Dynasty Period Research Articles

魏晉時代 河西地域 1磚1畵 표현법의 회화발전사적 의미성 연구 -1전1화 출현과 안료 수급 및 소비의 상관성 검토를 위한 기초 연구를 중심으로-

魏晉時代 河西地域 1磚1畵 표현법의 회화발전사적 의미성 연구 -1전1화 출현과 안료 수급 및 소비의 상관성 검토를 위한 기초 연구를 중심으로-

The Turkish Divan of Mawlana Hemmati and the Status of Hazrat Ali in this Divan

AbstractAlevism is prevalent among the majority of Oghuz Turks. Although this movement is known byvarious names in different regions, it has reached our time under a single roof. Even though Alevisocieties are different from each other in terms of language and culture, but their common feature islove for Hazrat Ali and the twelve Imams. From the ninth century, the geographic area of Iran becamean important epicenter of the Alevis. In 864, with the establishment of the first Alevi governmentin Tabaristan, Shiism and Alevism spread in Iran. During the Safavid dynasty period, with therecognition of the Shiite religion, a new page opened in the history of Iran. This situation inevitablyaffected literary works, especially poetry. During this period, Hazrat Ali and topics related to himbecame one of the main themes of the poems of poets including Shah Ismail. One of the poetswho reflected the love for Hazrat Ali on a large scale in his poems is Mawlana Hemmati Angurani.Hemmati, who probably lived in the 16th century, composed his two-part divan in AzerbaijaniTurkic. He has dedicated the first part of the Divan to Hazrat Ali and has devotionally expressed hisvirtues in an epical and mystical style. Hemmati believes those who follow Ali will reach perfectionand those who do not follow him will be at loss. In this article, Hemmati and his Turkish divan areintroduced, and the high status of Hazrat Ali in his worldview is examined. Although Hemmati isnot well known in literary circles to this day, he is one of the Turkish poets who has used AzerbaijaniTurkic artistically. Old Oghuz Turkic features can also be seen everywhere in the Divan of Hemmati.Keywords: Mawlana Hemmati, Turkish Divan, Azerbaijani Turkic, Hazrat Ali.

History Lessons from the Late Joseon Dynasty Period of Korea: Human Technology (Ondol), Its Impacts on Forests and People, and the Role of the Government

Historical analogies can help us contextualize new technical developments with social, cultural, and political forces at work. The late Joseon Dynasty period of Korea (1639–1910), a closed economy with detailed written records, provides a rare opportunity to examine a social-ecological system (SES) responding to drivers of change over a long period of time. Based on historical records and reconstructed data, we aim to: (1) characterize how the expansion of human technology, Ondol (traditional underfloor heating system), affected different subsystems and their interactions within the SES over time, (2) examine the role of the government in promoting the technology and regulating its impacts, and (3) summarize the pertinent lessons learned from old Korea for governing a modern-day bioeconomy. Ondol allows various forest biomass to be utilized as household fuel, including fuelwood, forest litter, and grass scraped from forest floor. Continuous biomass harvesting over 250 years to feed Ondol contributed to forest degradation and the forest ecosystem condition trapped in the early successional stage in the Korean Peninsula. The ecological changes were exacerbated by the Pine Policy with a singular focus on reserving Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc.) for government uses. The policy failed to recognize basic needs of the public while countenancing an expansion of Ondol and a cultural preference for heated floors that propagated an increased use of biomass fuel. This case illustrates the importance of recognizing potential technology traps where a human innovation opened opportunities for more resource use. The lessons learned from old Korea show that bioeconomy transitions would require multifaceted governance responses while being cautious about being too closely tied to the dominant national agenda. Environmental history has much to offer for understanding the social and ecological systemic risks of the current technical developments. We call for more historical analogs from different parts of the world to “move forward by looking back”.

조선시대 전라도관찰사 임용실태

조선시대 전라도관찰사 임용실태

Buddhist Epigraphy and Traditions of Writing in the Northern Dynasties

Abstract Over the past several decades, hundreds of donor inscriptions (zaoxiangji 造像記) and works of Buddhist epigraphy have been discovered, making them an abundant historical source on medieval China. To date, research related to these artifacts has mainly concentrated on the religious and political function of these inscriptions. This article, considering the literary and cultural aspects of these pieces, investigates how Buddhist epigraphy can be used to trace the development of traditions of writing during the Northern Dynasties period. It starts by analyzing a seldom-researched inscription, “Dangchanggong Huifusi bei” 宕昌公暉福寺碑 (The Duke of Dangchang's Huifu Temple Stele), and then examines its historical and cultural context. The article continues with an investigation into the common trends found in Northern Dynasties epigraphy by comparing “Dangchanggong Huifusi bei” with other pieces of extant Buddhist inscriptions. The analysis explores the literary characteristics of these works, the political and social background of their creation, and the culture associated with such inscriptions.

