Percentage Of Dye Removal Research Articles

Visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B dye onto TiO2/rGO nanocomposites

In the current study, a series of reduced graphene oxide coated titanium dioxide nanocomposites (TiO 2 /rGO) were fabricated via a simple hydrothermal synthetic route using graphite flakes and titanium (IV) oxysulfate - sulfuric acid hydrate as precursors for rGO and TiO 2 synthesis, respectively. The TiO 2 /rGO nanocomposites were fabricated with various weight ratios of rGO (5, 10, and 15%) and their photocatalytic activity against Rhodamine B (RhB) dye removal was investigated. The composition, optical activity, morphology, and porosity of the obtained nanomaterials were determined using different techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and Raman spectroscopy. Hence the XRD results showed that the TiO 2 /rGO nanocomposites were successfully fabricated. The TEM images exhibited the efficient distribution of TiO 2 NPs on the rGO nanosheets. The significant structural changes in TiO 2 /rGO nanocomposites were reflected in the Raman spectra, indicating nanocomposite hybridization. The optical bandgap of the as-synthesized nanomaterials was slightly shifted from 3.14 eV (bare TiO 2 ) to 2.75 eV (TiO 2 /rGO 15%). Based on the photocatalytic degradation results, the best removal percentage of RhB dye was approached by TiO 2 /rGO (5%) at optimum conditions ([RhB]= 15 ppm, pH 9, catalyst dose= 1.2 g/L, and irradiation time= 120 min). The highly efficient TiO 2 /rGO (5%) nanocomposite showed enhanced photocatalytic behavior for the degradation of RhB dye, with a maximum removal percentage of (∼94.55%). Various reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers were employed to study the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of RhB dye. The TiO 2 /rGO (5%) nanocomposite showed good cycling stability for five cycles. • The TiO 2 /rGO nanocomposites were fabricated with various weight ratios of rGO (5, 10, and 15%) • The morphological images exhibited the efficient distribution of TiO 2 NPs on the rGO nanosheets. • The UV-Vis spectra showed that the bandgap values of the nanocomposites decreased with increasing the concentration of the reduced graphene oxide. • The highly efficient TiO 2 /rGO (5%) nanocomposite showed enhanced photocatalytic behavior for the degradation of RhB dye, with a maximum removal percentage of (∼94.55%).

Application of RSM for Bioremoval of Methylene Blue Dye from Industrial Wastewater onto Sustainable Walnut Shell (Juglans regia) Biomass

Dyes are a significant group of organic contaminants known to negatively affect both humans and aquatic environments. In the textile industry, interest in agricultural-based adsorbents has increased, particularly around adsorption. In this study, methylene blue was eliminated from an aqueous solution using a walnut (Juglans regia) shell. These materials are widely available and inexpensive, and its cost can be a major factor in wastewater treatment batch experiments. Response surface methodology (RSM) is based on a face-centred central composite design, used to identify the independent variable. With the use of RSM, the biomass of J. regia shells was assessed for its capacity to absorb dyes from aqueous solutions, including methylene blue. Maximum methylene blue dye removal percentages (97.70%) were obtained with a 30 mg/L concentration of methylene blue dye, 1.5 gm of biomass, an initial pH of 6, and a contact duration of 60 min at 25 °C. Additionally, particles were absorbed onto the J. regia shell’s surface throughout the biosorption process, according to scan electron microscopy. Functional groups were discovered in the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy spectra, which are crucial for binding during the biosorption of methylene blue. It has been demonstrated that J. regia shell biomass performs well as a biosorbent in the removal of methylene blue from wastewater effluents. It is also a promising, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, economical, and cost-effective biosorbent.

