Dysaphis Plantaginea Research Articles

The potential of three native insect predators to control the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea

The potential of three aphidophagous predators, Adalia bipunctata, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, and Episyrphus balteatus to control the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea Pass., a major pest on apple in Europe, was assessed by means of laboratory and field cage experiments in Northern Switzerland. Under laboratory conditions, all three predators efficiently preyed upon D. plantaginea on apple seedlings. The searching success of larvae of A. bipunctata for individual aphids was not dependent on the size of branches of apple trees varying in leaf surface area from 150 cm2 to 960 cm2. Fifty and 70% of individual aphids were found and killed 6 hours and 48 hours, respectively, after release of single second instar larva of A. bipunctata. In a first field cage experiment in 1996, A. bipunctata, and to a lesser extent E. balteatus, proved to be effective and consistent predators of D. plantaginea during spring conditions, being little affected by cool temperatures and wet weather. In a subsequent field cage experiment in 1997, larvae of A. bipunctata and E. balteatus were released singly and in combination on aphid infested apple seedlings to study interactions between these two promising control agents. Both species had a significant negative effect on aphid population increase. The two species did not significantly interact and thus, their joint effect is best explained by an additive model. Combined releases of the two predator species reduced aphid densities to 5% of the control. This indicates the potential for augmentative releases of these native aphid predators to control D. plantaginea.

The effects of weed strips on aphids and aphidophagous predators in an apple orchard

AbstractSelected weeds were used to attract antagonists of apple aphids in an apple orchard near Berne, Switzerland. In the year before the experiment, in 1991, the apple aphids Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.) and Aphis pomi (DeGeer) and aphidophagous predators were homogenously distributed in the orchard. In April 1992, weed strips were sown between tree rows and along the border parallel to the first and the last row of trees in one part (the other part served as control). In both parts of the orchard, randomly chosen trees were controlled visually in weekly intervals in 1992 and 1993. During flowering of weeds more aphidophagous predators were observed on the apple trees within the strip‐sown area than in the control area. The most abundant and permanent aphidophagous predators were spiders, predaceous Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, and Chrysopidae. Both species of aphids were significantly less abundant in the area with weed strips than in the control area during the vegetation period. The effects of the weed strips on aphidophagous predators, and those of predators on aphids, are discussed.

The effect of aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea pass., Hom., Aphididae) feeding on apple fruit growth

Abstract The effect of feeding of the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea , on apple fruit and leaf growth was studied on the branches of two-year-old Golden Delicious trees grafted on M26 rootstock. There was a small influence on leaf growth. The metabolic pool model was expressed in a multiple regression model which was parametrized with observations on plant growth and aphid densities. The calculated contribution of one aphid on fruit growth was highest at low aphid and fruit densities. At high fruit densities the contribution was relatively higher at high than at low aphid densities. Subsequently, the supply-demand ratios of 0.89 covering 95% and of 0.63 covering 75% of the fruit demand were investigated at the time of peak density. In addition, the ratios were related to the influence of aphid and fruit and aphid densities. Increasing fruit number and aphid densities increased the reduction in fruit growth rates. If the fruit number exceeds about 15, the model predicted that fruit growth is reduced by more than 25% for any aphid density. These results provide some interesting insight into aphid-tree interactions, but are not readily applicable to supervised pest-control programs.

Management of European Red Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Several Aphid Species on Apple with Petroleum Oils and an Insecticidal Soap

Three petroleum oils and one insecticidal soap were evaluated in laboratory tests at different rates for ovicidal efficacy against overwintering Panonychus ulmi (Koch) eggs. Sunspray 6E and Volck Supreme oils caused the greatest mortality of all materials tested. Sunspray 6E+ caused less mortality than did the Sunspray 6E and Volek Supreme but greater mortality than Safer Insecticidal Soap Concentrate, which caused only slightly greater mortality than the distilled water check. Field applications of the same materials by airblast sprayer and high-pressure handgun caused less mortality of overwintering eggs than in the laboratory study. Summer applications of these materials were tested for their ability to suppress mite and aphid populations throughout the growing season. Applications of all materials provided significant control of populations of P. ulmi , rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), and a green aphid complex made up of the apple aphid, Aphis porni De Geer, and the spirea aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch. Spray volume, coverage, and rate of material applied were related to mite and insect control and plant phytotoxicity; the greater the volume, coverage, and rates used, the greater the control and phytotoxicity obtained. Volck Supreme oil, particularly at the high rate, caused more damage to fruit and foliage than did any of the other treatments. Suns pray 6E and Suns pray 6E+ appear to be equally safe to fruit and foliage based on phytotoxicity ratings taken throughout the growing season.

