interlaminar strength of carbon fiber reinforced geopolymer composite is stronger than E-glass fiber-reinforced composite. The fibers are more intact in carbon fiber reinforced geopolymer composite with better delamination resistance and less impact area. However interlaminar strength of E-glass fiber reinforced is weak, leads to less delamination resistance, with more slippery behavior and more damage area.

Behaviour of Hybrid fibre in RC column with basalt and E-glass fibre under axial loading

This paper investigates the behaviour of the hybrid fibre, i.e. a combination of E glass and basalt fibre, added in the reinforced concrete column. A total of 6 columns were cast with Conventional Concrete (CC) and Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) to study the structural performance of the column. The concrete was made of cement, manufacturing sand (m-sand), coarse aggregate as major ingredients. In the column, 2% of Basalt fibre along with the E-Glass fibre of 1% were added to the concrete to make the HFRC. Column was tested under universal testing machine with static axial load and deflectometer was placed at the sides of the column to measure the displacement. The axail and laterall deformation of the column was measured using the deflectometer. The strain of the column was determined with the recorded data. The stiffness of the column with respect to the loads was calculated. The lateral buckling of the CC and HFRC columns were calculated and compared.Both CC and HFRC shows a similar mode of failure with the application of the load. The experimental results of the columns were compared with theoretical value and concluded with the performance column with and without fibre added.

Evaluating the potential use of recycled glass fibers for the development of gypsum-based composites

The concerns on the recyclability of composites are rising. Finding ways to reuse composite materials is fundamental given their huge availability worldwide. However, the intrinsic characteristics of composite materials make it hard to recover their primary constituents. Therefore, the incorporation of these materials after their typical life span into other applications is of great importance towards their circularity and valorisation. In this paper we evaluate the possibility of recycled fiberglass sheets to be used for the creation of gypsum-based composites, aiming at improving the mechanical properties when compared to conventional gypsum. We benchmark the effect of adding recycled fibers against the use of virgin ones. Neat gypsum plaster was used as the matrix and reinforced with both commercial E-glass and recycled fibers. The addition of recycled fibers into the gypsum matrix modified the material behaviour, preventing a purely brittle behaviour, and increasing the flexural strength by 66 % when 6 wt. % was added. The addition of virgin E-glass fibers not only allows for massive plastic deformation of the composite but also increases its flexural strength by nearly 290 % when a mass fraction of 12 wt. % of E-glass was added.

Improvement of impact strength of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with E-glass fiber and novel calophyllum inophyllum filler in comparison with plain GFRP composite

The aim of the study was to evaluate Izod impact strength on epoxy matrix composite reinforced with E-Glass fiber and calophyllum inophyllum powder novel Hybrid composite in comparison with plain GFRP epoxy composite. The E-glass fiber was used as the reinforcement material and Epoxy (LY556), hardener (HY951), were used as the matrix materials.Calophyllum inophyllum powder with 5 % and 10 % volume fraction was used as the filler material. Composites were prepared by hand lay up method. Impact test was conducted as per ASTM-D256 standards. The sample size per group was 20. The pre test power for testing was 80 %, Alpha = 0.05 % and CL was 95 %, G power test was used to fix the number of samples for each group. Calophyllum inophyllum filler with 10 % volume fraction added with epoxy matrix reinforced by glass fiber laminate exhibits more Izod impact value when compared to 5 % volume fraction of calophyllum inophyllum filler added with epoxy laminate and plain GFRP laminate. The Significance value (p) obtained by the experimental and control groups was 0.000 (p < 0.05). A hybrid composite made by epoxy matrix with addition of 10 % volume fraction of novel calophyllum inophyllum filler reinforced by glass fiber hybrid composite enhances improved impact strength than plain and 5 % filler added composite.

Synthesis and chemical resistance of aluminum oxide and silicon carbide (1:1) filled Bi-Directional woven E- glass fiber reinforcement epoxy polymer composites

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials have better corrosion, chemical and wear resistance, reduced weight of structure etc. due to their properties. It’s application fields include the manufacture of storage tanks for chemicals, pickling and plating tanks, underground fuel storage tanks, chimney stacks and stack liners, pulp washer drums and up-flow tubes, oil and gas carrying pipe line systems, apparatus and process equipment in power generation plants. This research work describes the development of a new set of polymer composites consisting of different weight percentages of aluminum oxide/silicon carbide (1:1) (0 wt%, 2 wt%, 4 wt%, and 6 wt%) and E-glass fiber used as a reinforced material, epoxy resin (LY 556) used as a PMC material, and epoxy resin (LY 556) and hardener (HY951) mixed in 10:1 at room temperature. The study involved four sets of composites that were fabricated using the hand layup technique. Chemical reagent (solvents and acids) absorption increased in composites with the presence of voids and an increase in the weight percentage of aluminum oxide/silicon carbide (1:1).Chemical resistant of 2 wt% composites for one day against acids (HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH), solvents (NaOH, Na2CO3), and alkalis (benzene, toluene, CCl4) gives better results and shows it can be applied in the making of storage tanks for chemicals successfully.

INVESTIGATION ON FLEXURAL AND IMPACT STRENGTH OF HOLLOW GLASS FABRIC AND E-GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED SELF-HEALING POLYMER COMPOSITES

The present study investigates the self-healing functionality of e-glass unidirectional fiber-reinforced epoxy resin, based on a hollow glass fiber approach under flexural and impact loading. The planned self-healing fiber-reinforced composite constitutes epoxy resin (Lapox ARL-125 &amp;#43; AH-367), e-glass fibers with 0&amp;deg; orientation, embedded hollow glass fabric (HGF) filled with a curing agent (Lapox L-552/K-552), which provides a self-healing functionality. The developed composite is tested on the virgin, damaged, and healed conditions for the various healing periods (1, 2, and 3 days), and recovered flexural, impact strength and subsequent healing efficiency are studied. On day three, the optimum flexural strength achieved is 851.17 N/mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, with a healing efficiency of 74.53&amp;#37; when subjected to quasi-static load. Similarly, the optimum impact energy absorbed is 4439.26 J/m, and impact strength achieved is 445.88 kJ/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, with a healing efficiency of 55.58&amp;#37; when subjected to impact load. The results show that developed self-healing composites may provide excellent flexural and impact properties for marine structural applications.

High efficiency microwave shielding films based on carbon fibre and ITO/Ag/Fe2O3 hybrid polymer composites

Hybrid polymer composites represent a new class of materials that have unique combination of magnetic, electrical, dielectric, and mechanical properties, which are applicable for funnel of electromagnetic (EM) noises. In this study, we present a process for scalable composition of Silane grafted epoxy composites through adding carbon fibre (CF)/iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3)/indium tin oxide (ITO) nano particles and a designed grid of appropriately sized metal streaks along E-glass fiber (eGF), and report on the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) with mechanical properties of composites. The examined ribbon shield detect a good total EMI SE of SET (∼78 dB) at a different thickness of 2–2.5 and 3 mm in the ‘E, F, I, and J’ band frequency. In an analogous fashion, the reinforcement grid approach relies on the periodic sizing to manage the equilibrium between incoming wave from outside world and shielding efficiency of proposed composites. We provide a solution by creating a new concept of a hybrid shield, whose SE can be varied in situ depending on the EM context due to the used high filler content, whose SE can dynamically and institute be modified via the concept of reinforcement.