Textile Dyeing Wastewater Research Articles

Bio-waste chicken eggshell-derived calcium oxide for photocatalytic application in methylene blue dye degradation under natural sunlight irradiation

The development of nontoxic bio-waste based catalyst for efficient recycling of textile dye wastewater to potable water is paramount to support a sustainable environment. This research work investigated a crystallographic evolution of CaO from the chicken eggshell wastes via a simple calcination process for the photocatalytic degradation of the methylene blue dye. The physicochemical properties of the activated CaO catalyst were studied using characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The crystallite size was estimated as ∼55 nm for the prepared CaO. The sharp bands at 358 cm−1 and the broad band at 675 cm−1 in the Raman spectroscopic analysis have revealed a function attributed to the Ca–O bonds. The energy band gap of prepared CaO was calculated by the Tauc equation using the UV-visible reflectance spectrum. The estimated energy band gap has a maximum value of 5.54 eV. However, a lower bandgap 2.27 eV was also estimated. SEM micrograph revealed the multi-arm/angular and rod-shaped microstructure with a width of 1–2 µm of the arm. The ring-shaped appearance encouraged the porous behavior of the prepared CaO. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared CaO was performed for the degradation of the methylene blue dye in distilled water under natural sunlight in the ambient environment. The maximum photocatalytic degradation efficiency was observed as ∼ 98% in 180 min. The research work incites the possible realistic application of bio-waste based inexpensive photocatalysts for textile/industrial wastewater remediation.

Experimental investigation of textile dyeing wastewater treatment using aluminium in electro coagulation process and Fenton’s reagent in advanced oxidation process

To investigate the effectiveness of advanced treatment methods such as Electro coagulation (EC) and advanced oxidation process (AOP) in order to minimize the Colour, concentration of chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand for the samples collected from textile dyeing waste water. Experiments carried out at lab scale model. The EC process was conducted by varying voltages such as 8 V, 10 V, 12 V, 14 V, 16 V and for duration of 60 mins each. AOP involves oxidation process in the wastewater using Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/H2O2). The experiment was conducted at three different dosages such as 3 g + 30 ml, 4 g + 40 ml and 5 g + 50 ml of Fe2+ and H2O2. From the results obtained, the removal efficiency was determined by comparing the important parameters such as COD, BOD and Colour of treated water as well as untreated waste water. The obtained results from the treatments were in accordance with the standards given by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India for textile wastewater discharge.

Application of Novel C-TiO2-CFA/PAN Photocatalytic Membranes in the Removal of Textile Dyes in Wastewater

The existence of dye effluent in environmental water bodies is becoming a growing concern to environmentalists and civilians due to negative health effects. In this study, a novel poly(acrylonitrile)-membrane-supported carbon-doped titanium dioxide–coal fly ash nanocomposite (C-TiO2-CFA/PAN) was prepared and evaluated in the removal of textiles dyes (methyl orange and golden yellow) in water. The C-TiO2-CFA nanocomposite was prepared via sol-gel synthesis and immobilized on PAN membrane prepared via phase inversion technique. The photocatalyst was characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET surface area analysis, SEM, EDX, and DRS. FTIR analysis confirmed the existence of the expected functional groups, and XRD revealed that the C-TiO2 was predominantly in the anatase phase, which exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity. The optimum C-TiO2-CFA photocatalyst load on the PAN membrane was 2% w/w, and it achieved degradation efficiencies of 99.86% and 99.20% for MO and GY dyes, respectively, at pH 3.5, using a dye concentration of 10 ppm, under sunlight irradiation, in 300 min. The novel 2% C-TiO2-CFA/PAN photocatalytic membrane proved to be very effective in the removal of textile dyes’ water. Three reusability cycles were carried out, and no significant changes were observed in the photocatalytic efficiencies. Immobilization on PAN membrane allowed easy recovery and reuse of the photocatalyst.