RAW OYSTER SHELL SORBENT FOR REMOVAL OF CONGO RED DYE

Raw oyster shell was successfully prepared as an adsorbent for removing Congo Red (C.R.) dye in an aqueous solution using an adsorption technique. The various parameters influencing this adsorption process, such as adsorbent size, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time, pH, agitation speed and agitation time, were studied. The maximum percentage of dye removal of 96.3% was obtained at the optimised conditions of 75 μm of adsorbent size, 1.0 g of adsorbent dosage, 30 mg/L of initial dye concentration, pH 3, 110 rpm of agitation speed and 75 min of agitation time. The experimental data were analysed using two adsorption models, the Langmuir isotherm model and the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption data obtained well fitted for the Langmuir isotherm model indicate a monolayer adsorption reaction involved during the adsorption process. The result shows that raw oyster shells could be employed as a suitable alternative adsorbent to remove Congo red dye in an aqueous solution.Keywords: raw oyster shell, adsorption, congo red

The Biogenic Synthesis of Cobalt Monometallic and Cobalt–Zinc Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Cymbopogan citratus L. Leaf Extract and Assessment of Their Activities as Efficient Dye Removal and Antioxidant Agents

In this work, green synthesized cobalt monometallic and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were prepared by bioreduction of metallic salts with Cymbopogan citratus plant extract. Biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were characterized using diverse techniques such as FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and EDX analyses. UV-visible spectra for green-synthesized cobalt monometallic and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were in the range between 300 to 350 nm, which confirmed the formation of stable monometallic and bimetallic NPs. The average particle size of CoNPs calculated by XRD analysis was found to be 22.77 nm and that of Co-Zn BMNPs was 14.8 nm. Different functional groups in the Cymbopogan citratus plant extract, which served as a reducing and stabilizing agent for NPs, were identified by FTIR spectra. Cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were used in the evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and dye degradation activity. Green-synthesized cobalt monometallic NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with the scavenging of DPPH free radicals. Green synthesized cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were utilized for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye. Different parameters such as the effect of temperature, pH, and dye concentration on adsorbent doses were analyzed and optimized. The best dye removal percentage was obtained with Co-Zn BMNPs compared with CoNPs. Cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs did not display good anti-inflammatory activity because of the presence of secondary metabolites which inhibited them to react with proteins.

BIOCHAR DERIVED FROM SLOW PYROLYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION AS SORBENT IN REMOVAL OF METHYLENE BLUE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

In this study, biochar (BC) derived from slow pyrolysis of spruce sawdust and activated BC with HNO3 were used as sorbents to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from the aqueous solution. BC was prepared by pyrolysis at temperatures of 200, 300, 400, and 500 °C. Based on the screening results, the two BCs (BC prepared at 400 °C and BC prepared at 500 °C) exhibiting a higher percentage of dye removal were selected to investigate further the effect of factors, including contact times 15, 30, and 60 minutes and the amount of dosage – BC 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 g / 8 mL. The sorption efficiency of MB was determined by measuring the absorbance of the solutions after sorption in a UV / VIS area of 665 nm. BC prepared at 500 °C was found to perform better than BC prepared at 400 °C and activated BC by HNO3 and has more than 95 % rate of methylene dye adsorption.

Separation of organic contaminant (dye) using the modified porous metal-organic framework (MIL)

Herein, the porous metal-organic framework (MIL-88B: Materials Institute Lavoisier) was synthesized and identified by FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy), and XRD (X-ray powder diffraction) analyses. Then MIL-88B was modified using 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane and presented as NH2-MIL-88B. The synthesized materials were used to separate direct red dye 23 (DR23) as an organic contaminant from water. The effect of various important factors such as the amount of adsorbent, initial concentration of contaminants, and pH was investigated. The results showed that the modified adsorbent (NH2-MIL-88B) had a higher adsorption capacity than the row adsorbent (MIL-88B). The amount of dye adsorption is high at lower pH values. The percentage of DR23 dye removal was complete under optimal conditions. Increasing the amount of adsorbent (0.001–0.003 g) and decreasing the pH (2.1–8.1) increases the percentage of dye removal and increasing the concentration of contaminant (50–125 mg/L) reduces the dye removal in the process. Isotherm data showed that the adsorption process followed the Langmuir model. Also, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were used to investigate the adsorption kinetics. Dye adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics with correlation coefficient (0.99 <). The results showed that the modified adsorbent could be used as a suitable adsorbent with a high adsorption capacity for dye removal from water.

Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) by Absorbsion on Zeolit Cuo Catalyst

The pollution caused by dyestuffs has been a serious environmental problem for years. Within the overall category of dyestuffs, Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) is an anthraquinone dye used in textile industries. This paper concerns the study of the different experimental parameters which affect the decolorization efficiency of the RBBR mixture. Thermal degradation is done by carried out with 4 mL of 10 ppm RBBR solution into the reaction flask. Added a number of H2O2 and CuO zeolite catalyst. The reactor was heated in oil bath glycerin and stirred for 90 minutes. The optimum catalyst weight was obtained at 100 mg, which was able to decrease the reaction time 50 minutes compared to the reaction without catalyst. The percentage of dye removal on this catalyst loading was 96.26%. The micro pores of CuO zeolite is about 20 nm, which shows formation of nanoCuO particles in zeolite structure. This structural feature may be important since it increases the total surface area. The diffusion into such pores can explain the absorption capacity.

Two-stage adsorber optimization of NaOH-prewashed oil palm empty fruit bunch activated carbon for methylene blue removal

Abstract The objective of the present work was to evaluate the performance of two-stage adsorber of activated carbon from oil palm empty fruit bunch for methylene blue removal. The model was developed to predict optimum adsorbent mass and time at a specified volumes and concentrations of dye solution. Results show that the adsorbent mass can be reduced by 6.67%. Operating time taken to attain the equilibrium in a two-stage adsorber has dramatically decreased from 22 h to 0.52 h. In the performance evaluation, the adsorbent mass in stage-1 is higher than in stage-2, which lessen the workload to achieve equilibrium. A two-stage adsorber aids to optimize the mass and contact time for different percentage of dye removal that economically feasible for industrial applications.

Synergistic sorption performance of karaya gum crosslink poly(acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile) @ metal nanoparticle for organic pollutants

In this work, we tailor facile hydrogels nanocomposite (HNC) based on sustainable karaya gum for water treatment. Karaya gum crosslink poly(acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile) @ silver nanoparticle (KG-cl-P(AAm-co-AN)@AgNPs) HNC were made by an aqueous free radical in situ crosslink copolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AA) in aqueous solution of KG-stabilized AgNPs. FTIR, XRD, DTA–TGA, SEM, and TEM were used to characterize HNC. The hydrogels' swelling, diffusion, and network characteristics were investigated. The removal efficiency of HNC was found to be 99% at pH 8 for a crystal violet (CV), dose of 0.02 g after 1 h. Dye adsorption by these hydrogels was also investigated in terms of isotherms, and kinetics. The dye's exceptionally high adsorption capacity on HNC for CV removal is explained by H-bonding interactions, as well as dipole-dipole and electrostatic interactions between anionic adsorbent and cationic dye molecules (Qmax, 1000 mg/g). The HNC can be regenerated with 0.1 M HCl and reused at least 10 times maintaining over 68% dye removal. The loading of AgNPs into the polymeric matrix of KG-cl-P(AAm-co-AN) significantly increases the removal percentage of CV dye from its aqueous solution, according to this study.

Recycling of Conditioned Alum Sludge Use as an Adsorbent for Decolorization of Effluents From the Textile Industry

Alum sludge from Kedwan station in Minia, Egypt conditioned with lime +ferric chloride mixture was utilized to adsorb Methylene Blue dye (MB). In this study, groups of batch experiments were designed to explore Equilibrium adsorption of MB onto the alum sludge. The percentage dye removal using alum sludge was 87.5% and the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 67.94 (mgdye/galum sludge). With regard to adsorption capacity; Equilibrium modeling has been executed using the Langmuir and the Freundlich, isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm adapted the experimental data more than Freundlich isotherms based on the high value of the correlation coefficient and graphical presentation. Experimental results on laboratory-scale indicated that reutilization of alum sludge as an effective and low-cost adsorbent for treatment of colored effluents thus, could be considered as alternative for the high cost commercial activated carbon and may be useful in solving environmental issues and waste management.

