Duration Of Marriage Research Articles

The Impact of Age Difference on the Life Satisfaction of Wives in Specialized and Nonspecialized Households in Japan / Yaş Farkının Japonya’daki Uzmanlaşmış ve Uzmanlaşmamış Hanehalklarındaki Evli Kadınların Hayat Memnuniyetine Etkisi

Using panel data from the Keio Household Panel Survey (KHPS) between 2005 and 2018, this study examines the impact of age difference on wives' life satisfaction in Japan and how age difference affects wives' life satisfaction over the duration of marriage. Considering the specialization theory, the effect of age gap over time is also tested by dividing the sample by wives' employment status. The results of the pooled OLS estimation show that wives married to younger men are satisfied with their lives, while no significant finding is observed for wives married to older men. On the other hand, the fixed effects estimation findings reveal that life satisfaction of wives married to older men increases with years of marriage, while there is no significant finding for wives married to younger men. The results also show that housewives representing specialized households are more satisfied over time, while there are no significant results for working wives representing nonspecialized households. It is also shown that the life satisfaction of housewives married to older men increases as the length of the marriage increases and is always significant, even when alternative specification is used.

Domestic violence against Iranian women during the Covid-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study.

Despite the fact that public health measures such as social isolation can help control the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, these procedures may contribute to elevated levels of stress and escalate various forms of violence against women. The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence of domestic violence and identify factors associated with domestic violence during the Covid-19 lockdown among married women attending healthcare centers in Iran. This cross-sectional study, conducted between 2020 and 2021, focused on a sample of 5317 married women who sought healthcare services within urban centers across five major cities in Iran. Sampling was done through a multistage cluster method. The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) were used to assess levels of violence. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including independent sample t-test, Chi-square, and multiple logistic regression) with the SPSS software version 22. During the Covid-19 lockdown, psychological violence was reported by 66.7% of women (95% confidence interval [CI], 65.44%-67.98%), physical violence by 44.8% (95% CI, 43.43%-46.10%), sexual violence by 28.8% (95% CI, 27.60%-30.03%), and injury by 24.5% (95% CI, 23.39%-25.70%). The multiple logistic regression showed several significant factors associated with domestic violence. These included low levels of social support (p < 0.001), shorter duration of marriage (p < 0.001), unemployment of both women (p < 0.007) and their spouses (p < 0.001), poor economic status (p < 0.001), as well as substance abuse by the husband, including alcohol (p < 0.001) and drug abuse (p < 0.01), and smoking (p < 0.01). The findings highlighted the magnitude of domestic violence against women during the Covid-19 lockdown. It is crucial to implement comprehensive strategies that encompass preventive and responsive measures to address domestic violence not only during lockdowns but also in the post-lockdown period.

Wives’ Opinions on the Extent to which their Husbands Consider the Family Prophetic Communication Skills: A Field Study

Objectives: The study aimed to survey wives' opinion about the extent to which their husbands consider the skills of family prophetic communication in their married life.&#x0D; Methods: The study followed the descriptive approach in a field survey style, through a questionnaire tool that was built based on extrapolation of family communication skills in the Prophetic Sunnah, and the conclusions of previous studies on these skills. The tool was applied to a sample of wives in Irbid governorate during the academic year 2020/2021, with a percentage of 5% of the study population.&#x0D; Results: The results of the study showed that men employ verbal prophetic skills in family communication with their wives whenever the wife is younger. There is also a clear effect of the factor of the duration of marriage, and the relationship between them is inverse, the shorter the period of marriage, the higher the consideration for skills. The nature of the husband’s work is related to the extent to which the husbands take these skills into consideration, clearly and in a positive relationship. The results indicate that spouses who hold a scientific level (higher studies) are the most appreciative and consider the precautionary measures that prevent the occurrence of marital problems before they occur.&#x0D; Conclusions: The study recommends the need to take care of the Prophet's skills in family communication, disseminate them by including them in the study curricula, mosque discourse, family reform institutions, and radio and television media programs, and others.