Wood identification of some coffins from the Necropolis of Thebes held in the collection of the Egyptian Museum in Florence

Two groups of coffins from the Necropolis of Thebes and held in the Egyptian Museum of Florence were analysed to collect information about the woods used in their construction, possible provenance and the technological features. The two groups of coffins belong to burials during the XVIII Dynasty of the New Kingdom and the XXI Dynasty of the Third Intermediate Period. The latter group comes from the well-known tomb of Bab el-Gasus. The analysis confirms that the most frequently utilised timber for the ancient Egyptian wooden coffins was Ficus sycomorus L. (sycamore fig) that was widely available locally at the time of construction. Sycamore fig wood is light and easy to process, and is the only local tree species suitable for making boards of sufficient length for the sides of coffins. Sycamore fig is used almost exclusively in the coffins from Bab el-Gasus. Here very few other woods were detected, but were all local in origin: Acacia sp., acacia; Tamarix sp., tamarisk. In contrast, the precious softwood of Cedrus cf. libani (probably Lebanon cedar) largely appears in the coffins of the New Kingdom. The comparison of the woods from the analysis of the two groups of coffins points out important differences between them. The differences may depend on the variations over time of the workmanship skills and on the higher social status of the deceased in more ancient periods. Most likely the main difference is due to the worst socio-economic situations that drastically reduced the availability of timber during the XXI dynasty period, in that geographical area of Egypt.

Provision of iron objects in the southern borderlands of the Han Empire: a metallurgical study of iron objects from Han tombs in Guangzhou

It is widely acknowledged that the iron industry developed during the Han period led to the widespread distribution of iron implements, but how such iron implements were supplied to the peripheries, especially the southern frontiers within the Lingnan region where evidence of local manufacturing has not been widely found, remains unclear. This paper presents the results of analyses of iron objects from Han tombs in Guangzhou, which was a major center in Lingnan, as a means of shedding light on the iron supply system in the region. The metallurgical and SEM-EDS analyses identified cast iron, fined iron, solid-state decarburization of cast iron, and bloomery iron within the tested assemblage. Since evidence for local cast iron manufacturing has not yet been identified in Lingnan, the discovery of iron or steel objects made by the cast iron process suggested that a supply and transportation system for final products might have developed linking Guangzhou, and perhaps other centers in Lingnan as well, to iron production centers located outside the region. Meanwhile, the comparison of slag inclusions (SIs) in bloomery iron products from Guangzhou and smelting slag samples from the Guiping-Pingnan area of Guangxi, which were dated between the Han and Southern dynasties period, did not strongly support a link between the two areas. More studies are needed to further test this potential link. Nevertheless, through collective consideration of the available evidence, we would argue that the supply of iron daily items did rely on external sources, which suggests that a relatively well-developed transportation network might have existed between Lingnan and other parts of the Han Empire.

