Due Date Research Articles

Prolonged renal function impairment in infants born during the peri-viable period: A retrospective longitudinal cohort study

BackgroundThe number of infants born during the peri-viable period who survive has been increasing. AimTo clarify renal function in infants from the time of birth during the peri-viable period until their due date. Study designThis retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single center. SubjectsWe reviewed the data of infants born at ≤28 weeks of gestation between 2018 and 2022 at our hospital. The infants were divided into the following groups: born at 22–24 weeks vs. 25–28 weeks (appropriate-for-gestational age [AGA] infants), and AGA infants vs. small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants (born at 22–28 weeks). Outcome measuresWe compared the perinatal data and renal function of the infants from birth until their due date. ResultsEighty-one infants were included. Their serum creatinine, fractional excretion of sodium, and urine glucose levels were high or positive soon after birth but gradually improved. The urine albumin level was significantly higher among AGA infants born at 22–24 weeks, even at term equivalent age, than among those born at 25–28 weeks. ConclusionsPersistent renal insufficiency was observed even around the term equivalent age in peri-viable infants. Follow-up data collected after the neonatal period should be investigated in these infants.

Hydrogen-rich water supplementation improves metabolic profile during peripartum period in Gurcu goats and enhances the health and survival of kids

In this study, the effect of intaking hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on the metabolic profile of Gurcu goats during the peripartum period and the survival/growth performance of kids were evaluated. Twenty-three pregnant goats were divided into two groups 21–23 days before the due date. Group 1 (G1, n = 10) was given HRW from day 21 before delivery until day 21 after delivery. Group 2 (G2, n = 13) served as the control. Blood samples were weekly taken from 21 days before delivery until 21 days after delivery. Hydrogen-rich water increased serum glucose concentration on the delivery day more than in G2 (P = 0.016). Hydrogen-rich water decreased serum total cholesterol (P = 0.02) and creatinine (P = 0.05) concentration at delivery. Group effect and time effect were significant in triglyceride (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively) and albumin (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, respectively) concentration. Aspartate transaminase decreased towards the delivery day in G1 (P < 0.05). Serum non-esterified fatty acids concentration was lower in G1 than in G2, but there was no significant differences (P > 0.05). Beta-hydroxybutyric acid concentration an increased in both groups during the prepartum period, although there was no significance (P > 0.05). Hydrogen-rich water did not affect the birth weight and growth performance of the kids (P > 0.05), but it increased their survival rates and overall health, although there was no significance (P > 0.05). In conclusion, HRW may have an impact on the metabolic profiles during the peripartum period and have a positive effect on lipid profiles. Additionally, intaking HRW to goats during the peripartum period may improve the health and survival of kids and reduce their mortality.

Initial findings on student progress and satisfaction in a new model of hyperflexible online delivery for university students

University degrees are usually delivered in defined sessions —by term, semester, or in week-based blocks— whereby students are required to complete their studies by the due date. Term or session-based schedules that require students to complete the study within set timeframes are, however, potentially restrictive. Temporal challenges associated with work and life can impede progress and add to the specific problem of student attrition in online learning. As universities seek to deliver innovative options for their students, increased attention is being paid to alternate models of delivery. This paper reports on the development of a hyperflexible online Master of Business Administration (MBA) course by a regional university in Australia, which has grown to more than 1,000 students since its launch in 2017. Delivered entirely online, the degree was specifically designed to address an inequity; MBA programs are traditionally expensive, and in Australia, the requirement for students to travel to attend residential schools and examinations adds significant cost to already expensive tuition fees. This paper analyzed enrollment data, course analytics over a two-year period, and student surveys conducted at the end of the second year of delivery (n = 98) to evaluate the development and implementation of the course as a hyperflexible course whereby students have almost complete control over their study at the postgraduate tertiary level. Results highlight the potential for the model to enable student success through flexibility.

Optimal policies for minimizing total job completion times and deviations from common due dates in unrelated parallel machine scheduling

Optimal policies for minimizing total job completion times and deviations from common due dates in unrelated parallel machine scheduling

Nesting

Abstract: In the memoir essay “Nesting,” a transgender man recalls the last months of his pre-transition pregnancy spent living with his then boyfriend in a converted garage infested by rats. As his due date draws near, he questions his ability to be a mother and finds himself more and more isolated. He bonds with his sister, who is also pregnant, and befriends the neighbor’s dog, who daily escapes her pen to find the only affection she’s ever known.

