Dye Test Research Articles

Vesicovaginal Fistula Post Caesarean Hysterectomy

Genitourinary fistula is an abnormal communication between the urinary tract and genital tract, most common being the vesicovaginal fistula. In most of the cases fistula results mainly due to poor obstetric care in developing countries, where as in developed countries most of the urogenital fistulas are iatrogenic. It is mainly diagnosed by clinical examinations and intravesical dye test using methylene blue. Repair can be done via abdominal or vaginal route based on the findings. Here we present a case of 27 years postnatal mother referred to our centre with diagnosis of vesicovaginal fistula post cesarean hysterectomy that was repaired successfully via vaginal approach.
 Keywords: cesaerean hysterectomy, urinary leakage, vesicovaginal fistula

Two-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography compared to three/four-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography for the assessment of tubal occlusion in women with infertility/subfertility: a systematic review with meta-analysis

In this meta-analysis, we aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of 2D- and 3D/4D-HyCoSy for the assessment of tubal occlusion in women with infertility, using a laparoscopic tubal chromoperturbation dye test as the reference standard. Studies assessing 2D- and 3D/4D-HyCoSy for the assessment of tubal occlusion in women with infertility were searched from January 1990 to April 2019 using Medline and Web of Science databases by three of the authors, using the terms: ‘hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography’, ‘sonohysterosalpingography’, ‘HyCoSy’, ‘HyFoSy’, ‘three-dimensional’, ‘four-dimensional’, ‘ultrasound’, ‘tubal patency’ and ‘tubal occlusion’. Data quality was determined using the QUADAS-2 tool. Thirty articles were included; twenty-one studies used 2D-HyCoSy to assess tubal occlusion, six used 3D/4D-HyCoSy, one study used both techniques but in a different set of patients and two used both techniques in the same patients. The risk of bias for most studies was low as determined by QUADAS-2, except for the patient selection domain. Overall, pooled estimated sensitivity and specificity of 2D-HyCoSy were 86% (95% CI = 80%–91%) and 94% (95% CI = 90%–96%), respectively. The corresponding figures for 3D/4D HyCoSy were 95% (95% CI = 89%–98%) and 89% (95% CI = 82%–94%). High heterogeneity was found for both sensitivity and specificity. No statistically significant differences were found between the methods (p = 0.13). We concluded that 2D-HyCoSy has a similar diagnostic performance to 3D/4D-HyCoSy.

Review on the Current Trends of Toxoplasmosis Serodiagnosis in Humans.

Toxoplasmosis is a widely distributed zoonotic infection caused by the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It is mainly transmitted through the ingestion of oocysts shed by an infected cat acting as its definitive host. The key to effective control and treatment of toxoplasmosis is prompt and accurate detection of T. gondii infection. Several laboratory diagnostic methods have been established, including the most commonly used serological assays such as the dye test (DT), direct or modified agglutination test (DAT/MAT), indirect hemagglutination test (IHA), latex agglutination test (LAT), indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), immunochromatographic tests (ICT), and the western blot. Nonetheless, creating specific and reliable approaches for serodiagnosis of T. gondii infection, and differentiating between acute and chronic phases of infection remains a challenge. This review provides information on the current trends in the serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis. It highlights the advantages of the use of recombinant proteins for serological testing and provides insight into the possible future direction of these methods.

Effects of Compressive Stress on Carbonation-Induced Degradation of Oil Well Cement under CO<sub>2</sub> Storage Environment

This paper presents an experimental study to investigate the effects of compressive stress during the CO2 attack on wellbore cement under carbon capture and storage (CCS) conditions. Oil well cement samples were designed to be exposed to humid supercritical CO2 gas and CO2-saturated brine and simultaneously subjected to external compressive stresses with load levels of 0, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the ultimate compressive strength. Morphology changes were determined using phenolphthalein dye testing and scanning electron microscopy. Mineral changes were detected by X-ray diffraction. Relative compressive strength and gas permeability of exposed cement were analyzed. It is shown that the 25% stress level has little effect on degradation of cement while the applied compression load up to 50% increased the compactness of cement and finally slowed down the degradation rate. In contrast, a much higher compressive stress level up to 75% facilitated the generation and propagation of micro-cracks. The stress induced micro-crack finally caused a surge in CO2-rich fluids and then significantly accelerated the degradation rate of oil well cement. Findings from this study expanded the understanding of the integrity of oil well cement for CCS wells.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CREAMS CONTAINING CELECOXIB INCLUSIONS FOR TREATING PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS

Objective: The main objective of the present work was to prepare and evaluate creams of celecoxib inclusions which are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to treat psoriatic arthritis.
 Methods: Celecoxib inclusions were prepared using β-cyclodextrin to increase the solubility. These inclusions were incorporated in creams. Cocoa butter, triethanolamine, stearic acid, methylparaben, gum acacia, and coconut oil were used in cream preparation. Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry studies were carried out for pure celecoxib and inclusions. Viscosity, pH, homogeneity, and type of emulsion under dye test were evaluation parameters done for creams.
 Results: All the results obtained were within the limits and confirmed increased solubility of celecoxib inclusions.
 Conclusion: From the results obtained, increase in solubility of celecoxib drug was confirmed by forming inclusions using β-CD as polymer.

Therapy of Dry Eye Syndrome after Inflammatory Diseases of Cornea

Purpose: evaluation of the efficacy of the drug Tealose® in the therapy of cornea inflammatory diseases consequences such as dry eye syndrome.Patients and methods: 34 patients (34 eyes) with dry eye syndrome after inflammatory diseases of the cornea, aged 28–56 years old were included in the study. Two clinical groups were formed: observation group — 20 subjects (20 eye) and comparison group — 14 subjects (14 eyes). The dynamics of such indicators were estimated under therapy: visual acuity with maximal correction, corneal epithelium entity according fluoresceine dye test, tear production according Schirmer and Norn tests, the grade of dry eye syndrome severity according index of OSDI — Questionnarie. The patients in observation group in addition to the basic therapy, which included instillation antiseptics и 4 % taurine solution, were treated with 3 % solution of tregalose (Tealose®, “Laboratuar Thea”, France) by such mode: using of 4 times daily instillations during 1 month, 1 month break, than continuation of the same regimen instillations during 1 month was performed. The patients in comparison group in addition to the same basic therapy were treated with Visomitin® (“Mitotech”, Russia) by the mode, which was used for tregalose.Results. The improvement of cornea’s epithelization (p < 0,05), increasing of visual acuity with maximal correction (p < 0,05), improvement of tear production (p < 0,05), as well as the OSDI-index (p < 0,05) were revealed in the patients of the observation group. In the patients of the comparison group positive dynamics of these indicators was insignificant and unreliable.Conclusions. Using of 3 % tregalose solution in patients with consequences of inflammatory diseases of the cornea — keratitis leads to effective treatment of “dry eye” syndrome, reduces the severity of epithelization disorders and tendency to scarring in the corneal tissue.

Multimodal communication modulates swimming behavior in sailfin molly (Poecilla Latipinna)

Information received from the external environment modulates reproductive behavior in vertebrates and determines when and with whom to mate. If one of these signals is not received, then the selected behavior may not occur. It is known that chemical and visual signals play a role in reproductive behavior in fish, but whether they work together is not fully understood. We hypothesize that both visual and chemical cues are necessary in reproductive behavior of the sailfin molly, and therefore we expect the fish to respond to multimodal cues in order to complete the reproductive cycle. Our objective was to analyze attractive behavior of sailfin males and females to chemical, visual and chemical + visual cues from the opposite sex. A two‐choice maze constructed of acrylic was split into two sections with each side being 106cm (L) × 30.5cm (w). At the bottom of the maze is an open mixing area, which also doubled as the starting point for each trial. Plastic mesh was placed in each half of the maze to create turbulence and even flow throughout the maze. Water was pumped from the top of the maze using a hose and exited the maze downstream through four drain holes. Previously done dye tests confirmed that the water flow was even throughout each half of the maze and exited through the drain holes without mixing at the exit point for each trial. A small clear box with holes was placed in the maze and used for the chemical + visual signal, a black box with holes was used for the chemical only signals, and a separate clear box with no holes was used for the visual only signal. The fish of the opposite sex being tested was placed in the box located in the maze about 3/4 upstream. At the start of each trial a fish was placed in the mixing area for 10 minutes in order to acclimate. It was then given access to both sides of the maze for 10 minutes which established side preference. Cues were placed on the least preferred side of the maze in order to avoid bias and the fish behavior was observed for another 10 minutes for each cue. A Wilcox rank test was used to determine the preference for each cue. Behavioral responses showed a significant visual and a visual+chemical preference for both sexes. Visual cues had higher index of preference than visual+chemical cues, which suggest a deterrent component in sailfin odors. Chemical cues alone did not elicit swimming behavior. Although it was demonstrated in previous studies that male chemical cues induce release sex steroid release in female sailfin molly. This study shows that multimodal cues are critical for the reproductive behavior of sailfin molly and opens a new avenue of research in communication of live‐bearing species.

