Dynamic Source Routing Research Articles

A Survey on Various MANET Protocols

In recent years, mobile technology is popular among the human society which makes the humans connected virtually to both living things [Social Media] and non living things [IOT]. MANET plays a vital role in wireless network infrastructure. Ad-hoc Wireless network consist of a two or more mobile nodes connected wirelessly in a self configured, self-healing network without having a constant framework. Each and every device in MANET was able to move freely in any directions to share the information between each devices or nodes of network. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far to find optimized routes from source to the destination and prominent among them are Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocols. The charateristics comparison of these protocols should be considered as the primary step to understand the routing protocol in a perfect manner.

Performance and Improvement Analysis of the Underwater WSN Using a Diverse Routing Protocol Approach

The planet Earth is the most water-rich place because oceans cover more than 75% of its land area. Because of the extraordinary activities that occur in the depths, we know very little about oceans. Underwater wireless sensors are tools that can continuously transmit data to one of the source sensors while also monitoring and recording the physical and environmental parameters of their surroundings. An underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is the name given to the network created by the collection of these underwater wireless sensors. This particular technology is the most efficient way to analyse performance parameters. A network path is chosen to send traffic by using the routing method, a process that is also known as a protocol. The routing protocols ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), dynamic manet on demand routing protocol (DYMO), location-aided routing 1 (LAR 1), optimized link state routing (OLSR), source-tree adaptive routing optimum routing approach (STAR-ORA), zone routing protocol (ZRP), and STAR-least overhead routing approach (STAR-LORA) are a few models of routing techniques. By changing the number of nodes in the model and the maximum speed of each node, performance parameters such as average transmission delay, average jitter, percentage of utilisation, and power used in transmit and receive modes are explored. The results obtained using QualNet 7.1 simulator suggest the suitability of routing protocols in the UWSN.

Improved malicious node detection method for detecting a bait in an extensive network for getting the maximum throughput

AbstractMobile Ad‐hoc Network (MANET) is an ad hoc Wireless subset with a unique dynamic geometry of the system and movable nodes. The MANETs are auto‐organized networks that permit mobility without infrastructure. Specific protocols for MANET routing are provided with these attributes. The benefits such as infinite stability and the essential organizational characteristics of MANET are advantageous in circumstances where crisis and military use arise. In the light of malicious nodes, this necessity can lead to real safety threats and interfere in routing. In this specific case, it is a challenge to avoid or identify malicious nodes that initiate grey hole attacks or collective blackhole attacks. This paper addresses and analyzes the risks and security policies of MANET. This method is mainly directed at the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR). MANET's malicious nodes have been used with schematics such as Control, Two Acknowledgement IDS (TWOACK), Adaptive Acknowledgement IDS(AACK), and Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement IDS (EAACK). This research aims to identify trends, difficulties, and possible recommendations for use with MANET using the malicious node detection tool. To fix efficiency, monitoring, and overhead analysis limitations and resolve existing security problems related to MANET. The goal is to offer an Improved Cooperative Malicious Node Detection System (ICMNDS) to detect malicious nodes, which keeps overhead minimum.

Energy-Saving Routing Protocols for Smart Cities

In recent decades, expansion in urban areas has faced issues such as management of public waste, noise, mobility, and air quality, among others. In this scenario, Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) scenarios are being considered for Smart Cities solutions based on the deployment of wireless remote sensor nodes to monitor large urban areas. However, as the number of nodes increases, the amount of data to be routed increases significantly as well, meaning that the choice of the data routing process has great importance in terms of the energy consumption and lifetime of the network. In this work, we describe and evaluate the energy consumption of routing protocols for WSN-based Smart Cities applications in LoRa-based mesh networks, then propose a novel energy-saving radio power adjustment (RPA) routing protocol. The Cupcarbon network simulator was used to evaluate the performance of different routing protocols in terms of their data package delivery rate, average end-to-end delay, average jitter, throughput, and load consumption of battery charge. Additionally, a novel tool for determining the range of nodes based on the Egli propagation model was designed and integrated into Cupcarbon. The routing protocols used in this work are Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Distance Vector Routing (DVR). Our simulation results show that AODV presents the best overall performance, DSR achieves the best results for power consumption, and DVR is the best protocol in terms of latency. Finally, the proposed RPA routing protocol presents power savings of 11.32% compared to the original DSR protocol.