Aspergillus flavus-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial, Anti-Candida, Acaricides, and Photocatalytic Activities

Aspergillus flavus F5 was used to reduce AgNO3 to form silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) that were monitored by a color change from colorless to yellowish-brown. The characterizations were achieved by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, TEM, SEM-EDX, and XRD. Data showed that there was a successful formation of crystalline, spherical shape Ag-NPs with a particle average size of 12.5 ± 5.1 nm. The FT-IR clarified the role of various functional groups in the reducing/capping process. EDX-SEM revealed that the main component of the as-formed sample was set to be mainly Ag with a weight percentage of 46.1%. The synthesized Ag-NPs exhibit antibacterial and anti-Candida activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis, with inhibition zones ranging between 9.3 ± 0.5 to 20.8 ± 0.3 nm based on concentrations used and MIC values between 6.25 to 25 ppm. The mortality percentages of Tyrophagus putrescentiae mite species due to the mixing of their diet with different Ag-NPs concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg were 55.7 ± 2.1, 73.3 ± 1.5, and 87.4 ± 1.6% respectively after 20 days post-treatment. The catalytic activity of Ag-NPs to degrade methylene blue (MB) was investigated in the presence and absence of light irradiation. Data showed that a high photocatalytic degradation of MB compared with dark conditions at various times and concentrations. At a concentration of 70 mg/30 mL after 200 min., the dye removal percentages were 86.4 ± 0.4% in the presence of light irradiation versus 66.5 ± 1.1% in dark conditions.

Organophilicized Bentonite for Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue (MB) Dye in Aqueous Medium: Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies

HDTMA and TMPA cations intercalated bentonite clay has been assessed for the effective removal of methylene blue dye (MB) in aqueous solution. The adsorbents has been characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Various sorption parameters like effect of initial MB concentration, contact time and pH were used to investigate the sorption process. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms as well as Pseudo First order, Pseudo Second order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were applied to investigate the sorption mechanisms. Results from the adsorption experiment confirmed 180 minutes as equilibrium time for maximum sorption of MB by both organoclays. Increase in initial MB concentration resulted to a corresponding increase in the adsorption capacities of both organoclays. Adsorption of MB by the organoclays were highly influenced by pH, as maximum sorption of MB was achieved at pH of 7. Among the isotherm and kinetic models exploited, the Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo second order kinetic model gave best fit to the experimental data respectively. Results from thermodynamic studies showed that the process of adsorption of MB onto the organoclays were feasible, spontaneous and exothermic; and successful reapplication of regenerated spent organoclays (Bt-HDTMA and Bt-TMPA) yielded MB dye removal percentage of 89.6 and 85.3% respectively at 60 minutes contact time. Therefore, the results obtained from the entire study confirms the efficacy of HDTMA and TMPA intercalated bentonite clay for effective removal of cationic dyes in aqueous solution at optimal experimental conditions

Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies of new materials based on xanthan gum and cobalt ferrite for dye adsorption

The present work is focused on developing new eco‐friendly materials based on xanthan gum (XG) and cobalt ferrite (CF) nanoparticles with adsorptive properties. CF powder was prepared by the co‐precipitation method. Esterification of XG was performed in order to improve its hydrophobic character, resulting in xanthan acrylate (XGAC). Thin films were prepared and characterized. The influence of pH and materials' composition on their water uptake capacity was investigated. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to evaluate the dye adsorption capacity of the materials. Materials comprising CF showed the highest values of dye removal percentage (up to 83%). The adsorption capacity of XGACCF for Methyl Blue (MB) was 65.56 mg g−1, while the same material retained 63.35 mg g−1 of Basic Fuchsine (BF) dye solution. Equilibrium adsorption data were well fitted to two (Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich) isotherm models. The adsorption kinetics were analyzed by the pseudo‐first‐order model, pseudo‐second‐order model, and Elovich model. A spontaneous endothermic physisorption process was recorded for MB adsorption, while BF retention was evaluated as an exothermic process.

Highly efficient adsorbent material for removal of methylene blue dye based on functionalized polyacrylonitrile

Considerable interest has been allocated for developing novel materials as adsorbents to be used in wastewater treatment. In the current work, aminated polyacrylonitrile (AMPAN) was prepared, and the amino functionalities were further modified into ammonium salts. The polymer was combined with montmorillonite forming QPAN/MMT composite. AMPAN was also modified with a reaction with Maleic anhydride to get carboxylated polyacrylonitrile (CPAN). The structure of the modified polymers was elucidated using techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, TGA, SEM, EDX and elemental analysis. PAN derivatives were tested for removal of methylene blue dye (MB) from aqueous solutions. Different parameters such as adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, contact time, pH and temperature were studied to obtain the optimum. The removal percentage of MB dye using 0.1 g QPAN/MMT at optimum pH = 8 was 99.7% after 20 min. The rate parameters were evaluated, and it was found that the adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model with correlation coefficient 0.98. Freundlich and Langmuir model equations were used to analyse experimental data. The adsorption data fitted best with the Freundlich isotherm. In general, the quaternized polyacrylonitrile modified with clay (QPAN/MMT) is an auspicious adsorbent for MB dye removal.