Effect of Rosy Apple Aphid and Spirea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Dry Matter Accumulation and Carbohydrate Concentration in Young Apple Trees

One-year-old apple trees grown in pots were artificially infested with either Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) or Aphis spiraecola Patch Feeding by D. plantaginea on 22-53% of the leaves on the tree significantly reduced accumulation of dry weight in all portions of the trees during the first season’s growth. At the 10-leaf stage of the second season, dry weights of trees infested with D. plantaginea during the previous year were still significantly lower than those of control trees. A. spiraecola did not reduce the accumulation of dry weight by the young trees.

Hosts and Habitats of Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) Implicated in Biological Control of Apple Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

No parasitoids able to complete development on apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer, were found in north-central Washington. However, several aphidiid species oviposited in A. pomi and developed to last instars before dying. Of these, Praon unicum Smith and Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) were found attacking A. pomi in apple orchards. P. unicum was most active in spring and parasitized a high percentage of apple aphids in some orchards. L. testaceipes was more prevalent during summer and apparently contributed little to apple aphid control. Hosts and habitats of these and two other species, Praon occidentale (Baker) and Diaretiella rapae (M'Intosh), were investigated. Winter and spring generations of P. unicum were found on apple, peach, and hawthorne. The summer generation was found mainly on hawthorne, weeds, and grasses. Aphid hosts of P. unicum on apple included Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), Rhopalosiphum insertum (Walker), and Nearctaphis bakeri (Cowen). Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was the major host on peaches in winter and spring and on weeds during summer.

Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluation, 1985

Abstract Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to mature semi-dwarf Golden Delicious trees on 4 Apr (delayed dormant), 18 Apr (pink), 8 May (petal-fall), 22 May, 4 jun, 18 Jun, 2 Jul, 22 Jul, and 6 Aug. Treatments were applied with a hand gun using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Single trees were used and replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff. WALH populations were evaluated on 20 May by counting the adults and nymphs found on 25 randomly selected leaves per tree. (ERM) populations were evaluated on 28 May, 17 Jul and 12 Aug by randomly selecting 25 leaves/tree, brushing with modified Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine onto glass plates and counting mites and eggs with a binocular microscope. SP populations were evaluated on 9 Aug by counting all adults and larvae in a timed count of 3 min/tree. Attempts were made to count rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini) and apple aphid (Aphis pomi DeGeer) in this trial, but populations did not develop on the control trees or on any treatments. On 18 Sep, 400 apples/treatment (100/rep) were harvested and evaluated. A fruit finish rating of 1 to 5 (5 being worst) was given each apple.

Hypersensitivity in apple to feeding by Dysaphis plantaginea: effects on aphid biology

SUMMARYEffects on rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) of hypersensitivity to aphid feeding in apple were assessed in a series of insectary experiments in 1980–82. Hypersensitive plants rapidly produced tissue necroses at aphid feeding sites. Inoculation with apterae demonstrated that, in comparison with aphids on susceptible plants, aphids on hypersensitive plants showed symptoms characteristic of host antibiosis, including increased mortality, failure to reproduce and slower development. Embryo number indicated that fecundity of surviving adults was lower on hypersensitive plants and mean relative growth rate of aphids was reduced. Hypersensitivity did not prevent colonisation by gynoparae returning from the summer host, nor subsequent egg‐laying. It conferred, however, a strong resistance against colonisation after egg‐hatch the following spring. The potential of hypersensitivity as a field‐resistance is discussed.

Ovicidal Activity of Methomyl on Eggs of Pest and Beneficial Insects and Mites Associated with Apples in Virginia

Methomyl in seven concentrations ranging from 0.051 to 0.204 kg (AI)/378.5 liters of water was evaluated against eggs of insect and mite pests and beneficial insects associated with apples. Platynota flavedana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Aphis spp. and Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Homoptera: Aphididae), and Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) eggs were highly susceptible to the material. Eggs of Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were less susceptible. Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) eggs were not susceptible. Eggs of beneficial syrphid flies, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diplera: Cecidomyiidae), Leptothrips mali (Fitch) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), and Stethorus punctum (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were highly susceptible to methomyl. Eggs of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) were less susceptible. Chrysopa spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) eggs appeared to be unaffected by the chemical.

