Dynamics Of Russia Research Articles

Analyzing the dynamics of Human Capital Index in Russia

Subject. The article discusses human capital. Objectives. I determine what shapes the dynamics of Russia’s human capital index. Methods. The study is based on the systems approach and methods of statistical, cluster and neural network analysis. Results. I investigate how the Russian economy may hit the limit of its further evolution, which makes the analysis of HCI dynamics important. Having studies trends in HCI components, I found the special priority of governmental policy. Having analyzed the evolution of the Russian educational system, I discovered it got feminized, which reshapes principles for the modern society to originate. The Russian education system was found to follow a negative path of its development, as there are fewer preschoolers of minor and senior age, and governmental spending on education significantly shrinks. Basically, as the State policy prioritized the survival of male children under 5, but subsequently neglects their growth in the Russian education system, with its obvious feminization tendency, the gender imbalance, low competitiveness in the global scientific and educational arena aggravate. Conclusions and Relevance. Pursuing the increment in added value as a result of employing unprofessional workforce and the pay level, which is insufficient for its natural reproduction, the development of the Russian economy stalls. The economy of knowledge is believed to change the situation, which can be assessed with HCI. The study reveals what spurs and inhibits the dynamics of HCI in Russia. The findings make the necessary amount of public authorities’ competence to make administrative decisions on the effective increment in human capital in Russia today.

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТИ В ПОВСЕДНЕВНОЙ ЖИЗНИ МИГРАНТОВ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ РОССИЙСКОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ

Objective of the study is: to examine the situation of migrants in modern Russian society and identify the adaptive and integrative potential of social justice. The methodological basis of the research was the method of content analysis: statistical collections, regulations and news articles were studied. Systemic and comparative methods of analysis were used by authors to assess the influence of the factor of social justice / injustice in the process of interaction between the host community and migrants. The method of monitoring observation was also used, which facilitates the analysis of the migration processes’ dynamics in Russia. In order to obtain the necessary data on the situation of migrants in modern Russian society, the importance of social justice in the migrant environment and the problems associated with the adaptation of migrants, a sociological approach was applied. Research results. In this article, considerable attention was paid to determining the possibility of using social justice to increase the effectiveness of adaptation practices, as well as to reduce social and interethnic tensions in the relationship between the host community and migrants. As a result of the analysis of the everyday life of migrants, it was found that most of the problems faced by migrants are caused by their lack of legal awareness and lack of adequate access to economic and social resources (social injustice), as well as there has been a recent increase in the cautious attitude of the population towards migrants and the manifestation of xenophobic sentiments. Prospects of the study. The problem of adaptation and integration of migrants into modern Russian society and the use of the factor of social justice to solve this problem is of considerable interest to researchers. Therefore, in the future, a more detailed study of the adaptation and integration potential of social justice in the migrant environment of modern Russia is planned.

Statistical Study of Current Trends in Mortgage Lending in Russia

Mortgage lending is one of the most important and most socially significant sectors of the national economy. Today, mortgage in Russia is rather underdeveloped and has a significant impact only on the economy of large cities. The development of mortgage in the Russian regions is hampered by the non-diversified approach to this issue. The article presents the results of analysis of housing mortgage loans dynamics in Russia. The number and volume of mortgage loans issued to individuals were assessed by regional structure. The Russian federal entities were grouped by the main indicators that affect the housing mortgage market. This allowed forming a basis for creating a strategy for the development of mortgage in Russia in the long term. Given the lack of a close relationship between mortgage lending and the situation in the housing market (in Moscow and St. Petersburg the demand for mortgage is higher than in other regions), the author has formed a more complex diversified model of regional distribution of mortgage lending. The author has also measured the dependence of the volume of housing mortgage loans on the main socioeconomic factors. The key finding of the article is that the most serious factors affecting mortgage lending in Russia are the factors that need to be influenced, specifically the volume of wages, housing prices at current prices, as well as the level of employment in the economy.