Toxoplasmosis: An overlooked cause of confusion in a patient with myasthenia gravis

Abstract Background Immunosuppressive medications are often under-recognised risk factors for toxoplasmosis in non-HIV persons. Case report A 58-year-old male presented to our hospital with a three-day history of confusion, change in behaviour, and vomiting. Diffusion-weighted MRI revealed two frontal and one thalamic ring-enhancing lesions associated with significant oedema, suspicious of multiple cerebral abscesses. The patient underwent surgical brain biopsies twice to establish the pathological diagnosis. After negative bacterial and fungal cultures and 16S rDNA PCR results, a suspicion of cerebral toxoplasmosis was made after noting exposure to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as an immunosuppressive agent for myasthenia gravis. Result The diagnosis was suggested by positive toxoplasma serum IgG, Sabin-Feldman dye test, and brain tissue PCR. Following anti-toxoplasma treatment and cessation of MMF, the patient made a good neurological and functional recovery. Conclusion This is the first described case of cerebral toxoplasmosis developing on MMF monotherapy, with six other published cases developing on MMF with other concurrent immunosuppressant medication. These few descriptions suggest a rare or under-reported phenomenon. This case highlights the importance of considering cerebral toxoplasmosis in non-HIV persons on immunosuppressive therapy for inflammatory neuromuscular disorders.

Fine Mapping of Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency in a Rural Malaria Area of South West Odisha Using the Clinical, Hematological and Molecular Approach.

IntroductionThe aim of the study was to enumerate the clinical, hematological, and molecular spectrum of G6PD deficiency in malaria endemic regions of south west Odisha.MethodsDiagnosis of G6PD deficiency was made by using the Di-chloroindophenol Dye test in two south west districts (Kalahandi and Rayagada) of Odisha State. Demographic and clinical history was taken from each individual using a pre-structured questionnaire. Molecular characterization of G6PD deficiency was done using PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing.ResultsA total of 1981 individuals were screened; among them, 59 (2.97%) individuals were G6PD deficient. The analysis revealed that G6PD deficiency was more among males (4.0%) as compared to females (2.3%). Prevalence of G6PD deficiency was significantly higher among tribal populations (4.8%) as compared to non-tribal populations (2.4%) (p=0.012, OR=2.014, 95%CI=1.206–3.365). Twenty four individuals with G6PD deficiency had mild to moderate anemia, whereas 26 G6PD deficient individuals had a history of malaria infection. Among them, 3 (11.5%) required blood transfusion during treatment. Molecular analysis revealed G6PD Orissa as the most common (88%) mutation in the studied cohort. G6PD Kaiping (n=3), G6PD Coimbra (n=2) and G6PD Union (n=1) were also noted in this cohort.ConclusionThe cumulative prevalence of G6PD deficiency in the present study is below the estimated national prevalence. G6PD deficiency was higher among tribes as compared to non-tribes. Clinical significance for G6PD deficiency was noted only in malaria infected individuals. Rare G6PD Kaiping and G6PD Union variants were also present.

Vesicovaginal fistula following pelvic surgery: Our experiences and recommendations for diagnosis and prompt referral.

Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is an uncommon but known complication of pelvic surgery. Post-operative urine leakage should generate a high index of clinical suspicion for early diagnosis of VVF. This study aims to identify areas for improvement and provide recommendations for timely and accurate diagnosis of VVF to minimise patient morbidity. A retrospective observational study of all patients who underwent VVF repairs unrelated to malignancies in a ten-year period at two primary referral centres in Brisbane was performed to review the aetiology, performance of investigative tests and management of these cases. A total of 56 patients were studied with the identification of significant delays to diagnosis and referral, the performance of multiple unnecessary tests and low rates of primary surgeon referral. Early recognition of VVF and assessment by outpatient methylene blue dye test can provide quick same-day diagnosis and minimise patient suffering. We hope this will alert gynaecologists and provide guidelines for diagnosis and improved management to allow for prompt referral and repair of genitourinary fistula.

Intracellular oxidative damage due to antibiotics on gut bacteria reduced by glutathione oxidoreductase-derived antioxidant molecule GM15.

The human gut consists of > 1000 different bacterial species for the smooth functioning of the gut. In normal conditions, the antioxidant system present in cells minimize the effects of reactive oxygen species. Upon exposure to antibiotics, there is a rise in ROS level which induces oxidative stress to the cells, ultimately killing the cells. Two broad-spectrum antibiotics, streptomycin and gentamicin at a concentration of 50µM and 25µM, were treated with Bacillus subtilis SRMIST201901 (MN726522) and B. cereus SRMIST201902 (MN726923); the treatment reduced the cell counts. Considering the bacterial defense property which relies on the antioxidant mechanism, in this study, we have reported an antioxidant peptide (GM15) derived from glutathione oxidoreductase of spirulina (or called cyanobacteria) Arthrospira platensis (Ap) which reduced the intracellular oxidative stress. Cellular ROS detection was confirmed by fluorescent-associated cell sorting (FACS) using the DCFDA dye. Resazurin dye test also confirmed the activity of peptide on the growth of the Bacillus sp. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that there was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the intracellular oxidative stress on treating with GM15 peptide. Overall, the study indicates the influence of antioxidant peptide on the intracellular oxidative stress, leading to the development of an antioxidant drug from glutathione oxidoreductase of A. platensis against oxidative-related stresses.

Study of patient outcome in endoscopic dacrocystorhinosomy using a microdebrider in chronic dacryocystitis patients

Background: Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) has become accepted as a suitable treatment for patients with chronic dacryocystitis. In this study authors did endoscopic dacrocystorhinosomy using a microdebrider, which is a recent advancement tool being used successfully in other endoscopic sinus surgeries also. Limited studies are available as of now on this topic.Methods: A total number of 33 patients (with 40 affected eyes) presenting with complains of epiphora having nasolacrimal duct obstruction were selected. They underwent an endoscopic DCR in which dissection of some nasal mucosa and widening of bony ostium was done using a microdebrider. Silicone stent was passed into the nasolacrimal duct through both punctum. Patient outcome was assessed by using both objective (endoscopy and dye test) and subjective (improved symptoms) criteria. Standard follow up time for clinical course was kept 3 months with weekly visits.Results: Patients which got relief from epiphora in 37 eyes (92.5% cases) had no obstruction on endoscopy and positive dye test. Rest (7.5 % cases) had presence of granulation tissue at rhinostoma site and negative dye test, which was cited as the cause of failure.Conclusions: The use of microdebrider is potentially beneficial in endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy. By using such an instrument, the minimal amount of tissue damage occurs, a large fistula is formed, and the recurrence due to the formation of adhesions/synechiae/granulations is prevented/reduced thus reducing the time of surgery, complications and failure rate.

