Dyed Cotton Fabrics Research Articles

Characterization and comparison of salt-free reactive dyed cationized cotton hosiery fabrics with that of conventional dyed cotton fabrics

Abstract One of the major problems in reactive dyeing of cotton goods is the usage of salt during the dyeing process. The treatment of coloured salt laden effluent is one of the scorching issues in the textile processing house as it significantly increases the cost of the dyed goods. The coloured salt laden effluent generated after dyeing is to be treated by an effluent treatment process before being discharged. Removal of salt from effluent significantly increases the cost of dyed goods. Cationization of cotton is an effective way to eliminate usage of salt in reactive dyeing process. The aim of this study is to carry out industrial scale cationization of cotton hosiery fabrics by exhaust method followed by salt-free reactive dyeing with ultra-deep jet Black dye of shade 9.95%. Fabric without cationization treatment was dyed by conventional dyeing route which involves usage of salt for the same shade percentage. The colour strength of cationized dyed fabric was found to be almost equal to the conventionally dyed fabrics. The total dye fixation (%) of cationized cotton dyed fabric was 58.2%, whereas for conventional dyed cotton fabric it was 51.7%. The effluent parameters of the both routes were compared and it was found that for salt-free reactive dyeing process, the total dissolved solid (TDS) value was four times lower than the conventional dyeing process. Based on the results obtained, the usage of salt can be eliminated for cationized cotton fabric during reactive dyeing process.

Microwave-assisted extraction and dyeing of chemical and bio-mordanted cotton fabric using harmal seeds as a source of natural dye.

The revival of cultural heritage in a form of natural colorants for textile dyeing is gaining popularity due to their soothing nature and bright shades. The present study was conducted to explore the coloring potential of harmala (Peganum harmala) seeds and to improve color strength of dye using microwave radiations followed by a mordanting process. The results showed that harmala plant seeds could be an excellent source of natural dyes for cotton dyeing if the irradiated acidified methanolic extract (RE, 4min) is used to dye un-irradiated fabric (NRC) at 85°C for 45min using a dye bath of pH9.0 having salt concentration of 7g/100mL. Alum (1%) as pre-mordants and iron (7%) as post-mordants have improved the color strength in chemical mordanting more than other mordants employed. The bio-mordants employed reveal that 10% of acacia as pre-bio-mordants and 7% of acacia as post-bio-mordants are effective amounts to obtain high color strength. Suggested ISO standards for colorfastness illustrate that bio-mordanting has given more excellent rating as compared to chemical mordants. It is concluded that harmala seeds have a great potential to act as a source of natural colorant for cotton dyeing under the influence of microwave radiation.

An Eco-friendly Approach of Cotton Fabric Dyeing with Natural Dye Extracted from Bixa orellana Seeds Employing Different Metallic Mordants

The aim of this project work is to study the application of Bixa orellana seed for dyeing of cotton knitted fabric. To satisfy the future demand for an eco-friendly as well as sustainable dyeing of cotton fabric numeric exploration had been performed in this work. Natural dye was extracted by normal water extraction method with caustic soda from raw seed of Bixa orellana. In this experiment commercially scoured-bleached 100% cotton knitted single jersey structure fabric with an areal density of 140 grams per square meter is used. Pre-mordanting action of cotton fabric samples were carried out using various metallic salts. Samples were dyed using by Glauber Salt + hot wash with Standard Soap, without Glauber Salt + hot wash, Glauber Salt + without hot wash and without Glauber Salt + without hot wash. Color strength of the dyed samples for different dyeing condition was assessed by means of K/S value. To intensify the color strength various mordanting agents were used. Effect of mordanting agents had evaluated by means of K/S value. Best color strength was yield for the samples dyed with Bixa orellana which were mordanted with CuSO4. Impact of electrolyte on color strength had also investigated by means of K/S value. Color fastness of the selected dyed samples to water, washing, perspiration and rubbing were evaluated. Impact of mordanting agents, hot wash and electrolyte were intensively evaluated. In all cases mordanted samples with CuSO4 exhibit best result. This result adumbrates developing a sustainable technology for a cabalistic utilization of Bixa orellana seed for coloration of cotton knitted fabric. The exquisite assessment of all tested properties of colored samples evolves this technology can be commercially implemented by considering few limitations.