Системные связи и закономерности развития среднего предпринимательства в России

Medium-sized entrepreneurship in many countries plays a stabilizing role in the economy. The article is devoted to the issues of assessing the situation in Russia from 2010 till 2019. The purpose of the study is to analyze the development of medium-sized entrepreneurship in Russia, including in the context of federal districts. The published results of study on this topic were analyzed in economic and instrumental sections. The dynamics of the number of medium-sized enterprises in Russia, including the situation in federal districts, was considered. More or less "successful" districts were identified, quantitative estimates were made. A downward trend in the number of employees in such enterprises was revealed. The dynamics of turnover of medium-sized enterprises was analyzed and compared to the number of employees. It was concluded that in some years there was dependence between these indicators, but in general for the period – there was not. The change in labor productivity was considered, the presence of positive dynamics in Russia as a whole and in districts was established. Structural analysis of investments in fixed assets per capita was carried out. Their natural structure was identified, the most and the least favorable years in this regard were identified. The general conclusion was made that the development of this form of management in the country, in particular, within the framework of the implemented National projects, is expedient and in demand.

Suicides in the COVID-19 Pandemic - Are We Well Informed Regarding Current Risks and Future Prospects?

Suicides are predicted to drop in the acute phase of any crisis that poses a threat to the entire population, though data on this are inconsistent. A pandemic is the most severe global crisis one can imagine. There is an urgent need to identify objective trends in suicide rates across countries and populations in a real-time manner in order to be better informed regarding prospects and adaptation of preventive strategies. To evaluate suicidal behaviour in a metropolis immediately after the introduction of severe containment measures due to the pandemic. Cases of completed suicides in St. Petersburg were obtained from the local city Bureau of Forensic Medical Examinations for the period 1 January 2016 to 31 July 2020. Data were accurately collected and monthly frequencies per 100,000 of the population in April-May 2020 (introduction of the most severe stay at home measures) were compared with corresponding data from 2016-2019. Confidence intervals were calculated according to Wilson. Suicide frequencies in the population of St. Petersburg in April 2020 did not go up, in contrast, they were 30.3% lower than the average for the previous four years. The decrease in April was more pronounced in males than in females (36.3% and12.4%, respectively). When looking at age groups it was found that the biggest drop in suicides was in older males ( 55 years). In this group, suicide indices were 58.5% lower than average for the previous four years. However, in females, there was a 50% rise in suicides in June, while in young males (15-34 years) there was an 87.9% rise in May. Total number of suicides for the first half of 2020 was very close to the average seen in previous years. None of the registered changes were statistically significant. The analysis is preliminary and does not account for possible seasonality, however, we consider that the reduction in completed suicides immediately after crisis exposure deserves attention. It supports views that in the acute phase of the crisis, suicidal behaviour may decline, which may be quickly replaced by a rise. Such a rise in females and younger males points on possible risk groups and requires a response from society. More studies are needed to have a clearer picture of suicide dynamics in Russia during the different waves of the pandemic, and prevention should be prioritized regardless of the tendencies.

Социально-экономические последствия пандемии COVID-19 в России и странах мира: анализ антикризисных программ, влияние на позицию в международных рейтингах и перспективы восстановления

The article examines the socio-economic consequences of the COIVD-19 pandemic, such as the increase in poverty and social differentiation. Goal. To identify and analyze the socio-economic consequences of the COIVD-19 pandemic in Russia and other countries of the world, the measures taken by national governments to combat these consequences, as well as the dynamics of Russia's position in international economic rankings and the presence or absence of a connection between this dynamics and the dynamics of investment in the national economy. Objectives. Analysis of indicators of poverty and social stratification in Russia and the world in the context of the COIVD-19 pandemic; comparison of anti-crisis economic programs in the largest countries and Russia by GDP; study of the methodology of the most credible international economic rankings; comparative analysis of the dynamics of Russia's position in international economic rankings and the dynamics of capital investment and foreign direct investment in Russia. Methodology. The methods of system analysis, classification and comparison, evolutionary-institutional theory and historical approach were applied. Statistical and other data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation, the Eurasian Economic Commission were used, and their own calculations were carried out on the basis of these data. Results. It was revealed that in order to combat the socio-economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments in different countries implemented comprehensive packages of measures including such as increasing health care costs, direct support for the population, maintaining employment, promoting small and medium-sized businesses, and the most affected sectors of the economy. The total volume of the anti-crisis program in Russia, calculated as a percentage of GDP, is about 2-3 times less than in the largest world economies. Conclusions. At the same time, our country is distinguished by a significantly higher level of concentration of wealth in the hands of a group of so-called «super-rich» citizens, compared to the global average and the level of Eastern European countries, even in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, the dynamics of the volume of capital investment and foreign direct investment, as possible sources of recovery of economic growth, significantly lags behind the dynamics of Russia's position in some international ratings.

