Dynamic Finite Element Analysis Research Articles

Advances in machine learning methods in copper alloys: a review.

Advanced copper and copper alloys, as significant engineering structural materials, have recently been extensively used in energy, electron, transportation, and aviation domains. Higher requirements urge the emergence of high-performance copper alloys. However, the traditional trial-and-error experimental observations and computational simulation research used to design and develop novel materials are time-consuming and costly. With the accumulation of material research and rapid development of computational ability, the thorough application of material genome engineering has sped up the development of novel materials and facilitates the process of systematic engineering application. This review summarizes the benefits of data-driven machine learning techniques and the state of the art of machine learning research in the area of copper alloys. It also displays the widely used computational simulation approaches (e.g., the first-principles calculation, molecular dynamics simulation, phase-field simulations, and finite element analysis) and their combined applications in material design and property prediction. Finally, the limitations of machine learning research methods are outlined, and future development directions are proposed.

Design and application of inertia switch with the zero-time trigger sensor for projectile overload impulse

The paper introduces a novel inertial trigger sensor featuring a multi-layer stacked single-arm brass beam pendulum, aimed at applications in automotive and aerospace fields, etc. It employs the Lagrangian equation for dynamic modeling and finite element analysis to achieve precise inertia force measurements. The design incorporates advanced fabrication techniques and a high-precision latching mechanism that combines circuit self-locking with mechanical triggering. Validated through simulations and testing, The results of the live ammunition tests indicate that, apart from failures of the Inertia Switch due to errors in the manufacturing process, all other inertial switches functioned normally. This demonstrates that the inertial sensor provides an adjustable trigger time of 0–5 ms and reliably withstands extreme overloads of up to 15000 g. This work significantly enhances the performance of inertial sensors in high-stress environments.

Biomechanical comparison of using traditional and 3D-printed titanium alloy anatomical assembly thin anterior plating under three patellar fracture conditions

ABSTRACT This study attempted to understand the biomechanics of using 3D-printed anatomical assembly thin bone plate (AATBP) and anterior star-shaped plating (ASP) under different patellar fractures. The transverse (C1), transverse plus second fragment (C2) and complex (C3) patella fractures were defined for performing the dynamic cyclic load test and finite element (FE) analysis. The AATBP was fixed onto the patella after adjusting the total fixation height using a ratchet mechanism and providing holding power hooks. The ASP contoured the plate/distal legs based on the patella surface curvature and generated an additional drill guide to avoid screw interference. The average ASP fixation fracture gaps were significantly larger than the AATBP fixation. FE analysis showed that the AATBP biomechanical performance was better than the ASP fixation for different patella fractures. The 3D-printed AATBP can be used effectively for different patella fractures without screw interference and demonstrated greater stability for comminuted patellar fractures.

Nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis of vehicle impacts into road restraint systems

Despite that the safety of cars is continuously increasing, improving the safety of road transportation remains a key issue of modern society. The design of suitable road restraint systems plays an important role. As the tests of barriers are technically demanding and expensive, and road traffic intensity is continuously growing, it is crucial to develop advanced models that would make it possible to explore various scenarios under which road vehicles may accidently impact into the road restraint barrier. The submitted study focuses on the use of nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis (NLDFEA) in the reliability assessment of road restraint systems, with a particular focus on steel barriers subjected to impacts by heavy vehicles. The outcomes of theoretical analyses are compared with the results in a compiled unique database of full-scale road barrier impact test results. It appears that a good match between crash test results and the validated NLDFEA model can be achieved, differences being mostly within a range of 10 %. When modelling the crashes of buses and HGVs, it is particularly important to model correctly shape and geometry of the front and impacting side of the vehicle, tyre sizes, wheelbase and overall truck dimensions, and position of the centre of gravity of the vehicle including trailer and cargo. Recommendations for subsequent research studies and for practical applications are finally provided.