Dynamic source routing protocol for robust path reliability and link sustainability aware routing in wireless communication

Routing is the method of determining the most efficient route between transmitter and the receiver which is enhanced by taking into account the node's energy. The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol is presented in this work to increase quality-of-service (QoS) by calculating path reliability and link sustainability criteria in which node energy, node centrality, node degree, and link cost are used to choose the relay nodes. Qualified relaying nodes are used for transmission from the source node to the cluster head (CH). One node is utilized to send data packets to its destination and the relay nodes are chosen in the optimum manner. In terms of packet loss ratio, energy consumption and delay, the suggested technique outperforms other existing routing protocols which has the lower packet loss ratio of about 4 % which is 3 % lesser than existing method.

Interpretation and Investigations of Topology Based Routing Protocols Applied in Dynamic System of VANET

The intelligent transportation system is necessary for smart connection among vehicles and roadways equipment. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) where vehicles are linked together through a wireless link is an emerging research area and gaining attention for this smart connection where each vehicle is a node in the ad-hoc network consists of groups of stationary or moving vehicles. This dynamic system of VANET provides an infrastructure that builds new solution for safety and comfort but this implementation presents a hurdle in the selection and designing of a routing protocol which is capable of providing reliable and efficient transportation of packets. The prior objective of this research is to select and suggest reliable routing protocol and gives a performance assessment of the topology based protocol’s properties in terms of high-density dynamic systems of vehicles i.e., Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector on the grounds of simulation parameters (packet delivery ratio (PDR), overhead (OH), throughput ratio (TR)). The performance is evaluated using network simulator and mobility simulator the Simulation of Urban Mobility. The result shows that in case of TR and OH, protocol DSR outperforms but in case of PDR, protocol AODV outperforms. From the above, conclusion is that this research will assist the researchers in selecting the better routing protocol in the implementation of dynamic system of VANET infrastructure.

SDS: Scrumptious Dataflow Strategy for IoT Devices in Heterogeneous Network Environment

Communication technologies have drastically increased the number of wireless networks. Heterogeneous networks have now become an indispensable fact while designing the new networks and the way the data packet moves from device to device opens new challenges for transmitting the packet speedily, with maximum throughput and by consuming only confined energy. Therefore, the present study intends to provide a shrewd communication link among all IoT devices that becomes part of numerous heterogeneous networks. The scrumptious dataflow strategy (SDS) for IoT devices in the heterogeneous network environment is proposed and it would deal with all link selection and dataflow challenges. The SDS would accomplish the targeted output in five steps: Step 1 determines the utility rate of each heterogeneous link. Step 2 develops a link selection attribute (LSA) that gauges the loads of network features used for the link selection process. Step 3 calculates the scores of all heterogeneous networks. Step 4 takes the LSA table and computes the network preference for different scenarios, such as round trip time (RTTP), network throughput, and energy consumption. Step 5 sets the priority of heterogeneous networks based on the scores of network attributes. Performance of the proposed SDS mechanism with state of the art network protocols, such as high-speed packet access (HSPA), content-centric networking (CCN), and dynamic source routing (DSR), was determined by conducting a simulation with NS2 and, consequently, the SDS exhibited its shrewd performance. During comparative analysis, in terms of round trip time, the SDS proved that it utilized only 16.4 milliseconds to reach IoT device 50 and was first among all other protocols. Similarly, for network throughput, at IoT device 50, the throughputs of the SDS are recorded at 40% while the rest of other protocols were dead. Finally, while computing the energy consumption used to reach IoT device 50, the SDS was functional and possessed more than half of its energy compared to the other protocols. The SDS only utilized 302 joules while the rest of the protocols were about to die as they had consumed all of their energy.