СНОВНЫЕ ПРИЧИНЫ ИЗБЫТОЧНОЙ СМЕРТНОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ В РОССИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19

Significance. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the mortality rates in Russia. In order to objectively assess mortality, scientists propose to calculate and analyze the scale of excess mortality, which is a more comprehensive indicator of the overall impact of the pandemic on population loss compared to the number of deaths from COVID-19. The purpose of the study is to identify the scale of excess mortality in Russia in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its determining factors. Material and methods. The information base of the study was made up of the Rosstat demographic statistics, as well as publications in the periodical press and the Internet. Within the framework of the study, methods of statistical analysis and empirical research (comparison), general logical and analytical methods were used. Results. Using a five-year average method, the scale of excess mortality in Russia was calculated and evaluated, as well its determining factors during the pandemic were analyzed. The distribution of excess mortality by gender, age and place of residence was implemented. The factors of both direct and indirect effects of the coronavirus infection on the excess mortality rate in the country were identified. The pandemic has intensified manifestation of factors that had been determining the mortality dynamics in Russia for several years. Among the latter ones are noncommunicable diseases (primarily, cardiovascular diseases and cancer, which increase the risk of severe COVID-19, as well as those conditions that have deteriorated due to the delayed or postponed care delivery during the pandemic) and external causes of death (depression, alcohol poisoning and drug abuse).

Dynamics of scientific personnel in the transition from the USSR to the Russian Federation

The article analyzes dynamics of the number of scientific personnel during the transition from the USSR (RSFSR) to the Russian Federation. The method of analysis is proposed which is based not on the dynamics of the age groups but on the analysis of scientists amount dynamics of certain years of birth. This approach allows to identify the logic of different ages scientists behavior in the crisis and their reaction on economy changes in the 90s of the last century. Both the total number of researchers and the dynamics of age distributions during the period of fast changes (1990–1998) and after 1998 were analyzed. It is shown that the dynamics of the scientists number in the post-Soviet period was largely determined by the age peaks of the researchers distribution formed in the USSR in the 60-70s. Currently, the effect of these peaks has expired and the age distribution is more in line with the general age distribution of the population. Forecasts of the researchers number dynamics in Russia in the near future are given.

Impact of regulatory framework rigidity on poverty in the regions of Russia

The paper analyzes the impact of the federal regulatory burden on poverty dynamics in Russia. The paper provides regional level indices of the federal regulatory burden on the economy in 2008—2018 which take into account sectoral structure of regions’ output and the level of regulatory rigidity of federal regulations governing certain types of economic activity. Estimates of empirical specifications of poverty theoretical model with the inclusion of macroeconomic and institutional factors shows that limiting the scope of the rulemaking activity of government bodies and weakening of new regulations rigidity contributes to a statistically significant reduction in the level of poverty in Russian regions. Cancellation of 10% of accumulated federal level requirements through the “regulatory guillotine” administrative reform may take out of poverty about 1.1—1.4 million people.

Comparative Assessment of Poverty Indicators in the European Part of the CIS and the European Union as a Social Criterion of Economic Security