Nonlinear Interpretation of Resilient Modulus Parameters Considering Incremental Static and Dynamic Loading

The resilient modulus ( Mr) is typically interpreted as the average of the last five secant slopes of the cyclic stress-axial resilient strain curve from repeated loading triaxial tests. It is not uncommon to then fit mathematical models to the secant Mr to derive model parameters ( Ki, more commonly known as K1, K2, and K3) that are then used in pavement analysis. Some engineers also backcalculate Ki from a falling weight deflectometer test. Many researchers use an incremental loading procedure to analyze pavements. When doing so, it is important to consider the nonlinear load-deformation behavior, which is considered only coarsely in the secant slope approach. Some incremental loading procedures assume the geomaterial to be nonlinear elastic while a dynamic finite element analysis typically assumes the geomaterials to be nonlinear and viscoelastic, that is, having springs and dashpots. With the latter, additional damping parameters to represent the viscoelastic effects are required. This paper compares Ki parameters estimated using linear regression on a log transformation of the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) Mr model, which is a non-viscoelastic secant Mr approach, with those obtained using nonlinear regression of the time dependent deformations when interpreting the Mr test using incremental loading of a: 1) nonlinear elastic geomaterial; and 2) nonlinear viscoelastic geomaterial with inertial mass. The results show that the estimated Ki parameters governing the geomaterial nonlinearity are substantially affected by the estimation method and that the second alternative approach can model hysteresis well.

The influence of length under blast load on the propagation mechanism of interconnected cracks

In order to study the influence of interconnected defects on the rock breaking effect under blast load, the relevant explosion experiment was carried out by prefabricating interconnected cracks on plexiglass plates (PMMA), and the propagation mechanism of interconnected cracks under blast load was studied from the length level. The dynamic caustic line system and finite element analysis software were combined to analyze the stress intensity factor, propagation velocity of the interconnected crack tip, and full-field stress of the specimen; the results show that with the radial stress wave propagation direction as the axis of symmetry, the two interconnected cracks with symmetrical angles but different lengths are under the action of blast load; there is a certain competition between the two cracks; the longer cracks are more likely to initiate and propagate, and the shorter cracks almost do not propagate. In addition, in terms of energy accumulation at the tips of the two cracks, the longer crack has a certain inhibitory effect on the shorter crack, and when the length of the longer crack remains unchanged, the inhibition effect weakens with the increase of the length of the shorter crack, and when the length of the shorter crack remains unchanged, the inhibitory effect increases with the increase of the length of the longer crack. After the crack initiation of the longer crack, the relationship curve between the stress intensity factor and the crack propagation velocity and time of the longer crack tip decreases first, and then the relationship curve rises to the peak as the energy of the tip of the shorter crack is transferred to the longer crack, and then the oscillation decreases, while the stress intensity factor and crack propagation rate of the shorter side crack tip show an overall downward trend. The numerical simulation is used to supplement the analysis of the stress propagation in the full-field of the specimen, which corroborates with the experiment results. The experimental study provides a theoretical basis for the analysis of the propagation mechanism of interpenetrating cracks under blast load in practical engineering.

Seismic Response and Mitigation Analysis of a Subway Station in the Site with Weak Interlayers

Challenges related to seismic performance and seismic mitigation are more pronounced in the presence of weak interlayers compared to typical layered soil conditions. This study focuses on a double-layer double-span rectangular frame subway station structure. A coupled static–dynamic finite element analysis model of the soil-structure system is established by using the finite element software ABAQUS/CAE V 6.14. The research investigates the influence of factors such as interlayer thickness, location, and strength on the seismic response of subway station structures. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of FPB in mitigating seismic effects in the weak interlayer ground, two different schemes are proposed in this paper. One is the structure without FPB and the other is the structure with FPB on the top of the central column. The findings reveal that weak interlayers exert a significant influence on the seismic response of subway station structures, especially when these lower-strength weak interlayers are located within the central portion of the subway station structure and exhibit considerable thickness. The FPB on the top of the central column can reduce the overall lateral stiffness of the subway station structure. This, in turn, results in a slight increase in the deformation of sidewall and inter-story displacement angles, accompanied by a marginal exacerbation of sidewall damage. However, the implementation of FPB effectively reduces the deformation of the central column and substantially mitigates the extent of damage to the central column.