Implementasi Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Pada Daerah Pasca Bencana Dengan Protokol DSR

Indonesia is one of the countries that has a very large potential for disaster. If a disaster occurs then all activities will stop because the infrastructure is damaged. One of the example is digital payment activitiy. It will stop because there are failure because the existing system is loss. The proposed research is to conduct modeling using cellular ad hoc networks (MANET). An Ad-Hoc network is a standalone configuration for configuring the network infrastructure of devices that can self-configure wirelessly connected devices. In its development, Mobile ad hoc networks can be used in many ways. One of the example is in disaster management. In this study, we recommend restructuring the network by using a mobile ad hoc network to replace network infrastructure damaged by disasters. We are trying to design a replacement network infrastructure to replace the damaged network infrastructure so that payment transactions can be carried out continuously until the restoration of the new network infrastructure can be built. The protocol used in this study is the DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) protocol, this protocol has the advantage of finding routes when there is damage to the links between nodes. From the simulation results using NS-2, by increasing the number of nodes in the simulation area, it shows that there is a decrease in packet loss to 0%. There is an increase in delivery success of almost 98% when the number of nodes is increased. And there is a decrease in delay with the addition of the number of nodes

Quality of service assessment routing protocols for performance in a smart building: A case study

ABSTRACT Wireless sensor network (WSN) with several sensors is used to group measurements of certain physical quantities or environmental conditions, including sound, temperature, pressure, vibration, motion, or pollution, at various locations and ranges. In WSNs, several protocols address the issue of routing. Sensor nodes in WSN usually have limited energy resources and storage capacities. Therefore, the issue of energy usage in sensors and protocols is very important. This paper analyzes and compares the quality of service (QoS) performances of three important routing protocols of the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) including Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), in a smart building case study. The QoS evaluation metrics include residual energy of nodes, instant throughput (IT), average throughput (AT), packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), and route discovery latency (RDL) based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol standard. The simulation is carried out using NS2, and the WSN has 16 fixed and 4 mobility nodes with different speeds and paths. The simulation results illustrate that average throughput in AODV is 1.985118 (kbps), however, the figures for DSR and DSDV are 1.977780 and 1.720700 (kbps), respectively. PDR, also, in DSR stands at 1.0, but the figures for AODV and DSDV are lower with the range of 0.999572 and 0.997930, respectively. Overall, The DSR protocol provides a better performance compared to AODV and DSDV routing protocols in terms of PLR and PDR. Also, AODV has better efficiency in RDL and AT compared to other assumed protocols.

Vehicular connectivity algorithm for cooperative transportation systems

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) means connectivity between wireless interface and mobile vehicle equipment which could be of either homogeneous or heterogeneous nature. VANET is an emerging part of research due to its ability to create intelligent transport systems. Roadside fixed equipment (RSU), and on-board unit (OBU) can be either public means of transport service providers or private (belonging to companies or individuals). In this infrastructure, messages flow from vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to roadside via wireless technologies such as IEEE 8.02.11.P and IEEE 1609 WAVE. The main issue in VANET implementation is the design of routing topology that gives accurate vehicle-to-vehicle transmission. In VANET, every participating vehicle node works as a single-vehicle node or wireless router, allowing vehicles that are 100–500 m far from creating a network and connected to each other by a large range using dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol. In this paper, we focus on improving connectivity by integrating simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) with NETSIM and present a new algorithm for packet delivery in different dense environments. In this work, we propose a vehicle connectivity algorithm for less (40), moderate (50), and more (60) number of vehicles and also analyze the threshold value of successfully delivered packets through simulation and the proposed algorithm. In the simulations and proposed method, the overall link and application throughput in VANET is enhanced, and the outcome shows that the connectivity is better than in the other techniques. This study has achieved good throughput in a dense vehicle environment. Performance of the networks has been measured through throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), overhead head transmission for less (40), moderate (50), or more (60) number of vehicles on different road paths.