The presented study comparatively analyzes indicators of the level of poverty and social inequality in Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, and the European Union (EU) as a criterion of national economic security.Aim. The study aims to examine existing approaches to determining the level of poverty and its dynamics and to consider suggestions for improving this methodology.Tasks. The authors examine and comparatively analyze approaches and methods for determining the level of poverty and its dynamics in the European Union and the CIS countries that are not members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).Methods. This study uses the methods of systems analysis, evolutionary-institutional theory, and historical approach.Results. Determining the level of poverty based on the number of citizens with incomes below the subsistence level can lead to misrepresentation of the actual state of this phenomenon. Calculation of poverty indicators based on consumer spending provides more accurate data on the level of poverty in a country where a significant share of the population’s income is generated by remittances from individuals living abroad, which are not reflected in official income statistics. A comparative analysis of poverty dynamics shows that in 2013 the level of poverty in all four examined countries decreased compared to 2006. Poverty dynamics in Russia and Belarus is more synchronized than in Ukraine and Moldova. A common methodology for calculating the level of poverty in all EU countries makes it possible to conduct a more thorough comparative analysis of poverty dynamics and to formulate more accurate recommendations in the field of anti-poverty policies. Based on the identified poverty dynamics in the EU and Russia, it is highly possible that strategic objectives on poverty reduction in the European Union and Russia will not be completed.Conclusions. To exclude the possibility of interested authorities influencing the dynamics of the poverty indicator by changing its threshold values depending on the current economic or political situation, it is necessary to switch to comprehensive assessment of this indicator in Russia. For comparative cross-country data analysis, it is advisable to consider the possibility of creating a Eurasian Statistics Service within the EAEU that would collect statistics and standardize statistical methods among the EAEU member states.

Современный мировой кризис и Россия: диагностика и стратегия преодоления

The purpose of the study is to generalize the conditions that provoke the economic recession of 2020, taking into account the analysis of the pre-crisis dynamics of the Russian economy according to the parameters characterizing its innovative and technological development. The method of studying the relationships between the relevant development parameters is econometric modeling and regression analysis, which allow to identify the specific characteristics of the crisis in the innovative and technological development of the Russian economy. The analysis of the pre-crisis pattern of the movement of labor resources distracted from old industries in favor of new activities, and created specifically for new types of production. The sensitivity of the level of manufacturability to investments in old and new technologies, the influence of innovative agents on the economic dynamics in Russia are determined. The result of the study is the quantitative estimates obtained, which for the Russian economy, in comparison, for example, with other countries confirm the folding of the innovation process in its systemic dimension. Therefore, the diagnosis of the state of this sphere gives a conclusion about its crisis state. The decrease in the rate of economic growth in Russia was accompanied by a decrease in the number of innovative agents, the diversion of resources from old industries decreased, as did the creation of a new labor resource for new industries.

Факторы и перспективы преодоления социодемографического кризиса в России

Demographic crisis remains one of the main challenges to socio-economic development of Russia. The COVID–19 pandemic has aggravated preconditions for a possible recovery from depopulation. The present article substantiates the need to develop and approve the RF social doctrine upon completion of national projects in 2018–2024. The authors suggest their own approach to overcoming the socio-demographic crisis with regard to the long-term demographic dynamics in Russia. Various scenarios of the “post-coronavirus” future of both specific countries and the world as a whole are proposed.

On the Factors of Housing Mortgage Lending Dynamics in Russia and Some of its Regions

Housing lending is one of the fastest growing and most promising segments of Bank lending in the country. The article analyzes the main factors of housing mortgage lending dynamics in Russia and some of its regions: subjects of the Russian Federation of the Volga Federal district. The latest features of the relevant regional mortgage markets, including those reflecting the reality of the beginning of this year, are revealed. In the near future, the author substantiates the forecast conclusions, according to which: a) if the overall positive dynamics of the all-Russian and regional mortgage markets is maintained, their growth will slow down; b) if the monetary authorities implement an effective anti-crisis policy, including providing effective support to these markets, their degree of competitiveness and consolidation will increase.

Channels and Results of the Latest Sanctions Impacts on the Russian Economy

The article presents the results of an analysis of the impact of the financial and economic sanctions imposed on Russia by the United States, the EU and a group of countries that joined them in March 2014, which, as we know, were constantly extended and supplemented with further restrictive and prohibitive measures. Auto solved two specific research tasks. This is, first, the definition of channels for sanctions to influence the dynamics of Russia’s economic development. Second, the assessment of the time and strength of the negative impact of sanctions on the values of such macroeconomic indicators as: foreign direct investment and investment (FDI) in fixed assets; fixed assets and their commissioning, gross domestic product (GDP) and industrial production; consumer price indices, real monetary income of the population and final consumption. The use of economic and statistical tools made it possible to determine the years of the most severe impact of anti-Russian sanctions on the listed macroeconomic indicators, which in a certain part are also officially approved indicators of the state of economic security of the country. The similarity of channels and results of sanctions, on the one hand, and global financial and economic crises, on the other hand, is also established.