Energy-absorbing limitations of hard hat safety helmets in mitigating trauma from falling objects

The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of hard hat helmets in mitigating head injuries from high-energy falling objects through a real-world case study, advanced numerical simulations and an uncertainty study. The study aims to answer the following research questions: (a) to what extent would the use of the protective helmet limit the kinetic energy of the falling construction prop, (b) whether the hard hat helmet would be damaged, and if so, to what extent, according to the helmet standards? A fatal construction accident involving a falling prop impact on the victim’s head was reconstructed using multi-body dynamics simulations and finite element analysis (FEA) based on uncertainty-based determination of initial conditions. The study quantified the impact energy, helmet damage and its energy-absorbing capabilities, and potential injury reduction compared to scenarios without a helmet. While the helmet absorbed significant energy (245% of the standard requirement) and reduced the Head Injury Criterion by 8–11%, the high impact energy ultimately proved fatal. This study highlights the limitations of hard hat helmets in extreme scenarios with high kinetic energy impacts. While helmets offer valuable protection, unrealistic expectations should not be placed on their ability to prevent all head injuries. The study not only enhances our understanding of the biomechanics of head injuries in such incidents but also provides practical implications for safety protocols and regulations.

Development of fatigue prediction system for bogie frame using a dynamic analysis model based on high‐speed and high‐precision stress estimation method

AbstractDespite ensuring the integrity of bogie frames for railway vehicles via nondestructive inspections during periodic maintenance, the possibility of fatigue cracks occurring at locations other than the predetermined inspection points cannot be dismissed. Therefore, fatigue cracks can be prevented more efficiently by assessing the overall degree of fatigue damage to the entire bogie frame and determining the results via nondestructive inspections. In this study, dynamic stresses in the bogie frame during running were estimated via finite element dynamic analysis by using the axle box acceleration as input, and the degree of fatigue damage and life were calculated from the waveform of the estimated stresses. Furthermore, we developed a bogie frame fatigue prediction system based on a high‐speed and high‐precision stress calculation method. The developed system visualized the overall relative life.

Motion reconstruction and finite element analysis of the temporomandibular joint during swallowing in healthy adults

There is a close physiological connection between swallowing and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). However, a shortage of quantitative research on the biomechanical behavior of the TMJ during swallowing exists. The purpose of this study was to reconstruct the movement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) based on in vivo experiment and analyze the biomechanical responses during swallowing in healthy adults to investigate the role of the TMJ in swallowing. Motion capture of swallowing, computed tomography (CT), and magnet resonance images (MRI) were performed on six healthy subjects. The movements of the TMJ during swallowing were reconstructed from the motion capture data. The three-dimensional finite element model was constructed. The dynamic finite element analysis of the swallowing process was performed based on the motion data. The range of condylar displacement was within 1 mm in all subjects. The left and right condyle movements were asymmetrical in two-thirds of the subjects. The peak stresses of the discs were relatively low, with a maximum of 0.11 MPa. During swallowing, the condylar displacement showed two trends: slow retraction and slow extension. The tendency to extend could lead to a gradual increase in stress on the disc.

Mechanistic insight into the Janus Green B on electrochemical roughening layer of copper foil

This study explores the impact of the electroplating additive JGB the surface characteristics and peel strength of electrolytic copper foils used in printed circuit boards. Utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy, we found that optimal JGB concentrations enhance the morphology and roughness of the copper foil roughening layer while maintaining high peel strength. The ideal concentration of 3 mg/L achieved an average roughness of 0.953 µm and a peel strength of 0.946 N/mm. JGB's effectiveness in inhibiting copper deposition was confirmed through cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Density Functional Theory calculations and in situ infrared spectroscopy elucidated JGB's adsorption and coordination actions, which have a synergistic effect on its inhibitory performance. Further investigations with molecular dynamics simulations and finite element analysis demonstrated JGB's preferential adsorption in areas of high electric field intensity, effectively controlling the copper grain morphology in the roughening layer. This research highlights the potential of dye-type additives in improving copper foil roughening for printed circuit boards applications. Future research should explore the long-term stability and environmental impact of JGB in industrial applications, while investigating other dye-type additives may further optimize the roughening process to meet diverse printed circuit boards manufacturing needs.