The association between sexual function, quality of marital relationship and associated factors in women with a history of ectopic pregnancy: a cross-sectional study in Iran

BackgroundEctopic pregnancy (EP) has many adverse effects on the relationship between couples. The present study aims to assess the association between sexual function (SF), quality of marital relationship (QMR) and associated factors in women with a history of EP.MethodThis cross-sectional study was performed on 220 women with a history of EP in Kerman in 2022. Convenience sampling method was applied. Data were collected using the female sexual function index (FSFI) and the perceived relationship quality components scale (PRQC) questionnaires and were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics (median regression) in Stata software version 17. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsOf the female participants, 20.4% had sexual dysfunction (SD). Longer duration of marriage (P = 0.045) and increase in the number of EPs (P < 0.001) were associated with a decrease in SF. A quarter of women experienced poor QMR. Increase in spouse age (P = 0.047), longer duration of marriage (P = 0.028), and increase in the number of EPs (P < 0.001) were associated with a decrease in QMR. There was a significant direct relationship between SF and the QMR (r = 0.857; P < 0.001).ConclusionThe present study showed a significant relationship between SF and the QMR in women with a history of EP. Therefore, SF and the QMR are necessary to be considered in future health promotion programs of these women.

SURVEILLANCE OF BLOOD CHEMISTRY IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS BELONGING TO PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Cancer is known to be second largest killer worldwide. In various types of cancer, the incidence rate of breast cancer has increased steadily in women. Any abnormality especially cancer has a direct impact on all the blood parameters so it is crucial to assess the variation in haematological and biochemical parameters. The aim of present study is to analysis the association and variation in haematological parameters among breast cancer patients. A cross-sectional study was accomplished in line with the research regulations, ssociodemographic survey was done to collect the covariates. The blood samples were collected from 16 districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Population selected for this study included 40 breast cancer patient and the written consent was also obtained from all the individuals. After collection the samples were transported to Department of Pathology, Mayo hospital, Lahore for the laboratory analysis. The study revealed that majority of the subjects were of 48-57 years old (N=12(30%) with weight ranging from 64 kg to 74 kg (N=14(35%) and height from 5.01 ft to 5.50 ft (N=23 (57.5%). All the sociodemographic, clinical, biochemical and haematological characteristics were analyzed by ANOVA test with P value 0.05 and the test revealed that all the parameters are statistically significant except duration of marriage P = 0.085 and blood urea P = 0.099. In conclusion, study reveals that biochemical parameters are an important diagnostic tool in disease monitoring. Moreover, awareness campaign regarding breast cancer should be carried out and more research should be done to observe the pattern of other haematological parameters.

Pattern of suspicious deaths of married females brought for medico-legal autopsy at teaching institute of India.

Death is unnatural and suspicious when it is caused by external causation like injury or poisoning or other than natural course. In such deaths of married females, the inquest is carried out, and a medico-legal autopsy is conducted to ascertain the cause of death and manner of death. This record-based, retrospective study was carried out at RVRS Medical College, Rajasthan in the year 2021 (1st January, 2021 to 31st December, 2021) to know the pattern of the suspicious death of married females brought for medico-legal autopsy. The inquest report, medico-legal autopsy report, histopathological examination report, and chemical analysis report findings were tabulated and analyzed. The maximum number (31.62%) of female deaths belonged to the age group of 18-22 years of age. A total of 33.82% of females died during a marriage duration of less than 5 years of married life. A total of 22.79% of female deaths were related to dowry and 60.2% of females belonged to rural areas. A total of 59.56% of females were died due to poisoning and 75% of female deaths considered suicidal. Suspicious deaths of married women brought for medico-legal autopsy must be dealt with due to precaution to determine the cause and manner of death. One must be vigilant that the suspicious death of a married female may be associated with dowry in the Indian scenario.