Measuring National Power: Is Putin’s Russia in Decline?

Is Vladimir Putin’s Russia rising, stagnating or falling? Contradictory views on the dynamics of Russia’s national power inform policies and decisions with strong and lasting effects on international affairs and global security. The authors used three existing quantitative methods of measuring national power and introduced one experimental method to measure Russia’s national power and compare it with that of the leading Western states, BRICS members, former Soviet republics and oil-dependent economies. All methods demonstrated that Russia was rising against its Western competitors in 1999–2016 but trailed behind the United States, China and India in absolute national power value, though, whether Russia would be able to maintain that dynamic beyond that period was doubtful.

Анализ новых подходов к формированию предикторов финансово-экономических кризисов на основе показателей финансовых рынков (Analysis of New Approaches to the Formation of Predictors of Financial and Economic Crises Based on Indicators of Financial Markets)

Russian Abstract: В работе приводятся результаты анализа показателей, поведение которых как кризисных предикторов активно обсуждается в настоящее время. Проанализированы причины неудачи кризисных предикторов предыдущего поколения, показавших свою несостоятельность в 2007 – 2008 гг. Детально рассмотрены индексы финансовых условий, спрэды доходности казначейских облигаций США, коэффициент Шиллера, показатели финансового цикла, VIX («индекс страха»), премии за риск и некоторые другие показатели из семейства «новых кризисных предикторов». Было показано, что все эти показатели нацелены на поиск ответа на вопрос о времени начала следующего кризиса, в то время как другие параметры возможного кризиса (где, в какой стране и в каком секторе экономики следует ожидать начала кризиса; что именно может случиться, какая из уязвимостей имеет наивысшие шансы реализоваться) привлекают намного меньше внимания. Более того, экономические риски отсутствуют в числе наиболее опасных рисков, с точки зрения международных финансовых организаций. Мы провели анализ поведения предлагаемых кризисных предикторов на ретроспективных данных, в результате чего сформировали их последовательность с точки зрения подачи сигнала до начала кризиса, а также влияние внешних предикторов на показатели российской экономической динамики и состояния финансового рынка. Был сделан вывод о том, что наряду с внешними шоками большое значение для начала российских рецессий имеют внутренние факторы, на основе анализа которых был предложен российский индекс финансовых условий, показавший хорошие предикторские свойства. Были также сформулированы гипотезы о причинах более позднего вхождения российской экономики в кризис 2007 – 2009 гг. и более высокой волатильности экономической динамики в России. English Abstract: The paper presents the results of the analysis of indicators whose behavior as crisis predictors is actively discussed at the present time. The paper analyzes reasons for the failure of the crisis predictors of the previous generation, which showed their failure in 2007 - 2008. Indices of financial conditions, yield spreads of US treasury bonds, Schiller's ratio, financial cycle indicators, VIX (“fear index”), risk premiums and some other indicators from the “new crisis predictor” family are examined in detail. It was shown that all these indicators are aimed at finding an answer to the question about the time of the beginning of the next crisis, while other parameters of a possible crisis (where, in which country and in which sector of the economy should the crisis begin to be expected; what exactly can happen, which of vulnerabilities have the highest chance of being realized) attract much less attention. Moreover, economic risks are not among the most dangerous risks from the point of view of international financial organizations. We conducted an analysis of the behavior of the proposed crisis predictors on retrospective data, as a result of which we formed their sequence in terms of signaling before the crisis, as well as the influence of external predictors on indicators of Russian economic dynamics and the state of the financial market. It was concluded that along with external shocks, internal factors are of great importance for the start of Russian recessions, on the basis of which the Russian financial conditions index was proposed, which showed good predictor properties. Hypotheses were also formulated about the reasons for the later entry of the Russian economy into the crisis of 2007-2009. and higher volatility of economic dynamics in Russia.