Effectiveness of Insecticide Applications Timed to Correspond with the Development of Rosy Apple Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Apple1

Effectiveness of timing insecticide applications to control the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis Plantaginea (Passerini), on apple was studied in 1980 and 1981. Applications of insecticide were timed to coincide with D. plantaginea development and tree phenology. Egg hatch occurred each year from the silver tip to centimeter green stage of ‘Golden Delicious’ development. The insecticides chloropyrifos and methidathion provided effective, season-long, control when applied during hatch of overwintering eggs. The addition of 70-second superior oil to the insecticides did not improve (Controlnor was an application of oil alone effective. Application of insecticides after the 1.3-cm green stage, especially contact type insecticides, usually resulted in less effective control and more leaf and fruit damage. Tactics for managing D. plantaginea and the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), are discussed.

Distribution of Rosy Apple Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) Within the Canopy of Apple Trees 1

The distribution of the rosy apple aphid (RAA), Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), within the canopy of apple trees was studied during the period of peak RAA activity. Distribution within sections of tree canopy differed significantly (chi2 analysis) only in the north-south direction between trees sprayed with a prebloom insecticide and those not sprayed. The number and percentage of leaf clusters infested by RAA were consistently highest. on each sampling date. in the inside and upper areas of foliage. The relative density of infestation (average rank) was not consistently highest in those areas of foliage throughout the study.

Dysaphis plantaginea . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.) ( Anuraphis roseus [Dysaphis plantaginea] Baker) (Hem., Aphididae) (Rosy Apple Aphid). Host Plants: Apple, Plantago . Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE (excl. USSR), Austria, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, West Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Sicily, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, ASIA (excl. USSR), Afghanistan, Cyprus, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Turkey, USSR, AFRICA, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA.

Population Trends of Selected Phytophagous Arthropods and Predators Under Different Pesticide Programs in Virginia Apple Orchards

Population trends of selected pests in Virginia apple orchards [ Panonychus ulmi (Koch), Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa), Aphis citricola Van der Goot, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), Platynota . spp.] and predators [ Leptothrips mali (Fitch), Haplothrips subtilissimus Haliday, Orius insidiosus Say, Stethorus punctum (LeConte), Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler), Chrysopa spp.] were monitored during 1977 and 1978 under three reduced-pesticide programs. The pesticide program with phosalone and Dikar® [a blend of Dithane® M-45 (coordination product of zinc ion and manganese ethylene bisdithio=carbamate) and technical Karathane® (2,4-dinitro-6-octylphenyl crotonate, 2,6-dinitro-4 octylphenyl crotonate, and nitro-octyl-phenols)] as its major components allowed the largest number of predators to remain in the orchard and controlled most pests. Platynota spp. caused economic damage during August and September, regardless of the pesticides used or the number of predators in the orchards. L. mali and H. subtilissimus were the most abundant predators and probably responded numerically to densities of A. schlechtendali . The presence of this mite species may aid the development of large numbers of thrips within an apple orchard. O. insidiosus and D. nebulosus usually increased too late in the season to reduce aphid populations, but aphids may be important in attracting these general predators into the orchard. S. punctum ’s response to densities of P. ulmi was inconsistent, but together with other predators it may have had an important role in reducing P. ulmi populations. Chrysopa spp. remained at consistently low levels throughout the study under all pesticide programs.

The Association Between Scab 1 and Some Insect Pests 2 of Apple Fruit 34

There was no association between lesions of apple scab incited by Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) and damage done to unsprayed harvested mature fruit of ‘Jonathan’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Gallia Beauty’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh) by codling moth, Laspyeresia pomonella (L.), apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), or redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker). However, there was a negative association of apple scab and damage by rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) with ‘Jonathan’. When scab infestation was prevented by weekly spraying of half of each tree with dodine, the insect species tended to damage more sprayed than unsprayed fruit. Plum curculio showed a significant ovipositional preference for scabfree (sprayed) ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Rome Beauty’. In unsprayed, detached ‘Jonathan’ apples in trays, fruit with scab lesions had significantly more redbanded leafroller feeding scars than fruit without scab lesions.