Investigating Husband's Support and Murrotal Therapy Effects on Maternal Anxiety in Childbirth

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;First-time mothers may find childbirth difficult; they frequently feel intense anxiety, stress, and terror as the due date draws near, particularly in the third trimester of pregnancy when there is a higher chance of an early birth. The aim of the research was to ascertain the impact of Murottal therapy and husband support on the anxiety levels of expectant mothers during labor at Badrul Aini Mother and Child Hospital. This study uses a cross-sectional research approach and is quantitatively analytical. In August 2023, the study was carried out at the Badrul Ain Mother and Child Hospital. All of the pregnant patients in this study came to the Badrul Aini Mother and Child Hospital to give birth. The sampling technique was random, so the research sample was obtained from as many as 50 pregnant women. Data collection techniques in this study used questionnaires and observation techniques. Data analysis used correlation and multiple linear regression tests with SPSS software processing. The results showed that husband support (p-value = 0.006) and &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;m&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;urrotal therapy significantly reduced the anxiety level of pregnant women (p-value = 0.001). However, the hypothesis that Murrotal therapy moderates the effect of husband support on anxiety levels was not supported. The importance of the husband's role in providing emotional and psychological support during labor and confirming the effectiveness of Murrotal therapy in managing maternal anxiety. Healthcare providers should consider involving husbands in prenatal care and labour, and Murrotal therapy can be a valuable tool in managing pregnant women's anxiety. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: Childbirth, Husband's Support, Murrotal, Therapy, Pregnant mother's anxiety&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;

No-Idle Flow Shop Scheduling with Deteriorating Jobs and Common Due Date Under Dominating Machines

The phenomenon of deterioration effects can reduce production efficiency caused by extended start time or other factors. Based on it, this paper considers the scheduling situations of the common due date assignment in a no-idle flow shop scheduling environment. Under the given four dominating relationships (i.e., increasing, decreasing, increasing-decreasing and decreasing-increasing dominating machines, correspondingly expressed as idm, ddm, idm–ddm and ddm–idm) between machines, the objective functions are, respectively, to minimize (1) the weighted sum of common due date and total earliness; and (2) the weighted sum of common due date, total earliness and total penalty factors of tardy jobs. It is verified that these problems can be solved in polynomial time under four dominating relationships.

A genetic algorithm for fuzzy identical parallel machine scheduling of minimising total weighted tardiness under resource constraint

Due to the severity of resource consumption and uncertainty in orders, new challenges have arisen for production scheduling in enterprises. This paper studies the scheduling problem of minimising the total weighted tardiness for jobs with fuzzy processing times and due dates on identical parallel machines with resource constraint. To address this research problem, we first propose methods to calculate the upper bound of resource consumption and the maximum number of machines that can be used, effectively reducing the search space and improving the algorithm's efficiency. Secondly, a local search algorithm based on job swapping is proposed to enhance the algorithm's performance. Then, repair algorithms based on job removal and job swapping are designed to repair infeasible solutions. Finally, we propose a fuzzy genetic algorithm (FGALS) to solve the problem based on the above elements. Through extensive simulation experiments, the effectiveness and efficiency of the FGALS algorithm are verified by comparing it with commercial solver Gurobi and several meta-heuristic algorithms.

The experience of bearing a child: implications on body boundaries and their link to preterm birth.

Preterm birth, which occurs when a baby is born before 37 weeks, has enormous implications for public health. It is the leading cause of infant death and mortality in children under the age of five. Unfortunately, the multifaceted causes of preterm birth are not fully understood. One construct that has received increasing attention in women's transition to motherhood is body boundaries, i.e., the metaphorical barriers that separate the self from the outer, surrounding "not self." This study aims to examine the role of well-defined and disturbed body boundaries in predicting preterm birth. A sample of 655 Israeli pregnant women reported their sense of body boundaries (BBS, as measured by the Sense of Body Boundaries Survey) pre- and postnatally. We performed a General Linear Model (GLM) testing the effect of the BBS total score on the days women delivered before their due date and controlling for whether it was the women's first child. Our GLMs controlling for whether it was the women's first child showed that the BBS total mean exhibited a significant predictive effect on the number of days delivered before the due date (F(57,313) = 3.65, p < .001). These results demonstrate heterogeneity in women's sense of body boundaries during pregnancy and are the first to disentangle a link between disturbed body boundaries and preterm birth. Mediating mechanisms in this relation, e.g., psychosocial stress, as well as clinical implications are discussed in detail.