Frequency of Vitamin D Deficiency and associated Factors Among Pregnant Women Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital, Gujranwala, Pakistan

Objectives: To assess the frequency of deficiency of vitamin D and associated factor among gravid women following up at antenatal clinic of social security hospital, Gujranwala Method: It was a cross-sectional study carried out at antenatal clinic social security hospital, Gujranwala. Total 100 pregnant females who were on follow-up visits and gave consent were enrolled in this study through a non-probability purposive sampling technique. A semi-structured and pre-tested questionnaire with anthropometric measurements and blood sample for vitamin D levels assessment was used to collect data and analysis was performed through SPSS version 23 Results: Among one hundred participants, two participants had deficient levels, 41 had insufficient and 57 had sufficient levels of vitamin D. Study participants had mean age of 28.8 ± 4.23 years. Mean duration of marriage and gestational period were 6.49 ± 4.0 years and 30.49 ± 10.49 weeks respectively. The mean vitamin D level was 29.9 ± 8.1ng/ml. Complaints such as backache, leg cramps, fatigue, gravidity, parity and low systolic Blood pressure were significantly associated with insufficient/low vitamin D levels. Conclusion: Deficiency of vitamin D is high in study participants hence need based supplementation to gravid women is suggested.

Psychological morbidities among spouses of men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and erectile dysfunction in a primary care setting.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) negatively affects patients' emotions. However, its effect on spouses' psychological well-being remains largely unknown. This study aimed to examine psychological morbidities and their associated factors among spouses of men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and ED. This cross-sectional study included 115 women recruited through their husbands who were patients at a selected government health clinic in Malaysia. A self-administered questionnaire containing the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 and items on health-related information, marital history, sexual history and perception of husband's ED was used to assess possible depression, anxiety and stress. The prevalence of psychological morbidities was 28.7% (depression=17.4%, anxiety=25.2% and stress=10.4%). Most respondents were middle-aged [median (interquartile range)=44.0 (11.0) years], were employed (55.7%) and had a low income (81.7%). About 47.0% of the spouses had a medical problem. The mean marriage duration was 18.7 (standard deviation=7.9) years. Almost all (90.4%) had sexual intercourse (SI) within the previous month. The majority had moderate-to-high interest in SI (72.2%) with a frequency of one to two times per week (69.6%). The majority (75.7%) did not perceive their husband as having ED. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that medical illness was significantly associated with anxiety (adjusted odds ratio=2.85, 95% confidence interval=1.11-7.29, P=0.029). Psychological morbidities were present among the spouses of men with T2DM and ED. Psychological well-being was significantly affected by their medical illness. Despite their husband's ED, the women declared to have regular sexual relationships and did not perceive their husband as having erectile problems.

The relationship between social inclusion and life satisfaction among Turkish older people

ABSTRACT The study aimed to identify the relationship between social inclusion and life satisfaction among Turkish older people. The data were gathered from 350 older adults selected through convenience sampling method in Turkey using Demographic Information Form, Social Inclusion Scale (SIS) and Satisfaction with Life (SWLS). Regression analysis was performed to determine the variables affecting life satisfaction. The regression analysis results revealed that as social inclusion and the duration of marriage increased, so did life satisfaction in older people. Such variables as age, gender, education level, number of children, living arrangement, amount of income, social media use, and health perception were not found to be significant in terms of life satisfaction of the older people in the presence of social inclusion and the duration of marriage.

The relationship between fertility knowledge and unintended pregnancy: a survey among women of reproductive age in Shiraz, Iran

ABSTRACT Unintended pregnancy poses significant health risks for mothers, often leading to induced abortions. Understanding fertility is crucial when it comes to predicting the likelihood of unintended pregnancy. This study employed a quantitative research approach, utilizing a survey method. The survey was conducted in 2022 and involved 1065 married women aged 15–49 residing in Shiraz. The data collection process involved the administration of a standardized questionnaire. The sampling process utilized a combination of multi-stage classification and systematic random methods. The analysis of variable associations demonstrated a significant positive correlation between fertility knowledge, age, husband’s age, duration of marriage, and monthly income variables with the proportion of unintended pregnancies. It was observed that higher levels of education among both women and their husbands were associated with a lower proportion of unintended pregnancies. Additionally, employed women exhibited a significantly lower proportion of unintended pregnancies compared to non-employed women. The logistic regression analysis further confirmed that fertility knowledge and monthly income exerted a significant reverse influence on the likelihood of experiencing an unintended pregnancy. Lack of awareness regarding fertility knowledge among women can contribute to the occurrence of unintended pregnancies. Unintended pregnancies, in turn, can pose potential health risks for women.