Internal hydraulics and wind effect in a surface flow constructed wetland receiving agricultural drainage water

Variations of internal water velocities in surface flow constructed wetlands (SF-CWs) affect the hydraulic efficiency and are responsible for heterogeneous distribution of the biogeochemical processes. Internal obstructions, short circuiting due to the presence of immobile zones, and incomplete mixing are among the main culprits. In this study, a high resolution spatial analysis of solute transport is presented aiming at identifying internal flow preferentiality of the system and the influence of wind effects. Dye (Uranine) and salt (Bromide) tracer tests were performed in a compartment-designed SF-CW constituted of alternated deep and shallow zones. Water samples were collected from the outflow and a number of internal stations located according to a 3-transect system at two different depths. Bromide outflow and internal breakthrough curves (BTCs) were fitted using the tank-in-series (TIS) model. The results showed that the hydraulic efficiencies at internal stations (0.08–1.63) generally decreased with increasing distances from the tracer injection point. Both spline interpolation and dye tracer results showed preferential flow alongside the southern side of the SF-CW. Analysis further showed that the shallow zones and the wind blowing in opposite direction to the flow facilitate water mixing and recirculation. The method is a valuable exploiting tool for already operating SF-CWs.

Investigations into the First Operational Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System in Wallonia (Belgium): What Can Potentially Be Expected?

In the context of energy transition, new and renovated buildings often include heating and/or air conditioning energy-saving technologies based on sustainable energy sources, such as groundwater heat pumps with aquifer thermal energy storage. A new aquifer thermal energy storage system was designed and is under construction in the city of Liège, Belgium, along the Meuse River. This system will be the very first to operate in Wallonia (southern Belgium) and should serve as a reference for future shallow geothermal developments in the region. The targeted alluvial aquifer reservoir was thoroughly characterized using geophysics, pumping tests, and dye and heat tracer tests. A 3D groundwater flow heterogeneous numerical model coupled to heat transport was then developed, automatically calibrated with the state-of-the-art pilot points method, and used for simulating and assessing the future system efficiency. A transient simulation was run over a 25 year-period. The potential thermal impact on the aquifer, based on thermal needs from the future building, was simulated at its full capacity in continuous mode and quantified. While the results show some thermal feedback within the wells of the aquifer thermal energy storage system and heat loss to the aquifer, the thermal affected zone in the aquifer extends up to 980 m downstream of the building and the system efficiency seems suitable for long-term thermal energy production.

Extended bladder catheterization for women with positive dye tests after obstetric vesicovaginal fistula repair surgery.

To determine the success rate and factors that result in a negative dye test after extended bladder catheterization after surgery for obstetric fistula. A retrospective cohort study was carried out on women who underwent obstetric fistula repair in Malawi and had ≥14days of bladder catherization. Variables such as age, class of fistula, previous repairs, menopausal status, and HIV status were examined for association with successful healing at the end of the catheterization period. Fifty-two patients had a positive dye test after the intended period of catheterization and the catheterization period was extended by 7days. Of these patients, 29 (55.7%) had a subsequent negative dye test. Older women (mean age 28.4years) who developed a fistula were more likely to have a negative dye test after extended catheterization, compared to their younger counterparts (mean age 20years) (P=0.0018). Other variables were not found to be significantly different between the two groups. More than half of the patients with a positive dye test had complete closure of the fistula defect after an extension of bladder decompression. It is reasonable to consider an extension of bladder catheterization for 7days after an initial positive dye test.

Evaluation of Welded Joints in P91 Steel under Different Heat-Treatment Conditions