The Influence of Dyeing on the Adsorption of Silver and Copper Particles as Antibacterial Agents on to Cotton Fabrics

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the effect of dyeing on the adsorption of silver and copper particles on cotton fabrics was investigated. Vat, direct, and reactive dyes are among the major class of dyes used for cotton fabrics dyeing. In this study, in the first phase, the dyeing of cotton fabrics with direct blue 151, reactive blue 187, and vat blue 6 was performed and in the second phase, the dyed fabrics were immersed and exhausted into a silver and copper solution. The silver and copper solutions were prepared via silver nitrate and copper sulfate salts. The scanning Electron Microscope was applied for morphological study and the elemental analysis was studied by the energy dispersive X-ray. The reflection factor of dyed samples before and after immersion in silver and copper solutions was monitored by using reflectance spectrophotometer analyses. By dyeing cotton with mentioned dyes and usual methods, adsorption of metal on the cotton samples increases. The obtained data show that vat-dyed samples can absorb more silver and copper particles in compare with other dyes. This study may offer an easy way to absorb more amounts of metallic salts as antibacterial agents.

Cotton fabric dyeability assessment of floral extracts obtained from binary mixtures of Callistemon citrinus and Tagetes erecta L

ABSTRACTParameters affecting extraction of natural colorants from five binary mixtures of floral parts of Callistemon citrinus and Tagetes erecta L., like ratio of each flower in the binary mixture of powdered floral parts, amount of powdered binary mixture to liquor ratio and extraction time, were optimized for dyeing of cotton fabric. Optimum dyeing was obtained at 60°C with 70 g/L exhausting agent (Na2SO4), material to liquor ratio of 1:50 along with dyeing time of 100 min. The dyed fabric revealed good anti-bacterial activity and excellent ultraviolet protection factor (UPF).

Synthesis, application and antibacterial activity of new reactive dyes based on thiazole moiety

PurposeThis study aims to synthesise and characterise new reactive dyes based on thiazole derivatives which act as chromophoric moieties. These dyes were applied to cotton fabric, resulting in the dyed fabrics exhibiting good colour strength, light fastness and other fastness properties. The antibacterial activity of the dyed cotton fabric was evaluated against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.Design/methodology/approachThe dyes were synthesised in two steps. First, the coupling compound was formed by adding H-acid solution to cyanuric chloride in an ice bath at pH 5 then adding 4-aminobenzenesulphonic acid portion-wise at room temperature and at pH 6-7. Second, different diazonium salts 4-phenylthiazol-2-amine (2a) and 4-(4-methoxyphenyl) thiazol-2-amine (2b) were coupled with the coupling compound at pH 5. The resultant monochlorotriazine (MCT)-reactive dyes (6a, 6b) were formed. The synthesised dyes were applied onto cotton fabric under typical exhaust dyeing conditions and their dyeing properties were investigated.FindingsHigh antimicrobial activity, dye exhaustion and fixation yield on cotton fabric were recorded for each dye. All dyes showed high stability against washing, rubbing, perspiration and light fastness.Research limitations/implicationsDyeing of cotton fabric with these dyes which have higher fastness, higher exhaustion and higher antibacterial activity is considered one of the most important reactive dyes species.Practical implicationsThe preparation procedure showed the synthesis of the novel MCT-reactive dyes derived from thiazole derivatives followed by the application of these dyes on cotton fabrics.Social implicationsUse of reactive dyes will bring a number of benefits to society including higher fastness and higher antibacterial activity so, and these dyes can be used for dyeing cotton.Originality/valueIn this work, the new reactive dyes derived from thiazole derivatives were synthesised and their structures were confirmed by the analytical and spectral data. Such compounds are considered to be excellent reactive dyes with different colour shades and higher antibacterial activity.