Synthesis of chitosan–magnetite gel microparticles with improved stability and magnetic properties: A study on their adsorption, recoverability, and reusability in the removal of monovalent and multivalent azo dyes

Here, the membrane emulsification technique was employed to synthesise novel size-controlled chitosan–magnetite emulsion droplets (diameter: 10–35 μm), which were subsequently converted into hydrogels via alkaline gelation and crosslinking with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE). The microscopy images revealed the efficient trapping of the magnetite nanoparticles within the chitosan emulsion droplets and crosslinked gel matrices. The microparticles exhibited an ideal surface morphology, which yielded a dye-removal percentage of 97% (pH 4), as well as a quick magnetic response. The adsorption reaction employing the chitosan–magnetite gel microparticles correlated with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, exhibiting remarkable adsorptions towards Acid Orange 7 (AO7, monovalent), Acid Red 13 (AR13, divalent), and Acid Red 27 (AR27, trivalent) dyes with maximum adsorption capacities, Qmax, of 1.71, 1.55, and 1.13 g-dye/g-dry adsorbent, respectively, in a pH 5 buffer. The calculated molar ratio of the adsorbed dyes revealed the contributions of almost all the amino groups of the chitosan gel microparticles to the adsorption of AO7 dye. The fast and efficient recovery of the adsorbent microparticles by magnets, as well as their reusability for over 10 adsorption–desorption cycles without any particle loss or significant decrease in adsorption capacities, were demonstrated. The synthesised chitosan–magnetite gel microparticles could be a “green” state-of-the-art adsorbent exhibiting excellent properties for applications in wastewater treatment.

Facile synthesis of polyethylenimine-modified sugarcane bagasse adsorbent for removal of anionic dye in aqueous solution

Many studies have reported that surface modification of various type of materials by using polyethylenimine (PEI), usually necessitate to be combined with the crosslinkers, namely glutaradehyde, sodium tripolyphosphate, etc. The sugarcane bagasse (SB) is a fibrous agricultural waste derived from sugarcane stalks residue which has rich-cellulose content that makes it amenable to surface functionalization for tailored application. Thus, it is possible for SB material to modify by using solely PEI and eliminate crosslinking step. In this study, SB was used as supporting material for modified PEI to produce polyethylenimine-modified sugarcane bagasse (PmSB) for the adsorption of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dyes from aqueous solution. The effects of contact time (60 – 300 min), adsorbent dosage (0.05 – 0.15 g); initial dye concentration (0.01 – 0.10 g/L), pH (5 - 9) and temperature (30 – 70 °C) were varied to evaluate the performance of the PSB under different experimental conditions. The kinetics study revealed that the adsorption experimental data fitted the pseudo second order model. The equilibrium adsorption data also fitted the Langmuir model with R2 of 0.99 and maximum monolayer capacity of 25 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters suggest that the RB5 dye adsorption by PEI modified SB was spontaneous, exothermic and exhibited chemisorption. The adsorbent can be regenerated up to 4 cycles with the percentage dye removal greater than 80%). Therefore, the PmBS adsorbent has proven that the PEI is solely sufficient as modifying agents for SB material, even without an assistance of crosslinker reagents for removal of RB5 dye in aqueous solution.

Preparation of new bio-based chitosan/Fe2O3/NiFe2O4 as an efficient removal of methyl green from aqueous solution.