Trends &amp; Challenges in the Food Supply Chain

The food supply chain (FSC) comprises food production, storage, delivery, and retailing of food to reach the final customers by the due date. In general, the modern FSC is extraordinarily complex and challenging to manage; therefore, an efficient and effective supply chain requires appropriate management. All actors in the FSC have to keep track of the most recent trends and challenges and respond to changes quickly to keep up production and stay competitive. This paper explains some selected trends and challenges in the modern FSC. Moreover, the influence of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the Ukraine war on the FSC are investigated. Despite the new trends and massive improvements in the FSC in terms of efficiency, some current problems remain unsolved, whereas new issues will arise in the future. The COVID-19 outbreak and the Ukraine war are two examples that imposed new challenges and significant consequences on the FSC.

Incorporating vertical collaboration to address sustainable development goals: the Monarch Route Project

Higher Education Institutions in their societal transformative role need to effectively integrate the UN‘s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 2030 Agenda into their curricula. Our goal is to inspire and trigger the discussion in the academic community on learning environments for education for sustainable development. We report The Monarch Route (MRP), a project conducted at Tecnologico de Monterrey and awarded with the 2018 Premios Latinoamerica Verde. Engaging all the students enrolled in the different semesters of the Sustainable Development Engineering (SDE) program, it adopted a research-based learning methodology, which is highly flexible at setting the final deliverables and due dates. It also implemented horizontal (intraclass), vertical (interclass), and interdisciplinary (multiple courses) student collaboration. In partnership with a non-governmental organization, the MRP aimed to reverse the extinction threat to the monarch butterfly while benefiting rural communities along the butterfly’s migratory route. With an exploratory action research approach, we analyzed the data gathered 2 months after the end of the courses: A survey on the perceived learning outcomes (87% confidence level) and a letter for future classes sharing their experience on the MRP, both optional. The analysis included a mixed methodology, i.e., quantitative and qualitative, including text mining, which evidenced that the participants strengthened both, transverse competences (collaboration, citizenship, communication, and critical thinking) and disciplinary competences (subject matter). The MRP is innovative for its dynamic structure that resembles the interconnectedness of real professional practice, scientific research, and environmental conservation efforts. In addition to the disciplinary application and societal relevance, the instructional design of MRP reflects that contributing to 2030 Agenda requires a multi-faceted approach, involving educational institutions, community partnerships, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Traditional education no longer fulfills our needs to face environmental challenges; academics, institutions, and governments are encouraged to implement policies and strategies to educate for a sustainable and better future for humanity and the planet.

Mathematical Models and Optimal Algorithms for Lot Scheduling Considering Job Splitting and Due Dates in Green Logistics

Lot scheduling is a promising manufacturing mode in green logistics that can efficiently save energy and reduce production costs. It has been widely applied to integrate circuit tests in semiconductor factories, textile processing in garment workshops, etc. Each processing lot is of a fixed capacity and identical processing time, and completes more than one job simultaneously. Jobs with sizes and due dates are allowed to be arbitrarily split and processed in consecutive lots. They are delivered immediately upon completion. To the best of our knowledge, in the domain of lot scheduling, there exist no mathematical programming models that describe the above features simultaneously. In this work, we focus on the single machine environment and mainly consider two lot scheduling problems with the objectives of minimizing the maximum lateness and the total tardiness, respectively. For the problems, we first propose new mixed integer linear programming models (solved by commercial solvers), which enable a systematic understanding of the studied problems and serve as a mathematical programming basis for more complicated problems. We then prove that the Earliest Due-Date (EDD) first rule and the Shortest Processing Time (SPT) first rule can optimally solve the two problems, respectively, provided that the due dates and job sizes are agreeable, i.e., a later due date indicates a larger size of job. Experimental results show the efficiency of our methods and managerial insights are drawn.