Study on Southern China’s horse culture during Six dynasty period

중국 商∼西漢 초기까지 최고위 계층의 고분에 말과 마차를 부장하고, 東漢·六朝時期 고분에는 馬俑을 부장하였던 것으로 보아 말은 교통·전투 용구로서 중국 고대 사회에서 차지하는 위상이 매우 높았다는 것을 알 수 있다. 東漢時期까지는 고분에 마구를 부장하는 상장습속의 사례가 잔존했으나 魏晉時期로 진입하면서 마구부장의 습속은 소멸된다. 이는 晉室의 남천으로 漢系정권이 長江下流域으로 이동하면서 순수 한계정권의 전통적 상장습속이 남조에서 보전된 반면 마구부장의 북방 초원계 습속은 완전히 배제된 것에서 그 원인을 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 즉 북방 초원계 민족과는 달리 漢系정권은 환경적으로 기마객과 말 사이의 유대감이 상대적으로 떨어지기 때문에 마구부장의 습속은 더욱 이질적인 문화로 작용하였을 것이다. 이와 더불어 남조시기는 빈번한 분쟁과 왕조의 교체로 인하여 말과 마구라는 사회적 자원이 극도로 희소해졌으며, 薄葬의 사회적 動因으로 인해 정치·군사·사회·문화적으로 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있었던 말과 마구의 부장이 여의치 않았던측면도 마구부장 습속의 소멸요인으로 감안해야 할 것이다. 고고 자료를 통해 본 六朝時期 중국 남방지역 馬文化는 시기별 마구, 말 사용 계층, 교통수단과 위세품으로서의 말 활용을 알 수 있었다. 문헌 자료에서 확인되는 말은 군사, 교통, 위세품, 헌상·교역, 사여, 등급 상징, 제사 등 다양한 방면에서 사용되었다. 말이 다양한 용도로 사용될 수 있었던 이유는 군사·교통수단으로서 최고의 위상을 차지하여, 국가는 말을확보하는 것이 중요하였고, 그에 따라 말의 사회적 효용성이 매우 커졌기 때문이다. 따라서六朝時期 중국 남방지역에서의 말은 사회적 효용성이 커짐에 따라 정치·군사·사회·문화적으로 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있었음을 확인하였다.

『시경』 [鹿鳴]의 수용 양상에 대하여 : 조선시대 한문산문과 실록류를 중심으로

필자는 『시경』이 우리나라에 끼친 영향을 『시경』에 수록된 개별 작품들을 우리 문단에서 어떻게 수용･활용했는지 구체적인 사례를 살펴보는 방법으로 찾고자 하는 데, 이 논문은 그 두 번째 시도에 해당된다. <鹿鳴>은 『시경』 <大序>에서 ‘四始’ 중 하나로 거론 된 ｢小雅｣의 첫 번째 작품 이다. 주인이 손님을 맞이해서 연회를 베푸는 내용을 담고 있는 이 시는 춘추전국시 대에 이미 공식연회에 사용되었다는 기록이 있고, 우리나라에서 편찬된 『禮記補註』 등 여러 『禮記』류 서적을 보면 <녹명>이 손님을 대접할 때 사용되었다는 기록이 남 아 있다. <녹명>은 산문 문체 중 表箋에서 가장 많이 인용되었는데, 대체로 ‘이번 연회는 <녹명>과 같이 아름다운 잔치’라는 점을 강조할 때 사용되거나, 자신이 <녹명>시와 같은 아름다운 잔치의 손님이나 신하가 되기에는 부족하다는 겸사로 사용되었다. 序 跋에서는 대체로 <녹명>을 가지고 鄕試나 대과에 급제한 것을 비유한 내용들이 많 았는데, 특히 정조는 <녹명>의 구절인 ‘我有嘉賓’을 새긴 은 술잔을 성균관 유생들 에게 하사하고 지은 <太學恩杯詩序>에서 그들이 ‘아름다운 손님[嘉賓]’으로 성장해 서 나라에 큰 보탬이 되기를 염원하고 있었다. 조선은 태종 초기부터 고려 말의 음악에서 벗어나 바른 음악을 사용하자는 취지 에서 『시경』 <녹명>등을 공식연회에서 사용해왔고, 세종조에는 여기에서 한 걸음 더 나아가 우리가 만든 우리의 노래를 연회에 사용하기도 했다. 중종 무렵에는 연회 음 악이 상당부분 소실된 것으로 추정되지만, 정조대에 와서는 다시 제자리를 찾게 된 것으로 보인다. <녹명>과 관련된 실록류의 이러한 흐름 이외에도, <녹명>을 언급하고 있는 46건 의 실록류 기록 중에 임금이 참여한 朝講이나 晝講에서 <녹명>의 의미가 거론된 것 이 11차례에 이르고, 이외에 군신 간의 대화에서 언급된 <녹명>도 대부분 <녹명>이 담고 있는 주제인 ‘주인과 손님의 調和’나, 여기에서 한 걸음 더 나아가 ‘君臣의 화 합’을 이루어야 된다는 의미로 사용되고 있음을 볼 수 있다.