Structure of International Service Trade in Global Value Chains: Forward and Backward Linkages of Russia’s Participation

Intensive globalization of production processes along with active internationalization of companies have created new opportunities for developing countries to participate in global value chains (GVC). Participation in GVCs makes it possible to analyze the contribution of individual industries to world trade at the level of countries and sectors.Aim. This paper aims to assess the growth of Russia’s participation in international service trade over the past years in a number of non-material sectors of the economy from the perspective of upgrading in GVCs and the associated positive dynamics in value adding processes.Objectives. The author examines the dynamics of Russia’s participation in service industries; analyzes the relationship between innovation activity and different types of participation in GVCs; identifies the current trends in the dynamics of Russia’s participation in the GVCs of non-material industries.Methods. This study uses the generalized least squares method to perform a regression analysis of panel data form 10 service industries for 2005–2015 and analyze the relationship between different types of Russia’s participation in the GVCs of service industries and innovation activity.Results. The relationship between innovation activity and different types of participation in GVCs is statistically proven. There was identified a general upward trend in Russia’s participation in international service trade. At the same time, the results of the analysis emphasize the importance of additional stimulation of innovation activity in order to increase Russia’s forward participation in international service trade and enable further upgrading in GVCs.

Patterns and Drivers of Household Income Dynamics in Russia: The Role of Access to Credit

The microeconomic drivers of medium- and short-term income mobility in Russia over the period 1996–2016 are investigated using data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS). Focusing on the role of access to credit in triggering household income growth, the descriptive analysis suggests that high levels of mobility materialising in pro-poor patterns of growth may accompany Russia’s notoriously high levels of inequality. Controlling for other personal and household characteristics, the econometric model for drivers of income mobility indicates that access to credit boosts income mobility. Complementary empirical evidence suggests that this effect may unfold through channels related to the labour market and non-labour sources of income.

Влияние немонетарных факторов на динамику инфляции в России в период 2000-2018 гг.

The paper reviews the effect of nonmonetary factors on inflation dynamics in Russia from 2000 to 2018. The period under review was divided into two intervals with different economic dynamics: 2000–2008 – the period of economic growth in Russia, 2009–2018 – the period of a slower rate of economic growth. Both periods were analyzed for various nonmonetary factors having an impact on inflation, which helped reveal common as well as distinctive features of nonmonetary factors. Some factors, such as the growth rate of agricultural prices had a significant impact on the consumer price inflation dynamics over the whole period under research. Other nonmonetary factors ceased to have an effect on consumer prices making room for others. Thus, the volume of imports turned out to be significant only in the period from 2009 to 2018, which is explained by the geopolitical situation and introduced economic sanctions. The conducted research confirmed a growing role of nonmonetary factors in the inflation processes. This conclusion requires consideration of specific features of nonmonetary causes of inflation on behalf of the Central bank and the fiscal organs in development of concrete steps to reduce inflation. The priority should continue to be given to effective tariff regulation, modernization of industry and promotion of competition.

Influence of Expenditures in the Development of the Digital Economy on the Volume of Russia's GDP

The purpose of this work is to assess the effectiveness of achieving planned investment indicators within the framework of the national program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation» and the adequacy of investments in the digitalization of the economy to form positive dynamics of Russia's GDP. The hypothesis is tested about the presence of influence, along with the indicators of the functioning of traditional sectors of the economy, of indicators of digital sectors of the economy and indicators of investments in digital transformation in Russia. The methodology for such calculation is based on the theory of elasticity, which can be used to analyze the efficiency of resources (investments) in the case of alleged underfunding of a certain economic entity, that took place in the case of the specified program. This technique involves the construction of a Cobb-Douglas production function. The data of Russian statistical compilations in the regional context for the period from 2015 to 2018 were used as an information base for calculating and constructing a production function. Within the adopted specification of the cross-sectional regression model, the parameters of the production function were determined for each year within the specified period. Also, the predicted values ​​of the indicators of the used information base for 2019 and 2020 were determined using the linear regression method, and, proceeding from them, parameters of the production function were determined. Due to the incompatibility of data on the indicator of internal costs for the development of the digital economy in the program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation» and the statistical indicator of the cost of information and communication technologies, it was necessary to calculate the ratio between these indicators. The solution to this problem showed that these indicators are in good agreement with each other with a difference of only a few percent. The final result of the study is an assessment of GDP losses while maintaining the dynamics of digitalization costs observed in 2015-2018, suggesting continuation of the trend towards the Digital Economy of the Russian Federation program being underfunded in 2019 and 2020.