Implementasi Efektivitas Layanan Whatsapp Web Pada Pembayaran Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor Studi Kasus Di Kota Batam

To increase PKB and SWDKLLJ and to increase public compliance in paying taxes, an innovation is needed to remind the public not to be in arrears in paying motor vehicle taxes. A reminder application is needed that is integrated with the WhatsApp Blast API which will then send notifications of tax due dates or other SAMSAT information based on the mobile phone number that was registered when purchasing the first motor vehicle. This research method uses Scrum to collect and analyze the effectiveness of the application when implemented in the community, with this application it can be utilized optimally so that it can minimize arrears and increase community compliance in paying taxes.

ANALISIS DAN RANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI MONITORING PIUTANG PELANGGAN BISNIS MENGGUNAKAN WHATSAPP GATEWAY API

PT XYZ as a company engaged in the service sector has services for sending letters and packages on credit to partners who already have cooperation agreements. Every incoming shipment from partners will become receivable, then the company records each incoming receivable so that it is monitored so that partners do not pay receivables beyond the due date. Activities that support the management of receivables are reporting of each receivable to determine the amount and maturity of the receivable. The current accounts receivable management business process is still semi-computed, therefore it is necessary to have a special system that can manage accounts receivable activities properly so that they can be controlled from period to period by providing receivable notification features to partners.&#x0D; In this study, which is part of the development of a receivables information system, which is reflected in the financial rules regarding receivables. Research activities are carried out in the analysis phase and the information system design phase. Information system analysis uses Porter's value chain to describe ongoing activities and BPMN notation to model the main activity business processes. As for the design is done using an object-oriented approach. In designing this system, the tools used to describe processes and databases are designed using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which provides accounts receivable management features, notifications using Whatsapp chat media and accounts receivable reporting features.&#x0D; The output of the research is in the form of a report on the design of an information system for monitoring receivables using the Whatsapp Gateway API, software documents and research publications. The design of the information system built can make it easier for system developers to build management systems and monitor receivables at PT XYZ.

Scheduling of parallel continuous annealing lines with alternative processing modes to optimize efficiency under tardiness constraints

Continuous annealing is a core process in steel cold-rolling facilities. It is used to set desired material properties by passing coils of flat steel through a high-temperature furnace in a precisely controlled manner. High efficiency is achieved by feeding the steel through the furnace in the form of a continuous strand. For this purpose, the coils are welded together before being fed into the furnace. Whenever two consecutive coils are incompatible, a special dummy coil called stringer is used to connect them, which reduces efficiency and adds costs and emissions. We consider the scheduling of coils with specific due dates and alternative order-specific processing modes on parallel heterogeneous lines. The problem is to simultaneously assign coils to lines and sequence them on these lines with a defined processing mode with adherence to tardiness constraints while minimizing the number of stringers needed. To address this problem, we formulate a mixed-integer linear program based on a model from the literature and propose a two-phase heuristic solution procedure. The procedure combines an opening phase using shortest path algorithms and local search with an improvement phase based on problem-specific decompositions according to the principles of an Fix-and-Optimize procedure. The results show that our heuristic outperforms a state-of-the-art commercial solver in finding good solutions in short computation time. Based on a sensitivity analysis for several industry-inspired data sets, we observe a trade-off between efficiency and tardiness which strongly depends on the operating conditions.

THE IMPACT OF NON-PERFORMING DEBTS ON BANKING PERFORMANCE: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE MIDDLE EAST BANK AND THE IRAQI INVESTMENT BANK

Purpose: The research aims to study the practical measurement of non-performing debt risks on banking performance and present the results, which provide valuable financial information to bank users and decision-makers. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of this research involves categorizing loans encountered by banks to identify non-performing and written-off loans resulting from credit risks. It also seeks to understand how to address non-performing loans to prevent financial distress that banks might face as a result, thus enhancing the value of accounting information derived from the banking accounting system. Method/design/approach: In this study, banking credit risks are measured using indicators based on the primary financial statements of the Middle East Bank and the Iraqi Investment Bank for the period from 2005 to 2008. Results and conclusion: The study indicated that the importance of financial disclosure is increasing, especially in the context of the banking sector, given the complexity of financial instruments such as derivatives and securities, their significant trading volume, and the associated risks. Research implications: The research results revealed that banks do not disclose the reasons behind financial distress, represented by credit risks and non-performing loans, nor do they disclose the quality of banking credit, loan classifications based on due dates, and how to calculate provisions for doubtful loans. Originality/value: The analysis sheds light on the relationship between non-performing debt risks and banking performance through the process of analyzing banking credit risks. Banking credit risks are among the most significant risks faced by commercial banks, as they arise from the probability of customers not meeting their obligations on their due dates, leading to potential losses for the banks.