Implementasi Algoritma Pemilihan Node Tetangga Terbaik Pada Protokol Routing DSR di Jaringan MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless telecommunications technology that consists of a collection of dynamic nodes. Due to these properties resulted in the mobility of nodes in MANET. So that every relationship between nodes will always change and cause the process of finding a vulnerable route to take a long time. Each node also has a role as a host or router in exchanging information. In MANET delivery assurance and the ability to deal with path changes on an ad hoc basis are critical. So that in sending data packets from the source node to the destination node, a Routing protocol is needed. The routing protocol Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) in the route search process broadcasts RREQ to all neighboring nodes (intermediate nodes) without knowing whether the node is the best node or not. So that the possibility of the route being interrupted because it is not composed of the best nodes can occur. A modification of the DSR routing protocol is proposed by finding the best intermediate node based on parameters, namely bandwidth, RTT, packet loss ratio. Then the neighboring nodes (intermediate nodes) that have been selected will arrange the delivery route from the source node to the destination node. The performance of the modified DSR and DSR routing protocols will then be measured using test parameters, namely throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and average end to end delay. Based on the results of research trials, the application of the modified DSR method can improve the performance of the DSR protocol. Which after the application of the method, the average throughput increased by 25%, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) was 1.11% and the average end-to-end delay decreased by 17.64 %.

Performance and statistical analysis of ant colony route in mobile ad-hoc networks

<div class="WordSection1"><p>Research on mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is increasing in popularity due to its rapid, budget-friendly, and easily altered implementation, and relevance to emergencies such as forest firefighting and health care provisioning. The main concerns that ad-hoc networks face is dynamic topology, energy usage, packet drop rate, and throughput. Routing protocol selection is a critical point to surmount alterations in topology and maintain quality in MANET networks. The effectiveness of any network can be vastly enhanced with a well-designed routing protocol. In recent decades, standard MANET protocols have not been able to keep pace with growing demands for MANET applications. The current study investigates and contrasts ant colony optimization (ACO) with various routing protocols. This paper compares ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), and AntHocNet protocols regarding the quality of service (QoS) and statistical analysis. The current research aims to study the behavior of the state-of-the-art MANET protocols with the ACO technique. The ACO technique is a hybrid technique, integrating a reactive route maintaining technique with a proactive method. The reason and motivation for including the ACO algorithm in the current study is to improve by using optimization algorithms proved in other domains. The ACO algorithm appears to have substantial use in large-scale MANET simulation.</p></div>

Internet of Vehicles Employing Network as a Service

Background: Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are built on the principles of Mobile Ad-hoc networks, and there are numerous approaches to achieve vehicular communication like vehicle to infrastructure or by vehicle to vehicle with the advantage of Ad-hoc networks. In VANETs, the vehicle to itself and vehicle to roadside architecture both coexist to lend safety, services, and navigation; therefore they are an integral element of the intelligent transportation systems framework. The routing protocols in vehicle-to-vehicle communication are used to optimize the propagation of the messages. Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the traits of the routing protocols on the basis of various performance metrics like end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and throughput. The routing protocols named Ad-Hoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) have been compared considering a real-life scenario. Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the traits of the routing protocols on the basis of various performance metrics like end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and throughput. The routing protocols named Ad-Hoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) have been compared considering a real-life scenario. Methods: It evaluates DSDV, DSR & AODV protocols in Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) through the open street map. SUMO mobility file was configured to the Network Simulator 3 to study the performance of AODV, DSDV, and DSR. Results and Conclusion: By examining the protocols, we concluded that AODV is better when evaluated on the parameters named end-to-end delay, packet drop ratio, and throughput. The practical application of our study can be found in collision alert, emergency response community, highway/rail collision avoidance, etc.