Fabrication of europium-nitrogen co-doped TiO2/Sepiolite nanocomposites and its improved photocatalytic activity in real wastewater treatment

In order to effectively eliminate dyestuff in aquatic environment under solar irradiation, the europium-nitrogen (EuN) co-doped TiO2/Sepiolite nanocomposites were successfully fabricated via microwave-hydrothermal method. The effects of Eu and N contents on the chemical properties and crystal structure of the obtained nanocomposites were characterized. It was found that the carrier sepiolite was uniformly covered by doped-TiO2 nanoparticles and the doped Eu is beneficial for the growth of anatase crystallite. Furthermore, doped N extended the absorption to the visible region, and the doped EuIII increased the adsorption ability further. The visible-light photocatalytic activities of the samples were evaluated for degradation of orange G. The results showed that the co-doped sample presented enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to undoped and mono-doped samples. The increase in degradation efficiency can be ascribed to the synergistic effects of Eu and N co-doping. Among all samples, the optimum EuIII doped content was 0.6% for the co-doped sample. The co-doped sample can also effectively treat real textile dye wastewater with over 70% COD removal efficiency in 3 h of irradiation time. This research demonstrates the co-doped TiO2/Sepiolite nanocomposites have a prospective application in textile dye wastewater treatment.

Application of Immobilized Aspergillus niger in Alginate for Decolourization of Congo Red Dye by Using Kinetics Studies

Discharges of disposal of the textile industry into general water bodies can cause deterioration of aquatic ecosystems and adversely affect human health. The objective of this study is to assess the Congo red dye decolourization by immobilized Aspergillus niger obtained from textile dye wastewater. The effect of experimental parameters like pH 5, contact time (30 h) and initial dye concentration (50 mg/L) on the process of decolourization of dye in the aqueous solution was revealed 97%. The optimum dye decolourization efficiency of immobilized Aspergillus niger using central composite design was found to be 98.97%, obtained were pH 5, initial concentration 50 mg/L, temperature 30 °C and contact time 36 h. Isotherm studies showed that the experimental data better fitted with to Langmuir isotherm, the Freundlich isotherm and Tempkin isotherm for decolourization dye by immobilized Aspergillus niger. It was found that the decolourization was best evaluated by a pseudo-second-order model rather than the pseudo-first-order model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of immobilized Aspergillus niger was resulted as 4325 mg/g at 303 K (R2 = 0.994). The value of separation factor (RL) from Langmuir equation and Freundlich constant (n) indicated on favorability of bioabsorption. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were calculated and the negative value of ΔH° (− 29,671 kJ/mol) for corresponding initial Congo red dye concentrations: 50 mg/L, in the solution indicated that the bioabsorption was of exothermic reaction.. The UV–Vis and FTIR analysis of metabolites after treatment confirmed that the decolourization. Phytotoxicity test confirmed that was less toxic than original dye. The reusability of the immobilized Aspergillus niger was repeated with seven cycles and removal efficiency ranged from 98 to 42%.

Valorizing lignin-like dyes and textile dyeing wastewater by a newly constructed lipid-producing and lignin modifying oleaginous yeast consortium valued for biodiesel and bioremediation

Construction of a multipurpose yeast consortium suitable for lipid production, textile dye/effluent removal and lignin valorization is critical for both biorefinery and bioremediation. Therefore, a novel oleaginous consortium, designated as OYC-Y.BC.SH has been developed using three yeast cultures viz. Yarrowia sp. SSA1642, Barnettozyma californica SSA1518 and Sterigmatomyces halophilus SSA1511. The OYC-Y.BC.SH was able to grow on different carbon sources and accumulate lipids, with its highest lipid productivity (1.56 g/L/day) and lipase activity (170.3 U/mL) exhibited in xylose. The total saturated fatty acid content was 36.09 %, while the mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids were 45.44 and 18.30 %, respectively, making OYC-Y.BC.SH valuable for biodiesel production. The OYC-Y.BC.SH showed its highest decolorization efficiency of Red HE3B dye (above 82 %) in presence of sorghum husk as agricultural co-substrate, suggesting its feasibility for simultaneous lignin valorization. The significant higher performance of OYC-Y.BC.SH on decolorizing the real dyeing effluent sample at pH 8.0 suggests its potential and suitability for degrading most of the wastewater textile effluents. Clearly, toxicological studies underline the additional advantage of using OYC-Y.BC.SH for bioremediation of industrial dyeing effluents in terms of decolorization and detoxification. A possible mechanism of Red HE3B biodegradation and ATP synthesis was also proposed.