Antenatal predictors of postnatal maternal attachment and competence after assisted conception-a prospective cohort study in South India.

The aim of this study is to examine the influence of antenatal factors suchas anxiety, depression, perceived stress, marital satisfaction, maternal antenatal attachment, and social support on postnatal maternal attachment and competence in women whoreceived assisted reproductive treatment. A prospective longitudinal cohort design was adopted with two groups-50 women who received assisted reproductive treatment and 50 women who had natural conception. Both the groups were assessed using self-report measures over three time points: T1, 7th month of pregnancy; T2, 2weeks postpartum; and T3, 3months postpartum.Afinal sample of44 women who had assisted conception and 47 women who had natural conception completed assessments across all three time points. Descriptive, bivariate analyses, and stepwise multiple linear regression analyseswerecarried out.In the assisted conception group, maternal antenatal attachment, depression, and marital satisfaction significantly predicted postnatal maternal-infant attachment. Perceived social support, depression, and duration of marriage significantly predicted postnatal maternal competence. In the naturally conceived group, maternal antenatal attachment and social support significantly predicted postnatal maternal-infant attachment;perceived stresssignificantly predicted postnatal maternal competence. Antenatal depressive symptoms and relational factors significantly influenced postnatal maternal attachment and competence highlighting the need for screening and targeted psychological interventions during pregnancy.

Role of Socio-Demographic Factors in Codependency of Spouses of Substance Users

Codependency is considered to be a dysfunctional form infused with the extreme focus outside oneself. Spouses of male substance abusers derive the sense of purpose from the marital relationship, while neglecting their own self-esteem, personal life, self-worth and autonomy. It not only affects their psychological health but is also varied by a number of sociodemographic factors that may contribute to the functionality of spouses. The study aims to examine the relationship between demographic characteristics and codependency of spouses of substance users. Demographic characteristics included education of female spouses, types of substance abuse taken by the male spouses, family system, and profession of female spouses and socio-economic status. There was no significant correlation between the demographic characteristic however there was a significant positive correlation between age, duration of marriage and duration of substance abuse of male spouse. There was also a significant positive correlation between Education and socio-economic status, psychological and medical issue. The patterns uncovered showed to be consistent with the literature and paved way for future research.

ICC: Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen

The International Criminal Court for the first time found guilty and sentenced a perpetrator of gender-based crimes under international law. Moreover, it did so by defining a new crime of forced marriage, which was considered by the international criminal law as “other inhumane act.” In its judgements, the International Criminal Court dealt with the challenges based on violation of legality and non-retroactivity principles. Further, it dealt with distinguishing the crime from sexual-based crime of sexual slavery. It upheld that the forced marriage is distinctive crime from the sexual-based crimes like forced pregnancy, sexual slavery, or rape, and that the principle of speciality does not bar cumulative convictions. Regarding the definition of forced marriage, it is not necessary for its commission to conclude valid marriage and the crime itself is continuing one, thus not only the act of entry into marriage is considered as criminal, but the whole duration of forced marriage. The third chapter puts the present development of international criminal law in the broader perspective of attempts to prosecute gender-based crimes and to distinguish them from the sexual-based crimes. Author comes to conclusions that the gender has to be interpreted in a conservative way and more extensive understandings of gender would require revision of the Rome Statute. International Law Commission itself was not firm in answering what the current rules on gender are.

The Coping Strategies of Intimate Partner Violence Survivors

This study investigates the prevalence of coping strategies (CSs) among women with intimate partner violence (IPV) experience in Jordan and the relationships between types of IPV, demographic factors, and CSs (problem-focused strategies [PFS], emotion-focused strategies [EFS], and avoidance-oriented strategies [AOS]) that they use. It also explores the predicting factors affecting the types of CSs applied. Eighty-nine Jordanian and Syrian women who experienced abuse were involved in the study. The data were collected using the revised version of the Conflict Tactics Scale (Straus et al., 1996) and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations: Situation-Specific Scale (Endler &amp; Parker, 1990). The results indicated a moderate use of PFS and EFS and mid-to-high use of AOS. The psychological aggression and physical violence, injuries, help-seeking, education level, children, and marriage duration were significantly related to the use of all three strategies. Employment status, age, legal residency, and negotiation skills had no significant relationships with the used CSs. The regression results indicated that children, psychological aggression, and asking for help predicted 49% and 41% of the covariance of using PFS and EFS, respectively, while the number of children, physical violence, and injuries predicted 81% of the covariance of using AOS. The study suggested the importance of supportive social services for women with IPV experiences. The clinical practice implications for helping women who experience IPV and future research were discussed.