Neighborhood rough set‐based route selection for mobile ad hoc networks

SummaryThe main aim of this paper is to address the problem of redundant broadcast packets using the extension of rough set concept. In general, a rough set is a mathematical tool for dealing with issues of uncertainty. In MANET, mobile nodes are moving from one place to another place in a simulation environment; hence, it creates uncertainty issues. Due to the fast mobility of mobile nodes, network metrics such as bandwidth and hop count vary. The findings were useful in identifying and improving the network's performance. The proposed NRS‐based route selection approach has been compared with conventional techniques such as rough set, covering rough set (CRS). The reduced control packets are obtained using pruning concept based on selection of one‐hop and two‐hop nodes. Eventually, the proposed approach proved that it attains a higher throughput (85%), reducing the route request packets (3406) and delay of data transmission (0.02274 s). Also, two well‐known ad hoc routing protocols were used such as Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad Hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocols.

QUANTUM PHASE SHIFT FOR ENERGY CONSERVED SECURED DATA COMMUNICATION IN MANET

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network(MANET) is a structure-less network where the mobile nodes randomly moved in any direction within the transmission range of the network. Due to this mobility, wide range of intrusion occurs in MANET. Therefore, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are significant in MANETs to identify the malicious behavior. In order to improve the secured data communication an efficient Quantum Phase Shift Energy Conserved Data Security (QPSEC-DS) technique is introduced. The Quantum Phase Shift (QPS) technique is used for ensuring the security during the data transmission from sender to receiver in MANET. Initially, the quantum based approach is used to encrypt the information using QPS at the sender through secret key distribution. The receiver side also performs the same QPS, and then the encrypted bit is received successfully. This in turns attains the secured packet transmission without any malicious node in the MANET. Based on the phase shifting, the energy conservation between the sender and receiver is measured for transmitting the data packet using QPSEC-DS technique. Also, the enhanced Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is applied in QPSEC-DS technique is implemented to improve the energy management and secured data communication between the source and destination in an efficient manner. The QPSEC-DS technique conducts the simulations work on parameters including packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, communication overhead and end to end delay.

A Comparative Study of Routing Protocols for Minimum Path Cost Matric in MANETS

The Routing is the process of transmitting data packets from one node to another another node from source to destination The Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs ) doesn't have any fixed network structure or any centralized process to administer. The selection of the route is important for performance of packet transfer from source to destination. These routing protocol are classified as inter domain routing and Intra domain routing protocol. The routing protocols have been classified into Non Reactive , Reactive and Hybrid protocols. In the present paper we proposes to compare reactive routing protocols videlicet Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols, Temporarily Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) and Associativity Grounded Routing (ABR) protocol.The Routing in MANETs is a one of the robustly and demanding task and has entered a great quantum of mindfulness from experimenters around the globe. To overcome this problem, a colorful number of routing classes have been introduced and the number is still rising day by day fastly. It's relatively hard to decide which protocols or routing classes may do well under an quantum of different network scripts similar as network volume and network topology etc. The study and performance of the above mentioned protocol has also been tabulated in the present two tables . The protocols are based on minimum power and temporary configuration of topology. The table 1 gives comparison of the main characteristics of routing protocols and Table2. provide comparison of various reactive routing protocol.

Design and Analysis of Improved Dynamic Source Routing Protocol in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