P91 steel has been of interest to many researchers over the past two decades. This interest is because this steel has very interesting characteristics for application in power plants, where it is common to have pipes that need to support steam at temperatures between 570 and 600 °C, and at pressures in the range of 170 to 230 bar. These working conditions are quite severe for most common steels, requiring increased high-temperature mechanical strength as well as high creep resistance. The manufacture of these pipes normally includes welding operations, which must preserve the main characteristics of this type of steel. This justifies the concern of the researchers to ensure the best welding conditions so that the preservation of the properties of these steels becomes possible. The present work intends to depict the best results obtained varying the heat-treatment conditions applied to weldments made on heat-resistant steel P91. This steel usually takes the designation SA 213 T91 (seamless tube) or SA 335 P91 (seamless pipe), according to ASME II, as well as the designation X10CrMOVNb9-1 according to EN 10216-2. The purpose of this study is to compare the behavior of pipe welding under different post-welding heat-treatment (PWHT) conditions. One of them is performed with thermal cycles (preheating, post-heating, and the post-weld heat treatment) in agreement with most construction codes and standard rules. The second one is performed without any thermal cycle before and after welding. Both welds were made by the same process, TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas, or GTAW—Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) in the horizontal position (2G according to ASME IX) and the same welding parameters. In order to evaluate the results obtained in the welds, microstructure analyses, hardness measurements, bending tests, and tensile tests at room and high temperature (600 °C) have been performed. Other tests were also carried out according to the quality procedures, such as visual, penetrant dye, and X-ray tests. Regarding the different strategies used in the heat treatments, the best results have been obtained using a strategy similar to the one currently in use and recommended by construction codes and steel manufacturers but excluding the phases’ transformation time, and it was possible to observe that the tensile strength is impaired by about 2% to 9% at room and elevated temperatures, respectively; the elongation is reduced by 39% at room temperature but keeps a good performance at elevated temperature; the hardness profile is very similar at both temperatures; the microstructure presented is compatible with the requirements; and no cracking trend has been reported. Thus, a new strategy for the welding heat treatment of grade 91 steels was drawn, saving energy and processing time.

Experimental Toxoplasmosis in Pigeons (Columba livia)

The purpose of the present study was to establish experimental model of toxoplasmosis in pigeons, to investigate pathogenesis and compare tissue lesions by clinical, histopathological, serological and bioassay techniques. Total of 60 unknown aged pigeons (Columba livia), 21 males and 39 females were used. They were divided into groups as oral (Group I and II) and parenteral (Group III, IV, V and VI) infection groups (Table 1). While some pigeons in Group IV showed acute infection signs such as anorexia, weight loss, pale cockscomb, bend of head and neck and partial paralyze; chronic infection signs such as anorexia, weakness, weight loss, diarrhea, difficulties in breathing, and conjunctivitis were seen in Group IV, V, and VI. In necropsy, the pigeons in Group IV had hyperemia and focal hemorrhages in the meninges and brain; the pigeons in Groups V and VI had yellowish color of the liver, the pigeons in Group V had the pale chest muscles, pericardial thickening and opaqueness. There were no macroscopic findings in pigeons in Group I and III. Histopathological examination revealed nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis and tachyzoites and bradyzoite cysts formation of T. gondii in brain tissue, lymphoid cell infiltration and necrotic focal hepatitis and nephritis in Group IV. While pigeons in Group V had nonsuppurative focal myositis, myocarditis, hepatitis, gastritis, enteritis, pneumonitis, and necrotic pancreatitis, one of them had toxoplasma bradyzoite cyst in the sinusoid in the liver. In group VI, nonsuppurative focal hepatitis, myocarditis, nephritis and necrotic pancreatitis were detected in pigeons. Bioassay tests were performed with tissue samples taken from seropositive pigeons and parasitic tachyzoites were isolated from the peritoneal fluid of the mice. Seropositivity in the oral and parenteral groups was determined by Sabin-Feldman Dye Test (SFDT) and Indirect Hemagglutination Assay (IHA). As a result; in similar studies that will be performed investigating pathogenesis of Toxoplasmosis and subclinical cases that may be overlooked, serologic tests and bioassay applications should be used together for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.

Intraoperative Dye Test in Total Laryngectomy: A Technique to Reduce the Incidence of Pharyngocutaneous Fistula.

Background:Pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) could complicate laryngectomy in advanced disease. The cause is multifactorial, and this may include poor technique in pharyngeal repair. Intraoperative assessment of the repaired mucosa integrity for adequate closure may reduce PCF, but this is not routinely done.Objective:The objective of this study is to describe a novel technique that has been successfully used to ascertain intraoperative pharyngeal repair integrity.Methods:Thirty-one patients who had total laryngectomy and pharyngeal reconstruction for locally advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were studied. Connell extramucosal suturing technique was used for the mucosal repair. Thereafter, a small feeding tube was introduced through the oral cavity to the site of the pharyngeal repair, and diluted methylene-blue dye was injected through it while digitally occluding the cervical esophagus. Whenever leakage of the dye was seen, the leakage site (s) was repaired. Thereafter, the dye test would be repeated to confirm the integrity of the repair.Results:Their mean age was 53.4 ± 10.9 years. Seven (22.6%) patients had Stage 3 disease and 24 (77.4%) had Stage 4 disease. All the patients had neck dissection, whereas 3 (9.7%) patients had salvage laryngectomy postradiotherapy. Dye test was performed intraoperatively for all the patients and leakages were seen in 4 (12.9%) patients which were successfully repaired. Oral feeding was commenced on the fifth postoperative day, and none of the patients had PCF.Conclusion:Performing a dye test intraoperatively helps detect the point of leakage and immediate repair will prevent PCF.