Modified chitosan with various functional groups has high potential as an efficient adsorbent in removing water pollution. In this study, new magnetic adsorbent, bio-based chitosan/Fe2O3/NiFe2O4, was successfully prepared by green chemistry route involving mixing of chitosan as core moiety and Fe2O3/NiFe2O4 nanocomposite, and slow evaporation of solvent. Synthesized chitosan/Fe2O3/NiFe2O4 was characterized by FT-IR, TGA, XRD, VSM and FE-SEM. The FT-IR and XRD results confirmed that the successful preparation of chitosan/Fe2O3/NiFe2O4. Uniform dispersion of Fe2O3/NiFe2O4 nanoparticles with low aggregation was confirmed by FE-SEM. The as-prepared magnetic chitosan/Fe2O3/NiFe2O4 was developed as solid phase adsorbent to remove methyl green (MG) dye from aqueous solutions. Several important parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent dosage were investigated systematically. The high and fast MG dye removal (≈ 80%) occurs after 30min. The optimal conditions for MG removal was recorded at pH=8, contact time of 60min, adsorbent dosage of 0.2g and 25°C and displayed a high MG dye removal percentage of 96.51% and adsorption capacity of 77.22mg/g.

Remediation of Azure A Dye from Aqueous Solution by Using Surface-Modified Coal Fly Ash Extracted Ferrospheres by Mineral Acids and Toxicity Assessment

The Indian coal fly ash (CFA) is composed of 5-15% ferrous fractions. The variation in percentage depends on the source of coal and the operating conditions of the thermal power plants. The present research work reports the recovery of ferrous particles from CFA by the wet magnetic separation method. The morphological, elemental, and chemical properties of the extracted ferrous fractions were analyzed. In order to achieve surface-modified ferrospheres, the extracted ferrospheres were treated with concentrated HCl followed by sonication. The instrumental analysis reported the ferrous composition is around 16% by weight and belongs to class F. The toxicity of CFA was determined on normal human lung (BEAS-2B) cells using MTS assay. The results showed that CFA’s induced cell toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The ferrous particles were spherically shaped with various sizes ranging from 200 nm to 7000 nm. It was crystalline in nature and is a mixture of hematite and magnetite. The particles were found to be associated with alumina, silica, oxygen, and traces of Ca, Mg, Ti, and C. The surface-modified ferrospheres were used for the remediation of Azure A dye by batch adsorption study. The removal percentage of dye was 25.03%, within 30 minutes at neutral pH, i.e., 7.2. The surface-modified ferrospheres show potential as an alternate, more economical, and reusable adsorbent for the remediation of Azure A dye in the industries or in common effluent treatment plants. Moreover, the recovery of surface-modified ferrospheres using an external magnet and the reuse of the particles make the material much economical for dye removal at an industrial scale.

Study of adsorbent characteristics of palm leaves powder as a bio sorbent for removal of malachite green (MG) dye

Palm leaves were used as the bio sorbent in an adsorption uptake study to remove malachite green (MG). MG is a water-soluble cationic dye that looks as a green crystalline powder and is classified as a triphenylmethane. FE-SEM, FT-IR, and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy were used to examine the palm leaves. Using optical absorption spectroscopy, the influence of various factors such as time, initial dye concentration, colour discharged dilution, pH, and amount of bio sorbent on dye removal percentage was investigated. It was discovered that the dye removal rate increased with increasing pH but decreased in acidic medium.

Removal of organic pollutant from wastewater using Nano Carbon synthesized from wood waste biomaterial as an adsorbent

With the help of eco-friendly waste materials like Manila tamarind tree bark and shells (Pithecellobium Dulce), the malachite green dye has been removed from wastewater in this investigation. The maximum adsorption of dye was achieved at pH 6.7 in the research work. The removal percentage of Malachite green dye was found to be dependent on the initial concentration of dye solution, and the maximum removal percentage was found to be 85% at 25 mg/L of Malachite green dye. The experimental methods were carried out using the batch adsorption technique. The pH parameter, temperature, adsorption dose, and contact time for the removal of Malachite green dye were studied. The Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin methods were used to calculate equilibrium adsorption data. The thermodynamic parameters such as a change in free energy (G0 ), enthalpy (H0 ), and entropy (S0 ) were determined. The negative values of G0 indicated that the process of dye removal was spontaneous at all values of temperature. Further, the values of H0 indicated the endothermic nature of the process of dye removal from the wastewater.