Seismic fragility assessment of embankment: A displacement-based approach using dynamic finite element model analysis

Abstract The assessment of seismic fragility of highway embankments is a key component of seismic risk modeling for traffic infrastructure. This study examines the seismic fragility of an embankment using advanced finite element dynamic analysis, contrasting findings with prior research to validate results. Based on established methodologies, an incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) was executed, with the Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis (PSDA) for the development of fragility curves. A comparative study was conducted between two modeling methods; one employing finite difference (FD) method and other employing finite element (FE)method. The analysis revealed that, selection of inputs like the nature of earthquake time history and number of records selected along with the analysis method influences the seismic fragility assessment of embankments. The choice between finite difference and finite element methods can yield differing results, with FD, being grid-based, can face challenges with complex geometries and boundary conditions, on the other hand, FE’s mesh-based approach offers flexibility in modeling intricate domains, handles complex boundary conditions more adeptly, and provides a more continuous representation of material behavior. A distinct dynamic stability test based on Newmark sliding block principles showed the embankment slope’s inherent resilience, with no permanent deformation, underscoring the requirement for further research.

Advanced analysis and construction techniques for long-span spatial structures in steel engineering

This paper explores advanced analysis methods and construction techniques for long-span spatial structures in steel engineering. It delves into the principles of the Direct Analysis Method (DAM), emphasizing equilibrium, compatibility, plasticity, and stability, as well as load path and redundancy considerations. The DAM provides a robust framework for analyzing complex steel structures, ensuring stability, resilience, and efficiency. Furthermore, the paper discusses modeling techniques, including Finite Element Analysis (FEA), dynamic analysis, and nonlinear analysis, highlighting their significance in optimizing design solutions and predicting structural behavior under diverse loading conditions. Practical considerations in material selection, connection design, and construction are addressed, focusing on enhancing performance, durability, and constructability. Prefabrication and modular construction techniques are explored as effective strategies for accelerating project schedules, improving quality control, and enhancing site safety. Through a comprehensive review of literature and case studies, this paper provides valuable insights for engineers and researchers involved in the design and construction of long-span spatial structures in steel engineering.

A Simulation-Based Investigation on Thermal Responses of Suspension Bridge Tower Under Different Fire Scenarios

AbstractRecords of bridge fire incidents illustrate that bridge fires can have catastrophic consequences. The severity of these fires can be influenced by various factors such as bridge type, vehicle size, and wind. Contrary to building fires that have been extensively studied, scant attention has been paid to bridge fires and more specifically fire exposure to the suspension bridges. In addition, existing bridge fire literature is mostly concentrated on fire exposure to girders or cables of suspension bridges. Therefore, this study focused on the post-fire condition of a fire-exposed suspension bridge tower using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling techniques and finite element analysis (FEA). The impacts of the main bridge fire parameters including vehicle size, exposure duration, distance between the fire source and tower, and wind effects were also evaluated. Initially, fire dynamic simulator (FDS) was used to simulate 12 different fire scenarios. The time–temperature histories obtained from each scenario were transferred to the ABAQUS finite element (FE) software to conduct transient thermal analysis and obtain the temperature development within the steel tower of the bridge. The post-fire evaluation was performed with respect to the temperature-induced reduction in the yield strength of steel. The results show that fire exposure from a fuel truck in the proximity of a steel tower could significantly reduce the strength of the tower and lead to severe damage. Early control of the fuel truck fire is crucial in reducing the severity of the damage and preventing temperature development in higher areas of the tower. Although a wind toward the tower can significantly increase the fire-induced damage to the bottom parts of the tower, it considerably reduces the temperature exposure to the higher parts of the tower. Fire exposure from a normal vehicle does not put the tower at risk of failure, and an unprotected steel tower can withstand it. However, a bus fire may lead to minor damage. The thermal strengthening of the first 20 m of the tower can help in preventing the potential fire damage.