PEST DAMAGE AND INSECT FAUNA OF NOVA SCOTIA APPLE ORCHARDS: 1953–1977

AbstractAnnual assessments from 1953 to 1977 of insect damage to the preharvest crop in apple orchards in Nova Scotia show a general decline in injury, except for 1966–68. Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) and fruit chewing insects (chiefly Operophtera brumata (L.), Alsophila pometaria (L.), Orthosia hibisci Guenee, Lithophane spp., and Xylena spp.) caused the greatest amount of fruit damage. Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.), Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), and Atractotomus mali (Meyer) were serious in some years. In integrated control program orchards the proportion of fruit damaged was twice that in preventative pesticide orchards. Fruit destined for processing had more injury than fruit destined for the fresh fruit market.Population levels of the major insect pests and their natural enemies were monitored regularly and gave early warning of threatening levels of pests. Generally predator population levels were high during periods of selective insecticide use but were low when widely toxic insecticides were introduced into the integrated control program.

Étude du « Facteur-Fondatrice » Chez Dysaphis Plantaginea Pass. et Acyrthosiphon Pisum Harris (Homoptères, Aphididae)

SUMMARYL. Bonnemaison: Study of the fundatrix-factor with Dysaphis plantaginea Pass. and Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera, Aphididae).By submitting the aphids to a temperature of 20° and alternatively to a scotophase of 12 hours and a photophase of 12 hours the minimal duration of the inhibitory action of the fundatrix-factor was of 40 days for the gynoparae and the males of D. plantaginea and only of 19-20 days for the females and the males of A. pisum.The most significant differences between the various morphs of A. pisum obtained in the immediate progeny of a fondatrix or of a line maintained to parthenogenetic reproduction during a year concern mainly the antenna of the males: those issuing from the parthenogenetic line manifested a regression in the total length of the antenna, of article VI and in the number of sensoria on articles III et V. It seems that this progressive regression could be explained by the gradual diminution of a hormonal action concerning the fundatrix-factor as well as the beginning of anholocycly.

INHERITANCE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY TO ROSY APPLE APHID DYSAPHIS PLANTAGINEA IN APPLE

Hypersensitivity to Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.) was investigated in progenies of Mains robusta and five other hypersensitive Malus species. MAL 59/9, a M. robusta derivative, was shown to carry a single dominant gene for hypersensitivity, the symbol Smh is suggested.

Aphids and Aphid Enemies: Effect of Integrated Control in an Ohio Apple Orchard123

In 1966, 1967, and 1968 natural enemies rather than insecticides were the only means of control for 3 damaging species of aphids in a 10-acre apple orchard. The more important natural enemies of the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer, and the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) were identified and evaluated. Natural enemies did not prevent damage by rosy apple aphids in 1967, or extensive leaf curl by A. pomi in 1968. Woolly apple aphids became numerous in 1967, and were reduced somewhat but not controlled satisfactorily in 1968. Because of possible long term debilitating effect by apple and woolly aphids, and the unreliability of natural control of rosy apple aphids, chemical control of aphids seems to be advisable as part of an integrated control program of apple pests. Ryania showed promise in prebloom sprays for control of rosy apple aphids. Azinphosmethyl was destructive to the major aphid enemies, but ryania and lead arsenate were harmless.

Control of Four Species of Aphids on Deciduous Fruit and Nut Trees with Carbofuran

The potential utility of carbofuran against the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), the apple aphid, APhis pomi De Geer, the walnut aphid. Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach), and the mealy plum aphid, Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) was investigated. Based on the results of field trials conducted over a 4-year period in northern California, it was determined that dosages in the range of 0.25 to 0.5 lb active ingredient per 100 gal would provide excellent control of all 4 species. A dosage of 0.125 ]b active ingredient per 100 gal was effective against the rosy apple aphid and the walnut aphid.

Some Notes on the Dipterous Enemies of Aphids Harmful for Apple Growing in Nova Scotia

During a stay at the Research Station, Canada Department of Agriculture at Kentville, Nova Scotia, from July 3 to October 16, 1959, I had the opportunity to make some observations on the natural enemies of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.), the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.), and the green apple aplud, Aphis pomi Deg. An inventory of these enemies was made in the Annapolis Valley in apple orchards. sprayed according to the principles of the spray schedule of Dr. A. D. Pickett. This schedule avoids spraying with fungicides and insecticides such as sulphur and phosphorus compounds, which are very harmful to the enemies of a number of pests, studied by Dr. Picktett and his staff (cf. Pickett 1959). The dipterous predators and their enemies are dealt with in this paper.