Knowledge and Perception Regarding Infertility Among Infertile Couples Reporting to Combined Military Hospital Mardan

Objective: To determine the knowledge and perception regarding infertility among infertile couples reporting to Combined Military Hospital, Mardan. &#x0D; Study Design: Cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Combined Military Hospital, Mardan Pakistan, from Jan to Aug 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: A total of 144 infertile couples participated in this study. Age, gender, occupation, education, marriage duration, awareness about the fertile period, frequency of sexual intercourse, and willingness to perform tests were recorded on pre-designed questionnaires.&#x0D; Results: One hundred forty-four infertile couples participated in this study. The mean age was 33.4 years. In 144 women, the prevalence of homemakers was 138(95.83%). Most of the participants were middle passed 125(43.4%). When asked about infertility, 88(61.1%) had irregular menstrual cycles, 56(19.4%) were separate living cases, obesity 25(8.7%), and the evil spirit was considered cause of infertility in 19(6.6%) cases.&#x0D; Conclusion: Our study concluded that there is a lack of awareness regarding infertility among infertile couples. There are misconceptions and beliefs regarding infertility. Our study found that irregular menstrual cycles and a couple of separate living were the key parameters for infertility.

Determinants of Marital Instability in Ibadan, Nigeria

The economic and social desirability of marital stability is shown by its promotion of di-vision of labor, risk pooling, and encouragement of healthy behavior, while unstable mar-riages are linked to negative outcomes such as psychological and financial distress, im-paired child development, and long-term health challenges. It is worth noting that, while previously high divorce rates in developed countries appear to be slowing down, the op-posite might occur in developing countries. However, few studies have empirically ex-amined the causes of marital instability in developing countries. This study sought to em-pirically investigate marital instability in Nigeria by focusing on its key influencing fac-tors. The study collected data from 186 individuals in the urban and rural areas of Ibadan, the third most populous city in Nigeria, and used multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate three marital states: divorce, separation, and widowhood. The results show that marriage duration, number of children, and marriage entry age have a substantial in-fluence on marital instability. The risk of divorce follows a U-shaped pattern, with the risk falling from age 26 to 30 and rising again until age 46. Thus, addressing the causes of ear-ly and late marriage entry could improve marital stability in Nigeria. Keywords: Household economics; Marital instability; Marriage market

Quality of life in women under 65 years of age with diabetes and affecting factors: A cross-sectional study

Objective: The study was conducted in the cross-sectional manner to determine the factors affecting the quality of life in women 65 years under with diabetes, to ensure the guide women in the management of the disease. Methods: This study was conducted in the cross-sectional manner with 134 female patients with diabetes. The data were collected using the "Personal Information Form" and the “The World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument Short Form”. Descriptive statistical analyzes were used to evaluate the data, and correlation and regression analyzes were used to evaluate the effects of independent variables. Results: In the correlation analysis made for the relationship of some variables with the quality of life, it was determined that there was a positive significant relationship between age and duration of marriage variables, physical area, mental area, environmental area, general health, and total quality of life. It has been determined that the variables of residence, income status, duration of marriage, presence of gynecological disease, number of births, number of living children, family planning use status, fasting and postprandial blood sugar variables affect the quality of life. It was determined that the variables included in the model explained 61% of the quality of life. Conclusion: Age, duration of marriage, geographical conditions of the place of residence and income status, quality of life also varies according to gender, as gynecological diseases experienced, pregnancy, and family planning use status, fasting and postprandial blood sugar variables affect the quality of life.