Status of Temple Examined based on the Excavation of Blue Tiles in the Joseon Dynasty Period

청기와 제작의 주원료인 염초는 화약을 만드는 주재료인 염토를 채취해 추출, 정제, 건조, 분쇄 등의 과정을 거쳐 만들어 진다. 당시 염초 제조는 군수물자로 관리되어서 원료 공급과 제조가 원활하지 않았다. 특히 청기와의 원료로 쓰이는 염초는 국가에서 관리할 정도로 매우 중요하게 취급하였기 때문에 청기와를 제작하는 것은 궁궐이나 왕실과 관련이 있는 건물에서만 제한적으로 사용되었다. 따라서 청기와는 주로 경복궁을 중심으로 한 권위적인 건물에서만 사용되었다. 이는 『조선왕조실록』에서 청기와를 사용했다는 기록이 확인된다. 한편 문헌기록을 살펴보면 청기와는 궁궐 이외에도 원각사, 봉선사, 장의사 등의 사찰 전각에 사용된 사례가 확인된다. 최근에는 발굴조사를 통해 관악사지, 중흥사지, 한흥사지, 원각사지, 영국사지, 서봉사지, 개흥사지, 회암사지 등에서 청기와가 확인되었다. 특히 관악사지와 회암사지에서는 용두와 청기와가 함께 출토된 극히 드문 사례로 왕실 사찰임을 알려주었다. 또한 이들 사찰에서 출토된 청기와는 수량이 많지 않고, 대부분 수키와이다. 이것으로 보아 용마루, 내림마루, 추녀마루 등의 건물 외관을 돋보이게 하는 곳에서 제한적으로 사용하여 건물의 권위를 상징했던 것으로 판단된다. 해남 대흥사 대웅보전, 김천 직지사 대웅전, 선운사 대웅전 등의 사찰 용마루에 놓여진 1매의 청기와는 그 사례로 볼 수 있다. 따라서 발굴조사를 통해 확인된 사찰 출토 청기와는 국가와 왕실의 후원을 받은 왕실사찰의 상징성을 보여주는 건축부재로 추정된다.

Self-Canonization in Zuo Si’s “Poems on History”

Abstract Zuo Si’s 左思 [ca. 250-305] “Poems on History” [yongshi 詠史] have often been regarded as a milestone in the development of the poetic subgenre “poems on history.” Scholars have noted Zuo’s use of historical allusion and description to articulate his personal emotions and ambitions and to criticize the political hierarchy of the Western Jin [265-316]. In addition, they have recognized Zuo’s “Poems on History” as representing an alternative to the ornamental style of poetry popular in his time. This article addresses the way in which Zuo’s poems contributed to the “poems on history” subgenre, as well as how they reflected the broader context of Six Dynasties [220-589] society. At the same time, it investigates another purpose for his use of historical figures in his poetry: self-canonization. This paper argues that Zuo used historical figures not only to express his emotions but also to skillfully place himself into the larger context and lineage of exemplary historical figures. Zuo is thus telling later generations that they should remember him with the same reverence—he is invoking history as a force of self-canonization. This self-canonization perspective reveals the complexity of Zuo’s appropriation of earlier historical sources. It also deepens our understanding of the purpose of Zuo’s “Poems on History” and of the ways in which history is disseminated through poetry in the Six Dynasties period.

Infractions of moral precepts by monks and nuns in the Buddhist community of Dunhuang during the late-Tang and Five Dynasties period—The case of alcohol drinking

Though the monastic code prohibited monks from consuming alcohol, many monks and nuns in the Dunhuang area customarily consumed alcohol, disclosing a gap between the ethical principles in the Buddhist canonical texts and the local practice in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. Combing through numerous monastic accounting records in the Dunhuang manuscripts about alcohol consumption in some monasteries, the authors find that the custom of consuming alcohol in Dunhuang was due to the Tibetan occupation of this region. Tibetan Buddhists and some Central Asian Buddhists such as Sogdian monks drank alcohol, causing Chinese Buddhist monks and nuns to follow suit. Dunhuang monasteries developed alcohol-making businesses, and the entire Buddhist monastic community participated in that business. In a word, alcoholic drinks were frequently served during monastic banquets in numerous Buddhist ceremonies and festivals, as well as in social, agricultural, and political activities, which marked a stark contrast to Buddhist practices in the Central Plains and elsewhere.