Self-care for maternal and reproductive health in conflict settings: qualitative case study in Nuba Mountains, Sudan.

Self-care is a critical component of Reproductive, Maternal, and Neonatal Health (RMNH), offering women the knowledge, skills, and autonomy needed for well-being throughout the reproductive cycle. This paper explores the significance of self-care in conflict-affected regions, where access to formal healthcare is limited. Such areas place pregnant women at higher risk due to increased incidents of adverse events during pregnancy and childbirth. Self-care interventions have the potential to enhance access to quality healthcare services. Employing a qualitative approach, this study explores RMNH self-care practices among pregnant and post-natal women in the Nuba Mountains. The methods included in-depth semi-structured interviews with 24 participants, comprising pregnant women, recent mothers, and healthcare providers. Purposive sampling was used to capture the experiences of mothers, and thematic analysis identified key patterns and themes in self-care practices. The perspectives of healthcare professionals were included to understand the context of RMNH care in conflict settings. The study revealed the crucial role of community cohesion in providing emotional and practical support in pregnancy, childbirth, and in the post-natal period. Limited healthcare infrastructure and ongoing conflict-related challenges provided important drivers for self-care practices. A spectrum of self-care interventions ranged from personal hygiene practices to community-supported childbirth and postnatal care. Significant reliance on elder women's wisdom and traditional midwifery was observed, particularly in the absence of formal healthcare facilities. Some women moved to live with family close to the hospital in the weeks before their due dates in order to mitigate the risks of early deliveries, complications, or general insecurity in their home areas. The findings present a compelling narrative of communal self-care, challenging the conventional notion of self-care as solely individualistic. In this setting, the community's role is fundamental, with knowledge sharing and mutual support forming the bedrock of maternal health practices. Elder women, embodying repositories of perceived traditional wisdom, emerge as central figures, guiding pregnant and postpartum women through shared experiences and practices. This collective approach is not merely a cultural characteristic but a necessity born out of the region's limited healthcare infrastructure and ongoing conflict. The study underscores the need to recognize and integrate these communal self-care strategies into broader health interventions.

Decoding 22q11.2: prenatal profiling and first-trimester risk assessment in Danish nationwide cohort.