Gender-based Approach in Family Planning in Practices in Turkey’s Most Fertile Province: Secondary Analysis of Mix Method Two Studies

Objective: To determine the gender-based family planning approaches in the province in Turkey with the highest fertility rate.&#x0D; Methods: This study was carried out with the secondary analysis of the data on family planning of two different studies, which were carried out by the researchers with the mixed method.&#x0D; Results: In total, 56.7% of the women stated that they used any available family planning method, whereas 80.4% chose the method with their spouse. According to their responses, family planning methods used by women were intrauterine devices (41.2%) and withdrawal (28.9%). Furthermore, 10.5% of the men reported using any available family planning method, whereas 91.0% used the method decided by their spouse. According to the responses obtained from the male participants, the family planning methods used were pills (45.5%), intrauterine devices (18.2%), and male condom (18.2%). Factors affecting the use of family planning methods in women included age, duration of marriage, and number of living children, whereas these factors in men were age, income level, and health insurance. &#x0D; Conclusion: The study outcomes revealed that there are gender-based differences between women and men in the use of family planning methods, that men undertook less responsibility in using and selecting family planning methods.

0298 Romantic Relationships and Insomnia in Military Soldiers

Abstract Introduction Intimate relationships may impact insomnia symptoms. In particular, marriage may serve as a protective factor against the development of insomnia, particularly for men. However, little research has studied how relationship quality may contribute to insomnia, particularly in military populations where social support may be particularly important. Therefore, this study will examine the associations between indices of relationship quality and insomnia in a sample of Army Soldiers. Methods Data were acquired from the All Army Study of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (STARRS; N=21,449; mean age= 28.6; 88.24% male). Participants completed a survey that included questions about insomnia symptoms and their social networks. Items assessed marital status, duration of marriage, frequency of disagreements, and relationship quality and happiness. Chi-squared analyses were used to examine the associations between probable insomnia from the past 30 days and relationship items. Results Approximately 38.2% of this sample experienced past month insomnia symptoms. Insomnia was more prevalent in divorced or separated individuals. Among partnered individuals, Soldiers who reported that they talked more about ending the relationship and had more disagreements with their partners were more likely to have insomnia symptoms. Conversely, those reporting that their relationships were going well or satisfied in their relationship were more likely to not have insomnia. Conclusion In this sample of Soldiers, marriage only served as a protective factor when individuals had a positive outlook in their relationship. These results also suggest that healthier relationships are generally associated with better sleep. These findings underline the importance of relationship quality and its effects on insomnia. Support (if any) This publication is based on public use data from Army STARRS (Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, University of Michigan-http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR35197-v1), funded by U.S. NIMH-U01MH087981. CJS’s time was supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Academic Affiliations Advanced Fellowship in Mental Illness Research and Treatment. KEM’s time was supported by the U.S Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration (Clinical Science Research and Development Service – IK2 CX001874).

Infertility and Anxiety among Infertile Women at IVF Treatment Centre, Lalitpur

Background: Infertility is being a tangible problem in our society. Infertility is failure to conceive after one year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse in the absence of known reproductive pathology. Infertility and its treatment related process both can create psychological and economic crisis among the women who are receiving its treatment therefore it may result in variant level of anxiety in infertile women. The main objective of this study is to determine the level of anxiety among infertile women.&#x0D; Methods and Materials: All together 100 sample were taken for the study by adopting non-probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through direct interview by using demographic and structured questionnaire was used. Beck Anxiety Inventory scale was used as structured questionnaire.&#x0D; Result: Out of 100 respondents, more than half 56 % of the respondents were between ages 26-35 Years age, 28% of respondents were house makers by occupation, majority of respondents 71% were working 12 hours per day. Near to half 47.6 % respondent had the Hypothyroidism. Fifty two percent of respondent's were from 4-6 years of marriage duration followed by duration of infertility were 56 % since 3 years and 45 % are taking infertility treatment from about 1 years. Majority of respondents (59%) has low anxiety level followed by moderate anxiety (35%) and severe anxiety (6%).&#x0D; Conclusion: Anxiety is common in infertile women. Among the respondents, all of the participants had developed the features of anxiety but in very low level. So association could not be assessed between the socio-demographic variables and level of anxiety.