From Talented Poet to Jealous Wife: Reimagining Su Hui in Late Tang Literary Culture

Abstract Su Hui was a late fourth century Chinese woman who is famed for her creation of brocade palindromic poems. Due to an account of her life story, attributed to the female emperor Wu Zetian, that highlighted her jealous disposition, Su Hui is remembered today primarily as a talented but jealous wife, which is in contrast with how she was viewed in the period prior to the Wu version. Tracing the genealogy of Su Hui’s narrative in pre-Tang and Tang literary and visual materials, this article demonstrates that the definitive version of Su Hui’s story is misattributed to Wu Zetian and, more importantly, that the image of this well-known figure of early medieval China underwent a transformation that reflects important aspects of Late Tang literary culture. In ‘boudoir lament’ poetry of the Southern Dynasties period, Su Hui is the stock image of a melancholy wife longing for her absent husband. In ‘frontier’ poetry of the Tang dynasty, she is a worrying wife concerned with her military husband fighting on the borderlands. It is in a Late Tang prose account misattributed to Wu Zetian that we finally see her as a jealous woman competing for her husband’s affections. The transformation of Su Hui’s image across three major literary genres over a period of half a millennium offers readers a window into the literary and cultural changes that took place in medieval China.

A Study on White Tea in the books Sung Dynasty period

송대의 차문화는 중국 역사상 절정이었다고 할 수 있을 만큼 차산업이 융성 발전했다. 송대에는 왕실이 음다문화를 주도하면서 차의 대중화가 급속도로 진전되었다. 이 시기 차문화는 황제로부터 관료, 선승, 도가, 선비에 이르기까지 널리 詩文과 합해져서, 조화로운 아취와 심오한 정신세계로 확대되었다. 특히 송대 다서의 대부분의 내용에는 공차에 대한 기록으로 차의 재배 및 제다과정과 공차의 종류 등에 대해 상세하게 기록하고 있다. 본고에서는 宋代茶書에 나타난 白茶의 내용을 세 가지로 정리하였다. 첫째, 자생하는 차나무의 일종으로 야생백차의 어린싹(牙)으로 제조했다. 둘째, 백차는 황제에게 진상된 공차의 한 종류로 최고급 차였다. 셋째, 백차는 단차 제다법으로 만들어졌다. 이상과 같이, 백차의 생산과 분류는 중국 고유의 것으로, 송대의 백차는 일종의 독특한 특징을 가진 일반적인 찻잎과는 다르다. 현재의 백차를 만드는 과정은 청의 가경(嘉慶)초년(1760)에 어린 싹인 은침(銀針)으로 제조하고, 1855년 복정대백차(福鼎大白茶)에서 백호은침을 제다하면서 정착되었다.

The Practice of Meditative Cessation and Observation (&lt;i&gt;zhiguan&lt;/i&gt; 止観) in China’s Northern and Southern Dynasties Period

The most famous practice of meditative cessation and observation in East Asia was the Tiantai system called zhiguan 止観, established by Tiantai Zhiyi 天台智顗 (538–597). Moreover, the type of zhiguan taught in the section on the aspect of practice and the attitude of faith within the Dasheng qi xin lun 大乗起信論 (Awakening of Mahāyāna Faith), which in recently years has been shown to have been produced in northern China, was important since it greatly influenced the later Buddhist world. It is thought that the reception and proliferation of zhiguan in the Northern and Southern Dynasties period occurred with the background of this meditative practice.

사대부의 제주 체험에 따른 노인성(老人星) 인식의 변화 양상 －조선조 16~19세기 체류 기록과 한시를 중심으로－

사대부의 제주 체험에 따른 노인성(老人星) 인식의 변화 양상 －조선조 16~19세기 체류 기록과 한시를 중심으로－

To what extent did changes in temperature affect China's socioeconomic development from the Western Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties period?

ABSTRACTAnalysing the contribution of climate and non‐climate change factors to social development and the occurrence of historical events represents important research on the impact of climate change. This study identifies combinations of social subsystem indices affected by temperature changes using the conceptual framework of food security, a priori knowledge and logical reasoning to statistically analyse three 10‐year data series (grain harvest grades, famine indices and economic levels) from the Western Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties period of ancient China (210 bc to 960 ad). The results are as follows. For 94 of the 118 decades in the study period, social development was relatively directly related to temperature effects. On a decadal scale, against a cold background, grain production was closely related to temperature conditions in 40.7% of all decades. Economic prosperity and depressions in 5.1 and 21.2% of these decades, respectively, were directly related to temperature effects. Against a warm background, grain production was closely related to temperature conditions in 39% of all decades. Economic prosperity and depressions in 22 and 8.5% of these decades, respectively, were directly related to the temperature effects. The century and decadal‐scale characteristics were the same. Specifically, when mostly negative combinations of natural–socioeconomic factors dominated, the proportion of decades was slightly higher in cold than in warm periods. This case study enables a scientific understanding of the effect of changes in mean climate values/trends on social development and further demonstrates the different effects of the climate change process and mechanism. Climate cooling and warming may bring more positive than negative impacts in some regions and more negative than positive impacts in others. Complex feedback may amplify or reduce the impact of climate cooling and warming. Climate that evolves unfavourably has an impact more strongly correlated with the socioeconomic system's vulnerability and adaptability. © 2020 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Eclipses and the Memory of Revolutions: Evidence from China