FEA-Based Camshaft Design and Analysis on a Range of Heat-Treated Materials

Camshafts play a critical role in internal combustion engines, dictating the timing and duration of valve opening and closing events. To ensure optimal engine performance and longevity, camshaft design must balance factors such as strength, durability, and weight. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) offers a powerful tool for evaluating camshaft designs under varying operating conditions. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the design and analysis of camshafts using FEA, focusing on the influence of different heat-treated materials. The study begins with an overview of material selection criteria for camshaft applications, considering factors such as strength, fatigue resistance, and wear characteristics. Various materials high-performance alloys are investigated for their suitability and performance enhancements through heat treatment processes such as carburizing, quenching, and tempering. A detailed 3D CAD model of the camshaft geometry is developed, capturing key features such as lobes, journals, and bearings. Finite element meshing techniques are employed to ensure accurate representation of the geometry and precise stress analysis. Boundary conditions are defined to simulate realistic operating conditions, including forces exerted by cam followers and valve springs. Material properties are assigned to finite elements based on the selected materials and heat treatment parameters. Static and dynamic FEA analyses are conducted to evaluate stress distribution, deformation, fatigue life, and natural frequencies of the camshaft under varying load scenarios. The results of the FEA analyses are used to optimize the camshaft design iteratively, considering factors such as weight reduction, performance enhancement, and durability improvement. Validation of FEA results is performed through physical testing and comparison with empirical data. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into the design and analysis of camshafts using FEA, highlighting the importance of material selection and heat treatment processes in optimizing camshaft performance and reliability in automotive engine applications. Key Words: Design, Analysis, geartrain, idler gear, FEA, reciprocating motion, Solid works, CAD, ANSYS, efficiency, IC engines, camshaft.

Coupling a nonlinear finite element mooring model with an overset CFD solver for dynamic analysis of floating structures in waves

An accurate prediction of motion responses of a moored floating structure requires high-fidelity coupled analysis between the structure and its mooring system in waves, which involves both mooring line dynamics and fluid dynamics. In this paper, we develop a nonlinear finite element dynamic mooring analysis module that allows large axial stretching of mooring lines under the open source CFD framework OpenFOAM, and couple it with an Overset CFD solver to establish a fully coupled finite element mooring-CFD analysis model for floating structures. The coupled model is advantageous over existing models in that it is able to deal with large axial mooring stretching and complex mesh motions induced by significant structure responses under severe operating conditions. The developed dynamic mooring analysis method is firstly validated against publicly available data. In order to validate the coupled model, a series of experimental tests were carried out for a semi-submersible platform moored by eight catenary lines under different operating conditions, including free decay, regular and irregular wave tests. The dynamic responses of the floating structure and mooring tension are analyzed and compared with experimental data. Results show that numerically predicted structure responses and mooring tension are generally in good agreement with experimental measurements. Meanwhile, the strongly nonlinear large-amplitude resonant motions generated by the interaction of irregular waves with the moored floating structure are also investigated. Comparisons reveal that the coupled model can accurately predict the resonant spectral peaks of the structure responses, indicating that the it is capable of simulating large-amplitude motions of moored floating structures. The coupled model developed in this paper can be further applied to study the survivability of moored floating structures under harsh sea conditions.

Influence of modelling approach for reinforced concrete underground structures, with application to the CMS cavern at CERN

Representative modelling of reinforced concrete (RC) components in underground structures is essential for accurate assessment of structural performance (deformations and internal forces) within numerical simulations. This paper examines the implications of selecting different structural modelling approaches within the seismic (dynamic) finite element analysis of a buried structure of complex shape, using the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) Detector Cavern of the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland, as a case study. Two alternate modelling approaches were employed to model the cavern lining: (i) a composite continuum approach, with the concrete and embedded reinforcement being explicitly modelled; and (ii) the use of a nonlinear elasto-plastic plate element. The pre-earthquake ground initial conditions were determined through simulation of the construction and detector installation operations consistent with field measurements from extensometers and internal survey of floor deformations. The results demonstrate the importance of adopting a non-linear continuum modelling approach in representing the RC lining under strong shaking events to avoid under-prediction of seismic actions at locations of potential seismically induced damage. Such an approach will be essential in 3D problems where multi-axial dynamically varying stresses are applied on the RC section. Finally, it offers a realistic approach in representing structures of complex shape and that contains volume and thick elements.