Water in Oil W/O Pickering Emulsion Encapsulated in Oil in Water O/W Emulsion: A Double Emulsion for Poorly Soluble Drugs

There are two problems that hinder the use of double emulsions in pharmacies: large-scale equipment not available for one-step emulsification and obtaining a double emulsion and ingredients available to replace the tension-active agents as primary emulsifier because these surfactants are toxic. To overcome these difficulties, a two-stage emulsification strategy has been developed, first generating a water-in-oil Pickering emulsion stabilized by magnesium oxide particles and then the double W/O/W emulsion, thereby reducing significantly the amount of voltage-active. Pickering emulsions are surfactant-free emulsions, stabilized by colloidal particles. These systems are experiencing renewed interest on the one hand, because it is preferable to limit the use of synthetic surfactants for ecological reasons, and on the other hand, because the functionalization of particles has undergone recent advances. It is possible to make very simple calibrated emulsions of controlled size, exploiting a phenomenon called limited coalescence. The Bancroft rule served as a model for the formulation. The emulsification was carried out using a rotor stator mixer. The stability of these emulsions has been studied using several parameters (pH, conductivity, droplet size, dye test). The dye test and the conductivity measurement confirmed the W/O nature of the emulsion and W/O/W nature of the double emulsion. This study showed that we were able to develop a saturated double W/O/W emulsion.

Hysterolaparoscopy (pan-endoscopy) in the management of female infertility in Nigeria: A report of 230 cases

Background: Hysterolaparoscopy has emerged as a better evaluation tool than laparoscopy and dye test in cases of infertility because of the ability to evaluate intra uterine lesions. Objective: To examine the role of Hysterolaparoscopy in the management of infertile women who were seen in 2 Fertility/ Gynaecological Endoscopy units in Nigeria. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive survey of the first 230 infertile women who were managed in the fertility and Gynaecological endoscopy units of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi Anambra State, Nigeria and Holy Rosary Specialist Hospital & Maternity, Onitsha, Nigeria. Data were analyzed with STATA software, version 12.0 SE (Stata Corporation, TX, USA). Result: The mean age of the women was 35.6+/- 5.9 years and the mean duration of infertility was 4.6+/- 2.7 years. More than half (53.9%. n=43) of the women had secondary infertility. Ninety -eight (42.61%) of the women had done a pelvic surgery in the past and pelvic ultrasound study was abnormal in 95(41.3%) of them. Abnormal hysteroscopy was found in 152 (66.1%) of the women and comprised mainly of intrauterine adhesions (41.%; n=95), endometrial polyps (20.%; n= 46), submucous fibroids (16.1%; n=37) and mullerian duct abnormalities (14.8%; n=34). Other findings were lost IUCD (6.1%'n=14), retained fetal bone (2.6%; n=6) and incarcerated omentum (2.2%; n=5). Abnormal laparoscopy findings were seen in 171 (74.4%) of the women. The main abnormal laparoscopy findings were tubal pathologies (161, n=70.0%), pelvic adhesions (39.6%, n=91), polycystic ovaries (33.0%; n=76), and endometriosis (8.8%, n=19). Tubal pathologies comprised mainly tubal occlusions (56.5%, n=130), hydrosalpinx (41.7%, n= 96) and plastered tubes (25.7%, n=59). Bilateral tubal occlusion was seen in 46 (20.0%). Conclusion: Hysterolaparoscopy is an effective tool for evaluating tuboperitoneal and intrauterine lesions among infertile women. There is a need to develop the capacity for this investigative modality.