Why are certain communities more prone to anti-government protests than others? Do past rebellions lead to more protests today? We study the historical roots of social unrest using the experience of China. We document that counties with higher incidence of peasant uprisings against local government officials during the Qing dynasty period (1644-1912) also have higher incidence of anti-government protests in present-day China. To generate plausibly exogenous variation in the incidence of past protests, we exploit differences in the visibility and magnitude of solar eclipses during the Qing dynasty period. In the Confucian tradition, solar eclipses are considered a negative divine signal on the legitimacy of the ruler, facilitating the coordination of protest actions. We test this mechanism using detailed data on the timing and location of anti-government rebellions extracted from local chronicles. Counties within the totality zone of a solar eclipse were significantly more likely to experience a rebellion in the eclipse year. Leaders of early anti-Qing rebellions were recorded in popular culture and celebrated in temples, favoring the transmission of the memory of their actions across generations. The persistent effect of past protests is stronger in counties with such temples and memorials, consistent with a long-term memory of revolutions.

Evaluation of efficiency of six biocides against microorganisms commonly found on Feilaifeng Limestone, China

Feilaifeng is listed as a cultural heritage site because of its abundant Buddhist statues possibly dating back to the Five Dynasties period (907 AD–960 AD). However, microorganism growth on the surface of stone results in esthetic and structural damage. Biocide treatment is commonly used to eradicate the microorganisms, and we assessed the effectiveness of four chemicals (benzalkonium chloride, octhilinone, tebuconazole, and thiabendazole) and two commercial biocides (ACTICIDE® 50 X (A) and AW-600) in inhibiting microbial colonization. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of various biocides were determined, and their efficacies were compared using the inhibition zone method. The most effective biocides were applied in situ to Feilaifeng Limestone, and the overall effects were monitored by photographic recordings and microbial cultures for a month. The factors affecting the efficacy of each biocide, such as thermal stability and loss-resistance, were also evaluated. The biocides varied markedly in their ability to inhibit the proliferation of different microorganisms. The three species of fungi tested herein demonstrated the highest susceptibility to octhilinone, but benzalkonium chloride showed the best antibacterial activity to the bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. Based on the results of in vitro assays, octhilinone, as well as its respective commercial product AW-600, were the best biocides for treating microorganisms, and 0.5% was the optimal concentration. Although the biocides on disc papers could be easily diluted by water, they were resistant to degradation by high temperatures. These findings suggest that frequent rainfall might have been the reason for the recolonization of microorganisms in a short time after octhilinone and AW-600 treatment in situ. Our results provide new insights on how to protect Feilaifeng Limestone, which is prone to damage caused by various microorganisms.

A Short Glimpse to the Urban Development of Tabriz during the History

Locating on North West of Iran, Tabriz, the capital of East Azerbaijan Province, is one of the important metropolises of the country. The foundation of this historic city dated back to 1500 B.C. but due to the severe earthquakes, few historic buildings remained from ancient eras. In 2012, Tabriz was selected as the most beautiful city of Iran, and it is nominated as the tourism capital of Islamic countries in 2018. Tabriz used to be the capital of Iran during different dynasties like Ilkhanid, Kara Koyunlu, Ak Koyunlu, and Safavid; it was the residence of the royal family and crown prince during the Qajar Dynasty period. Tabriz is famous as “the city of the firsts”; and the Historic Bazaar Complex of Tabriz is the biggest roofed bazaar in the world, inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 2010. Tabriz experiences the phenomenon of rapid urban growth causing the formation of slum settlements in the border zones of the city. This paper will briefly discuss the urban development of Tabriz during history. The method used in this theoretical paper is based on literature review. The aim of this paper is to improve knowledge about the urban development of Tabriz.