Ecofriendly biodegradation of Reactive Black 5 by newly isolated Sterigmatomyces halophilus SSA1575, valued for textile azo dye wastewater processing and detoxification

A total of seven yeast strains from 18 xylanolytic and/or xylose-fermenting yeast species isolated from the wood-feeding termite Reticulitermes chinenesis could efficiently decolorize various azo dyes under high-salt conditions. Of these strains, a novel and unique azo-degrading and halotolerant yeast, Sterigmatomyces halophilus SSA1575, has been investigated in this study. This strain could significantly decolorize four combinations of a mixture of dyes. It showed a high capability for decolorizing Reactive Black 5 (RB5) even at 1,500 mg L−1. The strain SSA1575 still showed a high capability for decolorizing a 50 mg L−1 RB5 with a salt mixing at a NaCl concentration of up to 80 g L−1. It also exhibited significant ability to decolorize repeated additions of dye aliquots, with a reduction in time of up to 18 h. Most of the tested carbon and nitrogen sources could significantly enhance a RB5 decolorization. However, this process was inhibited by the addition of sucrose and sodium nitrate. NADH-dichlorophenol indophenol (NADH-DCIP) reductase and lignin peroxidase were determined as the key reductase and oxidase of S. halophilus SSA1575. Finally, strain SSA1575, can effectively detoxify RB5 into non-toxic products. Overall, S. halophilus SSA1575, might be a promising halotolerant yeast valued for the treatment of various textile effluents with high salinity.

Optimization and kinetic studies on decolorization of Vat Green XBN by a newly isolated bacterial strain Proteus mirabilis PMS

The present study aims at evaluating the aerobic decolorization of Vat Green XBN by an isolated bacterium, Proteus mirabilis PMS from textile dye wastewater. Response surface methodology was applied for the optimization of the process parameters, including pH, temperature, and inoculum size. At optimum conditions, the strain PMS shows the maximum decolorization efficacy with pH 10.04, temperature 37 °C, and inoculum size of 8.46 % (v/v) where 94.96 % of 100 mg L−1 Vat Green XBN was decolorized within 20 h. Kinetics study was carried out using various approaches: Michaelis-Menten (Vmax =37 mg L−1 h−1 and Km =31.2 mg L−1), Lineweaver-Burk (Vmax = 29.92 mg L−1 h−1 and Km =35.33 mg L−1), and Eadie-hofstee model (Vmax =31.04 mg L−1 h−1 and Km =35.64 mg L−1), and the results showed that the degradation followed a first-order reaction. Decolorization was validated through spectroscopy and FT-IR analysis.

Coagulation and Electrocoagulation Process for Dye Removal fromTextile Wastewater: A Review

The synthetic textile dye wastewater using the azo dye, Congo red dye, methylene blue for laboratory experiment. The methods used in synthetic wastewater treatment conventional coagulation and electrocoagulation process. Electrocoagulation reactor two rods used aluminum and iron for anode and cathode, electrolysis time (2-30min), initial dye concentration (50 to 400mg/l),current density( 5,10,15 mA/cm2),room temp250C,mixing speed 500 rps. Chemical used in process Nacl, HCL, H2SO4, pH (6-8). Conventional coagulation process is used alum and Fecl3. The results show the electrocoagulation process is 90% wastewater removal compare to conventional coagulation.

Occurrence and transformation of phosphonates in textile dyeing wastewater along full-scale combined treatment processes

Phosphonates discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have attracted increasing concerns because of their potential impact on eutrophication and potential risks to aquatic ecosystems. However, very few studies are available on their occurrence and transformation in WWTPs, partly due to the lack of sensitive methods for phosphonate analysis in complex matrices. Herein, based on our recent progress in phosphonate analysis, the occurrence and transformation of phosphonates along the full-scale wastewater treatment processes of two textile dyeing WWTPs were revealed. A set of typical phosphonates, including six phosphonate chelators (PCs) and four potential degradation products of PCs (DP-PCs) were quantified in different units and the final dewatered sludge. Three PCs (2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC), 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and nitrilotris(methylene phosphonic acid) (NTMP)) at upmost mg/L and a considerable amount of four DP-PCs (9.12–608 μg/L) were detected in the influents of both WWTPs. In the subsequent treatment, NTMP could be removed more efficiently than PBTC and HEDP, especially in the coagulation unit, and the dissolved phosphonates were eliminated more readily than other dissolved organic phosphorus fractions. Of particular note, the toxicologically critical DP-PC (i.e., aminomethylphosphonic acid) was produced during the coagulation and biological treatment units. The final precipitation unit seemed essential to ensure satisfactory removal of PCs and DP-PCs. In addition, a significant accumulation of phosphonates in dewatered sludge (up to 7.81 g/kg) and the widespread occurrence of harmful DP-PCs also reminded us to pay more concerns on their potential risks during further sludge disposal in future.