To examine the distribution of nuchal translucency thickness (NT), free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in pregnancies with a fetal 22q11.2 aberration. Furthermore, the performance of combined first-trimester screening (cFTS) and a new risk algorithm targeting 22q11.2 deletions in detecting affected pregnancies was evaluated. Finally, prenatal malformations and pregnancy outcome were assessed. This was a nationwide registry-based cohort study of all pregnancies that underwent prenatal screening with a due date between January 2008 and December 2018 in Denmark. All cases with a fetal 22q11.2 deletion or duplication (hg19 chr22:18.9mio-25.0mio) diagnosed pre- or postnatally or following pregnancy loss or termination of pregnancy were retrieved from the Danish Cytogenetic Central Register and linked with pregnancy data from the Danish Fetal Medicine Database. Fetal and maternal characteristics, including cFTS results and pregnancy outcome, of pregnancies with any 22q11.2 deletion or duplication (LCR22-A to -H) and pregnancies with a classic deletion or duplication (LCR22-A to -D) diagnosed by chromosomal microarray were compared with those of a chromosomally normal reference group. A risk algorithm was developed for assessing patient-specific risks for classic 22q11.2 deletions based on NT, PAPP-A and β-hCG. Detection rates and false-positive rates at different risk cut-offs were calculated. We included data on 143 pregnancies with a fetal 22q11.2 aberration, of which 97 were deletions (54 classic) and 46 were duplications (32 classic). NT was significantly increased in fetuses with a classic deletion (mean, 1.89 mm), those with any deletion (mean, 1.78 mm) and those with any duplication (mean, 1.86 mm) compared to the reference group (mean, 1.65 mm). β-hCG multiples of the median (MoM) was decreased in all 22q11.2 subgroups compared with the reference group (mean, 1.02) and reached significance in pregnancies with a classic deletion and those with any deletion (mean, 0.77 and 0.71, respectively). PAPP-A MoM was significantly decreased in pregnancies with a classic duplication and those with any duplication (mean, 0.57 and 0.63, respectively), and was significantly increased in pregnancies with a classic deletion and those with any deletion (mean, 1.34 and 1.16, respectively), compared to reference pregnancies (mean, 1.01). The screen-positive rate by cFTS was significantly increased in pregnancies with a classic deletion (13.7%), any deletion (12.5%), a classic duplication (46.9%) or any duplication (37.8%) compared to the reference group (4.5%). A risk algorithm targeting classic 22q11.2 deletions more than doubled the prenatal detection rate of classic 22q11.2 deletions, but with a substantial increase in the false-positive rate. Structural malformations were detected in 41%, 35%, 17% and 25% of the pregnancies with a classic deletion, any deletion, classic duplication or any duplication, respectively. Pregnancy loss occurred in 40% of pregnancies with a classic deletion and 5% of those with a classic duplication diagnosed prenatally or following pregnancy loss. The distribution of cFTS markers in pregnancies with a classic 22q11.2 duplication resembles that of the common trisomies, with decreased levels of PAPP-A. However, classic 22q11.2 deletions are associated with increased levels of PAPP-A, which likely limits early prenatal detection using the current cFTS risk algorithm. The scope for improving early detection of classic 22q11.2 deletions using targeted risk algorithms based on NT, PAPP-A and β-hCG is limited. This demonstrates the capability, but also the limitations, of cFTS markers in detecting atypical chromosomal anomalies, which is important knowledge when designing new prenatal screening programs. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Towards practicality: Navigating challenges in designing predictive-reactive scheduling

Today’s agile production systems face an ever-increasing complexity due to individualized mass production, a volatile customer demand and dynamic events which disrupt the baseline schedule. Robustness and optimality of the schedule affect the efficiency of the production systems, which in turn negatively affects resource consumption and waste generation. To achieve near-optimal performance, while adhering to due dates and robustly handling disturbances, predictive-reactive scheduling is often proposed. In the current state-of-the-art research on predictive-reactive scheduling there still exist some open issues. One issue to address is a current deficit in generalization, that is, when handling new, previously unseen data. Arguably the main culprit is the reactive (re)scheduling component. Designing such highly complex systems imposes many difficulties. We identify existing problems which ultimately limit the applicability of predictive-reactive scheduling and investigate and evaluate a design approach for predictive-reactive scheduling. We propose predictive-reactive scheduling, which uses match-up scheduling and promising decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning, which allows for fast and flexible real-time decision-making. The aim of this study is to provide insights and improve the applicability of research on predictive-reactive scheduling.

TINDAKAN WANPRESTASI PEMBERIAN UPAH TERHADAP PEKERJA BANGUNAN (Studi Kasus di Jor. Aliran Sungai Nag. Taluk Kec. Lintau Buo Kab. Tanah Datar)

From the results of the study it was found that the implementation of the contract/agreement used in Jorong Sungai Nagari Taluk, Lintau Buo was a contract agreement carried out by the shop owner with the chief craftsman using a wholesale system (shirkah abdan) which was explained directly or verbally without the others. Between the chief mason and workers also uses a wholesale system (shirkah abdan) which is explained verbally/spokenly, but wages for construction workers are calculated daily as the custom for construction workers in Lintau Buo. In the contract/agreement that is carried out there is an agreement to give bonus wages if the work is completed before the due date where the number of working hours per day is not set because the workers try to get the job done quickly in the hope of getting a bonus. But in reality the bonus has not been clear until now. So that in giving wages there is an act of breaking promises or defaults on construction workers. Where construction workers feel disadvantaged because each member does not receive a wage bonus. Breach of promise in a contract is regulated in the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law article 36.