Background and Objective: The present issues faced by the transport systems include enormous traffic jams and congestion, unexpected road accidents, unwanted time delays, pedestrians' crossings on main roads, wastage of fuel, and many more. ITS and some other technologies work together to overcome such factors contributing to a much more desirable transport system. This paper aims to identify the security measures that could increase the security of the routing protocol and improve the performance of the DSR routing protocol. If the number of establishing links is frequently broken, then the performance of the DSR routing protocol is not very good. A new modified DSR algorithm has been designed that would help in reducing the network overhead and increase the network quality. A comparison between the performances of both algorithms has also been studied, and the results show that improved DSR routing protocol has better efficiency in parameters like end-to-end network load delays and packet delivery ratio. Methods & Materials: The paper mainly focuses on securing the Dynamic Source routing algorithm by designing its modified version and simulating it. We have Proposed Modified DSR and discussed so far that the basic functionality of the DSR algorithm, its advantages and disadvantages. The main drawbacks include the end-to-end Delay, network overhead and packet delivery ratio. Following is a modified version of the dynamic source routing algorithm, which tries to overcome all the limitations of the basic algorithm at a certain level. In the Dynamic Source Routing algorithm, the Route Maintenance phase is used for the successful propagation of the packet within the network. The nodes that are involved in the transmission acknowledge the receiving of the packet to the preceding node. Results and Discussion: The present study aims at modifying the existing algorithm and designing a new modified algorithm that has less routing overhead, less Delay in packet transmission and high network quality. Modified DSR routing algorithm is examined on the parameters like E-2-E delay, Normalize Routing Overhead, PDR. When we compare the performance of the proposed method with the Existing protocol AODV, and DSR at a number of nodes equal to 50 then we get the Proposed DSR, which has the least end-to-end Delay among all the three protocols. Conclusion: In this paper, acomparison of Exiting DSR and Modified DSR in terms of end-to-end Delay, routing load and packet delivery ratio is made. After studying the readings, the conclusion drawn was that there is less network overhead and a high delivery ratio in modified DSR as compared to the existing DSR algorithm. The corrupted and destroyed packets are detected by the receiver, and in DSR, the mobility of mobile nodes is moderate. Under certain conditions, bidirectional and unidirectional links can be accepted. DSR routing protocols are highly dependent on the parameters such as area size, packet size, packet type, and others.

Enhanced dynamic source routing for verifying trust in mobile ad hoc network for secure routing

Secure data transfer in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) against malicious attacks is of immense importance. In this paper, we propose a new enhanced trust model for securing the MANET using trust-based scheme that uses both blind trust and referential trust. In order to do this, the trust relationship function has to be integrated with the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol for making the protocol more secure. We thoroughly analyze the DSR protocol and generate the performance matrices for the data pertaining to packets sent, packets received, packets loss, and throughput. We also analyze the outcome attained from the improvised trust establishment scheme by using the three algorithm implementations in NS2 simulator for detecting and preventing various types of attacks.

A mean field game-theoretic cross-layer optimization for multi-hop swarm UAV communications

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multi-hop communication networks are foreseen to be widely employed in both military and civilian scenarios. However, in ultra-dense scenarios with swarm UAVs, nodes are highly dynamic mobile, ultra-dense deployment and non-centralized distribution. These characteristics make the centralized resource management policy not apply. Meanwhile, existing routing protocols can't meet the performance challenges of high dynamic, topology and link frequency changes of ultra-dense scenarios with swarm UAVs. To solve the above challenges of resource management and routing protocol, a cross-layer optimization method is presented with a novel mean field game (MFG) in this paper. It is based on the cross-layer design method of the MFG theory and jointly considers the power resources in the physical layer, frequency resources in the medium access control (MAC) layer, and routing resources in the network layer. By dividing into subproblems, the original problem is solved. Meanwhile, the optimal data transmission path can be selected through the management and allocation of frequency resources and power resources. A cross-layer resource management dynamic source routing (CLRM-DSR) protocol is designed based on that which adds link quality measurement. The simulation results show that the presented CLRM-DSR with the proposed resource management scheme can improve the data packet transmission rate, reduce end-to-end delay, and lower routing overhead for the multi-hop swarm UAV communication network.

Performance Enhancement of Optimized Link State Routing Protocol by Parameter Configuration for UANET

The growing need for wireless communication has resulted in the widespread usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a variety of applications. Designing a routing protocol for UAVs is paramount as well as challenging due to its dynamic attributes. The difficulty stems from features other than mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), such as aerial mobility in 3D space and frequently changing topology. This paper analyzes the performance of four topology-based routing protocols, dynamic source routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR), by using practical simulation software OPNET 14.5. Performance evaluation carries out various metrics such as throughput, delay, and data drop rate. Moreover, the performance of the OLSR routing protocol is enhanced and named “E-OLSR” by tuning parameters and reducing holding time. The optimized E-OLSR settings provide better performance than the conventional request for comments (RFC 3626) in the experiment, making it suitable for use in UAV ad hoc network (UANET) environments. Simulation results indicate the proposed E-OLSR outperforms the existing OLSR and achieves supremacy over other protocols mentioned in this paper.