Dyeing of Cotton Fabric using Herbs

In this study an attempt has been focus on developing antibacterial finish using natural herbs. The cotton fabric samples were mordanted using natural mordants pomegranate and myrobalon. The mordanted fabrics were dyed with a natural dye Acacia catechu and the fabrics were finished with three herbal extracts of Tridax procumbens, Plectranthus amboinicus and Mentha piperita by using dip method and pad dry cure method. The Antibacterial finishes of the finished fabrics was assessed against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and concluded that the pomegranate mordanted fabric finished with Tridax procumbens herb using pad dry cure method gives the excellent result due to herbal imparted in fabric helps to protect the human beings free from skin infections, fungal growth and bad odour.

Cotton Fabric Dyeing with Red Onion Skin

Cotton Fabric Dyeing with Red Onion Skin

Hydrolysis of Sugar for Dyeing of Cotton Fabric with Sulphur Black

Hydrolysis of Sugar for Dyeing of Cotton Fabric with Sulphur Black

Synthesis and application of a cationic waterborne polyurethane fixative using quaternary ammonium diol as a chain extender.

In order to improve the stability of waterborne polyurethane fixative during the color-fixing treatment, a novel environment-friendly cationic waterborne polyurethane (CWPU) containing quaternary ammonium groups was synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate, polypropylene glycol, butanone oxime, and N-methyl dihydroxyethyl allyl ammonium chloride (MDAAC) and dispersed in water by using diethylenetriamine as the post-chain extender. The structures of the MDAAC and CWPU were characterized by 1H-NMR and FTIR. Effects of R-value, MDAAC content, post-chain extender and blocking agent on the properties of the waterborne polyurethane emulsion and the rubbing fastness of the treated dyed cotton fabrics were investigated. The investigation results showed that the R-value and the cationic group content of the cationic waterborne polyurethane had no significant effect on the color-fixing performance, but the content of DETA had a great influence on the wet-rubbing fastness. The wet rubbing fastness of the treated cotton fabrics was promoted from grade 1–2 to grade 3. Furthermore, the quaternary ammonium groups were able to provide the surface charges for the stabilization of the resulting polymer in alkaline electrolyte solution which met the requirements of practical applications.

Preparation of a Cationic Environment-friendly Fixing Agent

Initially waste feather protein was used to prepare a reactive cationic crosslinking modified agent, WLS, as a starting material which was used to prepare a quaternary ammonium type cationic environment-friendly fixing agent (named WLSPR) for dyeing cotton fabric with reactive dyes after solid colour processing. In this paper, the degree of staining on white cloth from colored cloth after a soaping process was assessed (by determination of the K/S value) as well as the washing fastness etc. as the evaluation indices. The optimum synthetic conditions of fixing agent WLSPR were determined, and the structure and properties of the additives characterised. The results show that the maximum absorption wavelength of the cationic protein fixing agent WLSPR is 195nm. Synthesis of the environment-friendly fixing agent WLSPR using optimum conditions can reduce white staining during soap washing , effectively improving the cotton fabric in terms of colour fastness to washing and rubbing fastness. Based on infrared spectral characterisation, it was confirmed that the protein-based cationic auxiliary additives were synthesised.

Combinative Scouring, Bleaching, and Cationization Pretreatment of Greige Knitted Cotton Fabrics for Facilely Achieving Salt-Free Reactive Dyeing.

In order to facilely achieve pretreatment and salt-free dyeing of greige knitted cotton fabrics, a combinative scouring, bleaching, and cationization pretreatment of the fabrics is designed in this study. The fabrics are first treated in a bath containing commercial scouring and bleaching agents, and then glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTA) is directly added into the bath to achieve cationization of the fabrics. Utilization of the alkaline and high-temperature conditions in scouring and bleaching process, cationization can facilely proceed in a short time. Optimal pretreatment conditions are as follows: greige knitted cotton fabrics are treated in a bath containing 4 g/L scouring agent and 6 g/L 30% hydrogen peroxide at 90 °C for 60 min, and then 30 g/L GTA and 3 g/L sodium hydroxide are added in the bath for another 15 min treatment. Fiber performances, including whiteness, water absorptivity, diffusion time, and capillary effect, are tested and evaluated. X-ray diffraction analysis, surface morphology, and thermal analysis of the pretreated cotton are also investigated and compared with that treated only with scouring and bleaching agents. Much higher dye fixation and color yield could be realized on the pretreated cotton in salt-free reactive dyeing. Colorimetric properties of the dyes are studied and good colorfastness of the dyes on the cationic fabrics are obtained. All of the above results show promising prospects of this combinative pretreatment in real application.