Uncertain pedestrian load modeling for structural vibration assessment in footbridge design

The request of material savings in bridge constructions leads to the development towards slender and lightweight structures, which are more sensitive to human-induced vibrations caused by walking pedestrians. The resulting accelerations do not endanger the structural safety, but can be perceived as unpleasant for the user and must therefore be restricted within the limit state of serviceability. For this purpose, the guidelines define acceleration intervals, called as “comfort levels” (CL), which evaluate the comfort of the pedestrians, given the maximum acceleration of the bridge. The model for human-induced loads in the design guideline is based on conservative and deterministic simplifications. In particular, the uncertainties in the human gait parameters are neglected. The main objective of this paper is to develop an uncertain load model for walking pedestrians based on Fourier series. The aleatory and epistemic uncertainties in the human gait parameters are quantified with appropriate uncertainty models relying on available data. In a dynamical finite element analysis, the model is used to simulate groups of pedestrians randomly walking over a bridge to calculate the resulting acceleration amplitudes. The approach is applied to a single span beam and to a real world footbridge using a 3D finite element model. The results are then evaluated within the CLs, enabling new assessment methods.

Revolutionizing tire engineering: Finite element analysis and design of an X-shaped spoke structure for non-pneumatic military tires

In this study, we developed a non-pneumatic tire (NPT) specifically designed for military vehicles, such as the Humvee. Our aim was to enhance performance on challenging terrains crucial for mission success. We selected a novel X-shaped polygonal structure for the spoke design owing its exceptional load-carrying capacity and durability. The equivalent modulus, which is the key factor in spoke design, was analytically derived and formulated. This calculated modulus served as a benchmark for achieving the desired vertical stiffness of the NPT. We manufactured a prototype NPT and evaluated its mechanical properties by using a polyurethane (PU) spoke structure. Multiple finite element models of the novel NPT, considering different parameters such as the number of spoke sections, thickness, and modulus of elasticity, were developed while maintaining a consistent equivalent modulus value. Dynamic finite element analysis was then performed to assess the rolling performance of the NPT. We found that the maximum dynamic stress at the spoke was 2.387 MPa, which is 0.398 times the allowable yield strength of the PU spoke. This finding confirms the durability of the novel NPT under dynamic usage in military vehicles, with promising implications for overcoming challenging terrains.

Numerical Study on the Dynamic Response and Damage Cumulative of Bolt-Supported Cavern under Adjacent Cyclic Explosion

Adjacent cyclic explosions significantly impact the stability of underground anchored caverns. Based on the similar model test of the vault explosion of the anchored cavern, the dynamic analysis finite element software ANSYS/LSDYNA(18.0) was used to establish a model of the straight wall side explosion of the underground anchored cavern and conduct a numerical simulation. When the total amount of explosion load is the same, we compared the stress time history curve, displacement time history curve, tunnel wall displacement, and circumferential strain curve of the surrounding rock in the underground anchored cavern (under both a high-level single-side blast and a low-level cyclic side blast). We obtained the dynamic response rules of the surrounding rock. By comparing the damage evolution process of the surrounding rock in the two situations, the damage accumulation law of the surrounding rock was analyzed. At the same time, the axial stress distribution characteristics of underground anchor cavern anchors under the action of cyclic explosion were studied. The findings demonstrate that when the total level of blast load adjacent to the cavern is the same, the displacement and circumferential peak strain of surrounding rock and the axial stress of rock bolt in the high-level single explosion are greater than those in the low-level cyclic explosion. However, compared to a single explosion, the rock mass suffers more damage in the cyclic explosion. This study will provide engineers with information that will assist them with a better understanding of the cumulative damage mechanisms of surrounding rock, as well as the stress characteristics of rock bolts under dynamic loads near the explosion site, which will be used to design underground caves with anti-blast features.