Microfiber from textile dyeing and printing wastewater of a typical industrial park in China: Occurrence, removal and release

Microfibers (MFs) are fibrous micro particles of longitude <5 mm, including natural fibers and fibrous microplastics. Microplastic pollution has become a world issue. As the major section of fiber production and processing, textile industry is an important potential source of microfibers, while receiving limited attention. To better understand the source and fate of textile microfibers, in this study, a typical textile industrial park in China is selected as the studying site. Microfibers in textile wastewater from typical textile mills and centralized wastewater treatments plants (WWTPs) of the park, and microfibers in nearby surface water were identified and characterized. The main results showed that the microfiber concentration in textile printing and dyeing wastewater could reach as high as 54,100 MFs/L. Although the removal efficiencies of microfibers by existing wastewater treatment processes can be over 85%, the average microfiber concentration in the effluents from the centralized WWTPs of the industrial park still reached 537.5 MFs/L, releasing 430 billion microfiber items per day. Microfiber release from textile wastewater is considerably higher than that from municipal sewage treatment plants, making it a significant contributor to microfibers in natural water bodies. Small-sized and colored microfibers increased in proportion in the treated effluents. Given the complex textile wastewater constituents, the potential negative environmental impacts of textile microfibers may be intensified by the enhanced adsorption and transfer of textile pollutants through these microfibers.

Use of water treatment residuals for colour removal from real textile dye wastewater

The use of readily available water treatment residuals (WTR) as a low-cost material for removal of colour from real textile wastewater was investigated. WTR was used in three forms, namely in raw wet form as a coagulant, in the dried form as an adsorbent and as a filtration media in column tests. The results showed a maximum colour removal of 55 and 36% by coagulation and adsorption, respectively, and the corresponding COD removals were 35 and 37%. Coagulation and batch sorption tests showed the effect of initial pH on the colour removal, and maximum colour removal was obtained at an initial pH of 3.0. Long-duration continuous-flow column test using WTR as a filtration/sorption media showed that a maximum colour removal of 60% can be achieved. In column studies, complete exhaustion of the media occurred at 180 and 120 bed volumes, respectively, for initial pHs of 3.0 and 6.2. The study thus shows the potential of WTR for primary treatment of real textile dye wastewater.

Bacterial Augmented Floating Treatment Wetlands for Efficient Treatment of Synthetic Textile Dye Wastewater

Floating treatment wetland (FTW) is an innovative, cost effective and environmentally friendly option for wastewater treatment. The dyes in textile wastewater degrade water quality and pose harmful effects to living organisms. In this study, FTWs, vegetated with Phragmites australis and augmented with specific bacteria, were used to treat dye-enriched synthetic effluent. Three different types of textile wastewater were synthesized by adding three different dyes in tap water separately. The FTWs were augmented with three pollutants degrading and plant growth promoting bacterial strains (i.e., Acinetobacter junii strain NT-15, Rhodococcus sp. strain NT-39, and Pseudomonas indoloxydans strain NT-38). The water samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), color, bacterial survival and heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Mn, Zn, Pb and Fe). The results indicated that the FTWs removed pollutants and color from the treated water; however, the inoculated bacteria in combination with plants further enhanced the remediation potential of floating wetlands. In FTWs with P. australis and augmented with bacterial inoculum, pH, EC, TDS, TSS, COD, BOD and color of dyes were significantly reduced as compared to only vegetated and non-vegetated floating treatment wetlands without bacterial inoculation. Similarly, the FTWs application successfully removed the heavy metal from the treated dye-enriched wastewater, predominately by FTWs inoculated with bacterial strains. The bacterial augmented vegetated FTWs, in the case of dye 1, reduced the concentration of Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn and Pb by 75%, 73.3%, 86.9%, 75%, 70% and 76.7%, respectively. Similarly, the bacterial inoculation to plants in the case of dye 2 achieved 77.5% (Cu), 73.3% (Ni), 83.3% (Zn), 77.5% (Fe), 66.7% (Mn) and 73.3% (Pb) removal rates. Likewise in the case of dye 3, which was treated with plants and inoculated bacteria, the metals removal rates were 77.5%, 73.3%, 89.7%, 81.0%, 70% and 65.5% for Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn and Pb, respectively. The inoculated bacteria showed persistence in water, in roots and in shoots of the inoculated plants. The bacteria also reduced the dye-induced toxicity and promoted plant growth for all three dyes. The overall results suggested that FTW could be a promising technology for the treatment of dye-enriched textile effluent. Further research is needed in this regard before making it commercially applicable.