Extraction of Natural Dye from Osyris Quadripartita and Application in Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics

Extraction of Natural Dye from Osyris Quadripartita and Application in Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics

Effects of Modifying Agents on the Dyeability of Cotton Fabric using Malachite Green Dye

Abstract Changes in thermodynamic parameters as a result of modifying agents on dye uptake of cotton fabric using malachite green (MG) dye was investigated in this study. Five modifying agents {Acetic acid (CH3COOH), hydrated Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3.10H2O), Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)} were used on cotton fabric. The equilibrium exhaustions (%E) were determined before and after modification of the cotton fabric at different concentrations which were 88.24%, 80%, 77.14%, 65.10% and 30.88% for CH3COOH, NaCl, (NH4)2SO4, Na2CO3.10H2O and H2O2 respectively. The results also showed a correlation between the standard affinity(-Δμθ) of dye on cotton fabric and the equilibrium exhaustion. The values of entropy (ΔSθ) and enthalpy (ΔHθ) change revealed the feasibility (spontaneity) and exothermic nature of the reaction. The optimum parameters were attained in acidic solution (CH3COOH) at the highest temperature (70 °C) of dyeing as it showed the highest % efficiency of 88.24%. This work established that modification of cotton fabric with modifying agents is one of the best route to improve the affinity between dye and fabric as it reduces stress, amount of dyes wasted in dyeing, time required to achieve satisfactory results leading to a cost effective environmental friendly approach in the field of cotton dyeing.

Removing the residual cellulase by graphene oxide to recycle the bio-polishing effluent for dyeing cotton fabrics

In this research, a stable graphene oxide (GO) suspension was prepared by chemical reduction method from graphite powder. By TEM, the irregular GO sheets with single-atom-layered structure could be observed. The zeta potentials measurement indicated the surface charges of GO were strongly related to pH. BET analysis showed the GO had a specific surface area of 30.7 m2/g and pore volume of 0.10 cm3/g. When the GO was used to remove the residual cellulase in bio-polishing effluent, it was found the removal capacity reached its maximum value at the pH 4–5. The kinetics studies showed that the removal process of cellulase followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a rate constant (k2) of 0.276 × 10−3 g/mg min and equilibrium adsorption capacity of 278.55 mg/g, respectively. By plotting the adsorption isotherms, it was found the Langmuir model fitted the experimental data well with a cellulase adsorption capacity of 574.71 mg/g, indicating the adsorption of cellulase by GO in a monolayer manner. When dyeing the cotton fabrics with reactive dyes, it was found that the cotton fabrics could acquire similar color properties in the recycled bio-polishing effluent as in fresh water, meaning the effectiveness of removing cellulase by GO and the feasibility of recycling the bio-polishing effluent.

Ecological risk assessment and health safety speculation during color fastness properties enhancement of natural dyed cotton through metallic mordants

Variety and durability of color are presumed as key constrains of natural dyes. So, this study attempts to investigate the effect of metallic mordants on the color fastness properties of ecologically dyed cotton fabric using banana floral stem sap. Color difference was measured in terms of hue (ΔH*), chroma (ΔL*) and value (ΔC*) difference. Metal ions in residual mordanting bath, dyeing wastewater and level of trace metals in the finished fabric surface were accessed to justify the environmental safety and speculate the health risk respectively. Pre-mordanted specimens were dyed at 100 °C for 60 min. Optical properties of extracted sap were observed by UV visible spectroscopy. Dye fixation with fiber was determined by FTIR-ATR spectra. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was employed to determine the trace metals in finished fabric. Effect of metallic mordants were calculated in terms of color fastness to wash, water, perspiration, rubbing and light for estimating the color durability. Except light fastness property almost all color fastness values were 4/5, i.e. very good. Light fastness properties were improved for mordanting action with metallic salts. The level of trace metals in finished fabric were within the safe zone.Graphical abstractMetallic mordant assisted natural dyeing of cotton.