Development of photochemical integrated submerged membrane bioreactor for textile dyeing wastewater treatment.

A pilot-scale photocatalytic membrane bioreactor (PMBR) was developed for the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater. The PMBR is made of mild steel rectangular reactor of photocatalytic unit and polyethersulphone submerged hollow fibre membrane bioreactor unit with the working volume of about 20L. For easy recovery, the tungsten oxide (WO3) and WO3/1% graphene oxide (GO)-powdered photocatalyst were made into bead and immersed in photocatalytic reactor. Graphene oxide incorporation has shown better results in decolourisation and degradation when compared with WO3 alginate alone. The incorporation of GO into WO3 minimises the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The operating conditions such as 3h of contact time for photocatalysis reaction (WO3/1% GO), 10h hydraulic retention time for MBR and 100kPa of transmembrane pressure were optimised. Chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 48% was attained with photocatalysis, and the removal efficiency was further increased up to 76% when integrated with MBR. The colour removal efficiency after photocatalysis was 25% further increased up to 70% with MBR. Complete total suspended solid removal has been achieved with this hybrid system.

Evaluation of tire derived rubber (TDR) fixed biofilm reactor (FBR) for remediation of Methylene blue dye from wastewater

ABSTRACT The present investigation is focused on development of aerobic biofilm on tire-derived rubber (TDR) media and then evaluation of such system for bioremediation of Methylene blue (MB) dye for 9 weeks. After 9 weeks of operation, the COD, BOD, ammonia and color values have been declined by 89.2%, 98.3%, 99.61% and 99.81%, respectively, While SEM-EDX results showed a variance in weight percent of various elements in TDR without biofilm i.e. raw TDR media, as well as in the 1st and 9th-week samples. Moreover, fine and strong peaks were observed in both the MB simulated wastewater and 9th week TDR samples at 1190, 1300, 1400, 1450, 1500 and 1618 cm−1 respectively by Raman Spectroscopic analysis. Further, FTIR analysis was performed for the MB simulated wastewater, and absorbance peaks ranging from 1591 to 1363 cm-1 and 3410 cm−1 were observed in all the samples with different intensities. To assess the biodeterioration of the TDR media, ATR was performed for the raw, 1st, 2nd and 9th week TDR media samples and in the raw TDR, two important bands, 842 and 2962 cm−1 were noticed representing –CH = CH and –CH3. A clear variation of bands and peak intensities were observed in different support media samples. The results indicate that TDR media is a resilient, chemically resistant material and could be employed for the biofilm growth for biological treatment of textile dye wastewater.

Survival assessment of simple food webs for dye wastewater after photocatalytic degradation using SnO2/GO nanocomposites under sunlight irradiation

The release of textile effluent into the natural waters poses a serious threat to the aquatic ecosystem. Here, SnO2/GO nanocomposites were synthesized with tunable morphology by the addition of GO with a sonochemical method. The material was characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), and infrared spectrometry (IR). The photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) and textile dye wastewater (TDW) using SnO2/GO nanocomposites was studied under sunlight irradiation. The SnO2/GO nanocomposites exhibited high photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of RhB and TDW with up to 95% removal efficiency. The catalyst dosage, concentration variation, and reusability of the catalyst were also examined to optimize the reaction conditions for the degradation of dye. Bioassays were used to investigate the survival growth rate of simple food webs such as Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CP), Artemia salina (AS) and Danio rerio (DR) in the treated and untreated solution. These simple food web model animals showed good reliability for analyzing the toxicity of the treated and untreated wastewater. Further, histology was analyzed to find out the influence of the dye solution in the animal model. These results suggest that the SnO2/GO nanocomposite shows promising efficiency in the wastewater treatment, which is further confirmed in the toxicity analysis.

A microporous polymer ultrathin membrane for the highly efficient removal of dyes from acidic saline solutions

Membranes with excellent water permeance and high dye removal efficiency are highly desired for textile industry wastewater treatment. However, the high acidity and salinity in such wastewater impose great challenges in dye removal efficiency for conventional polyamide-based membranes. This study presents a type of acid-tolerant polyarylate (PAR) nanofiltration (NF) membrane that tackles such challenges. The PAR active layer is produced via interfacial polymerization using 5,5′,6,6′-tetrahydroxy-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-1,1′-spirobisindane (TTSBI) and isophthaloyl dichloride (IPC) as monomers, and formed on top of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) nanofilm. The supporting SWCNT layer contributes to the ultrathin thickness of the PAR active layer and the extremely high membrane permeating flux of ~210 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, while the inclusion of TTSBI monomer grants the PAR active layer surface negatively charged that makes a high dye rejection of >99% at a wide range of feed solution pH and salinity possible. Furthermore, a high selectivity for dye and NaCl was observed with a stable NaCl retention of ~10%, when the membrane is tested at a pH ranging from 2 to 9 and feed NaCl concentration ranging from 1000 to 5000 ppm. The PAR NF membrane is therefore a promising tool for the highly efficient treatment of acidic and high salinity textile dye wastewaters.

Up-scaling microbial fuel cell systems for the treatment of real textile dye wastewater and bioelectricity recovery

ABSTRACT In this work the energy recovery in microbial fuel cell was studied by electrically stacking its three individual units into series and parallel arrangements. The power output was higher in parallel stacking by 2.07 and 14.77 times than series and individual units respectively. The rate of degradation of dye wastewater was in order of individual Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) < series stack < parallel stack. The corn cob biochar was used as an additive in the MFC to improve the efficiency of the individual MFC unit. The addition of 0.5 g corn cob biochar enhanced the power output to 38.6 mW/m2 from 0.47 mW/m2 in the MFC individual unit without the biochar additive. The simultaneous COD reduction, TDS reduction and decolourisation of dye wastewater achieved are 82.14%, 68% and 74.8% respectively. The current work demonstrates that the dose of biochar and parallel stacking are a framework to achieve enhanced dye removal and bioenergy recovery via microbial fuel cell.

Performance of fouled NF membrane as used for textile dyeing wastewater

The fouling of Nanofiltration membrane (NF) was examined using wastewater containing reactive black dye RB5 of 1500 Pt/Co color concentrations with 16890 mg/l TDS collected from El-alamia Company for Dying and Weaving in Egypt. The NF-unit was operated at constant pressure of 10 bars, temperature of 25°C, and flowrate of 420 L/min. SEM, EDX, and FTIR were used for fouling characterization. Using the ROIFA-4 program, the total inorganic fouling load was 1.07 mM/kg present as 49.3% Carbonates, 10.1% Sulfates, 37.2% Silicates, 37.2% Phosphates, and 0.93% Iron oxides. The permeate flux, recovery, salt rejection and mass transfer coefficients of the dye molecules were reduced significantly after fouling. The results clearly demonstrate that the fouling had detrimental effect on membrane performance in dye removal, as indicated by a sharp decrease in permeate flux and dye recovery 68%. The dye mass transfer coefficient was dropped dramatically by 34%, and the salt permeability increased by 14%. In this study, all the properties of the membrane used and the fouling that caused its poor condition are identified. Another study was conducted to regeneration fouled membrane again by chemical methods in another article (Abdel-Fatah et al. 2017).

Synthesis and Characterization of Pectin–Chitosan crosslinked of BADGE for Adsorbents Candidate of Textile Dye Waste Water

The increasing development of the textile industry in Indonesia has resulted in a negative effect on the dyes' wastewater that can pollute the environment. There are several methods developed to reduce the dyestuff levels in water pollution, such as coagulation and flocculation, membrane filtration, adsorption, precipitation, photocatalytic degradation, ion exchange, advanced oxidation, and biological treatment. In order to find out the solution, it is necessary to process liquid dyes waste, which has several advantages, including the relatively low cost and high efficiency in the process of absorbing liquid dyes. Commercial Chitosan and Pectin, Bisphenol A Diglysidyl Ether (BADGE) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Germany), Aceton, Acetic Acid 5%, and Aquadest. Mesoporous Pectin-Chitosan crosslinked BADGE (Pec-Chi-BADGE) membrane was successfully synthesized by the coacervation method, by mixing chitosan solution in 5% acetic acid and pectin solution in aqua dest, then added BADGE as a crosslinker to the solution. The structure and surface characteristics of Chi-Pec-BADGE membranes were analysed using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and XRD. Based on the FTIR characterization indicate that pectin chitosan crosslinked BADGE was successfully synthesized. The results showed that Chi-Pec-BADGE membranes could show the shift of peaks characterized by FTIR meant interactions of functional groups carboxyl, amine, and hydrogen. The results of XRD show that the Chi-Pec-BADGE membranes characteristic was amorphous. Furthermore, SEM data shows that the structure of the adsorbent was porous.