Antibacterial finishing of a dyed cotton fabrics using diospyros mespiliformis leaves extracts

In this study, leaves of Diospyros mespiliformis was extracted using ethanol and macerated with chloroform and ethyl acetate and later screened for antibacterial properties. The antibacterial analysis was performed qualitatively via disc diffusion method (AATCC 147) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as gram negative and gram positive bacteria respectively. The extract shows a significant activity on the isolated micro-organisms as evidenced by a clear zone of inhibition, more so in the ethyl acetate petri dish indicating its potentials in preventing microbial growth. The extract was then used to dye cotton fabrics by pre-mordanting, simultaneous mordanting and post-mordanting processes. The materials were assessed for fastness properties, such as fastness to washing, light, pressing and rubbing based on AATCC standards. The results show a good to moderate fastness properties suggesting that extract of Diospyros mespiliformis can be successfully used for dyeing of cotton fabric in textile industries thereby reducing the pollution and environmental hazards associated with the use of conventional synthetic chemical dyes.

INVESTIGATION OF INDIGO DYEING USING SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE AS REDUCING AGENT

Indigo, one of the oldest dyes, has a very important role for the textile sector. It is primarily used to dye cotton clothes, and blue jeans and over one billion pairs of jeans around the world are dyed blue with indigo. Although Sodium Hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4) is used as a reducing agent in most indigo dyeing processes, it is environmentally unfavorable because of the resultant contaminated toxic wastewater. In addition, the color fastnesses of dyed samples using Na2S2O4 as reducing agent are not good enough.In the present paper sodium borohydride (NaBH4) were used as ecologically safe reduction systems for the indigo dyeing of cotton fabric. After dyeing processes, the color yield and fastnesses according to washing and rubbing were measured, and results were compared.It was found when NaBH4 was used as reducing agent instead of Na2S2O4, the color yield and the fastness properties of the dyed samples improved.

PH-Mediated Antibacterial Dyeing of Cotton with Prodigiosins Nanomicelles Produced by Microbial Fermentation.

This study developed a novel pH-mediated antimicrobial dyeing process of cotton with prodigiosins nanomicelles produced by microbial fermentation. The average diameter of the pigment nanomicelles was 223.8 nm (range of 92.4–510.2 nm), and the pigment concentration was 76.46 mg/L. It was found that the superior dyeing effect of cotton fabric was achieved by adjusting the dye bath pH. When the pH was three, dyed cotton under 90 °C for 60 min exhibited the greatest color strength with good rubbing, washing and perspiration color fastness. By the breaking strength test and XRD analysis, it was concluded that the cotton dyed under the optimum condition almost suffered no damage. In addition, due to the presence of prodigiosins, dyed cotton fabric under the optimal process showed outstanding bacteriostatic rates of 99.2% and 85.5% against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. This research provided an eco-friendly and widely-applicable approach for antimicrobial intracellular pigments with the property of pH-sensitive solubility in water to endow cellulose fabric with color and antibacterial activity.

Sustainable Cotton Dyeing in Nonaqueous Medium Applying Protic Ionic Liquids

Dyeing processes are highly important for differentiation of textile products, and in general, they use a huge amount of water and chemical additives, generating a great environmental impact. In the last years, the interest in finding alternative environmentally friendly solvents for these processes has increased, with a double aim: to decrease the quantity of water used and to improve the dyeing quality. In this work, we analyze an alternative procedure to dye cotton fabrics with only two dyeing agents, a polyfunctional reactive dye and a protic ionic liquid (PIL) as an alternative solvent, avoiding the need for common chemical additives into the conventional process, thus reducing the amount and concentration of pollutants. The proposed procedure allows PIL recycling with no appreciable loss of efficiency, since after dyeing, the unfixed dye remains active in the bath, following the known exhaustion dyeing method. A collection of 13 PILs were studied with the aim of analyzing their effectiveness as dyei...