Duck Egg Yolk Research Articles

Transcriptome analysis reveals key information on improving duck yolk lipid contents induced by dietary fish oil or flaxseed oil

ABSTRACT Genes participating in the changes of yolk lipids by unsaturated oils remain elusive. In this study, ducks were randomly assigned to 3 groups, fed with basal-diet (C), basal-diet-plus-2%-flaxseed-oil (FL), or basal-diet-plus-2%-fish-oil (F), respectively. A digital-gene-expression-profiling analysis of livers were performed after four weeks. Compared to C, 36 and 25 differently-expressed-genes (DEG) were identified in FL and F, respectively. These genes participated in lipid metabolism pathways. In both F and FL, the sterol 12 α-hydroxylase 1 gene was down regulated, as well as the fatty acid synthase gene and stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene. In FL, the fatty acid desaturase 2 gene (FADS2) and elongation of the very long-chain fatty acids protein 2 gene (ELOVL2) were up regulated, and the CYP2U (cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily U) was down regulated. However, the FADS2 and ELOVL2 were down regulated in F to possibly prevent the redundancy of body n-3 PUFAs. In conclusion, FL and F had different molecular pathways to reduce yolk cholesterol and increase n-3 PUFAs. However, CYP8B1 and FADS2 were the key genes in the regulation of both of them. α-linolenic acid in the FL might be transformed to longer n-3 PUFAs. In addition, this study adds sequence information to duck.

Ameliorative Effect of Pleurotus ostreatus on Lipid Levels and Atherogenic Indices in Hyperlipidemic Rats

Aim: To evaluate the effects of Pleurotus ostreatus on the lipid profile and atherogenic indices in Hyperlipidemic rats.
 Study Design, Place and Duration of Study: This case-control study was done for 60 days between March and April, 2017 at the department of Medical Laboratory Science and Department of Chemical Pathology, Babcock University, Ogun State, Nigeria.
 Methodology: Thirty male wistar rats weighing 117-130 g were divided randomly into 3 groups: Normolipidemic (NL) rats (fed with standard rodent chow), Hyperlipidemic (HL) rats (fed with standard rodent chow + duck yolk and reused oil), Hyperlipidemic Treated (HL+T) rats (fed with standard rodent chow + duck yolk and reused oil + 5% Pleurotus ostreatus powder). 
 Changes in the animal body weights were measured in this study. Serum was obtained from fasting blood samples for the standard biochemical analyses of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), creatinine, urea, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), TC/HDL, LDL/HDL and Log (TG/HDL) ratios were calculated.
 Results: The HL+T rats compared to HL rats had significantly reduced body weight, TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, TC/HDL, LDL/HDL and Log(TG/HDL) by 19.59%, 14.38%, 15.82%, 25.52%, 15.83%, 28.89%, 20.24% and 27.27% respectively (p ≤ 0.05) but recorded no significant change in HDL-C (p > 0.05). Creatinine, urea, AST and ALT did not show any significant change in HL rats and HL+T rats (p > 0.05).
 Conclusion: Treatment of hyperlipidemic male wistar rats with Pleurotus ostreatus reduced body weight, lipid levels (TC, TG, LDL, VLDL) and atherogenic indices (TC/HDL, LDL/HDL, Log (TG/HDL)) and appeared to have no detrimental effects on the liver and kidneys. These findings may provide insights and scientific basis for the promotion of the use of Pleurotus ostreatus in controlling hyperlipidemia and associated complications.

The recovery rate of Simental spermatozoa frozen of post thawing by using tris dilution with different egg yolks

The yolk content of each poultry varies so that the quality of spermatozoa diluents from various egg yolks will also vary. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of chicken, duck, and egg yolks-quail in Tris dilution to the quality of Simental spermatozoa. Semen used in this study was semen Simental bulls from at the Tuah Sakato Artificial Insemination center, Payakumbuh, West Sumatera. The research used a completely randomized design (CRD) of three treatments with ten replications. The results of the research showed that the use of different egg yolk diluent gave a significant effect in motility, viability, membrane plasma intact, recovery rate and abnormalities spermatozoa Simental. Conclusion, the duck egg yolk to the tris diluent for Simental bulls spermatozoa preservation is the best diluent with high motility (43.00%), high intact plasma membrane (54.67%), high the viability (45.17%) with low abnormality spermatozoa (13.33%) and lower recovery rate (57.33 %) compared to the tris egg yolk-chicken diluent and tris egg yolk-quail.

CRYOPRESERVATION OF KAMPUNG ROOSTER SEMEN USING EGG YOLK DILUENT FROM FOUR TYPES OF POULTRY WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS

The aim of this study was to determine the type and the best concentration of egg yolk in maintaining the quality of kampung rooster spermatozoa during cryopreservation. This study used a completely randomized factorial pattern design with the first factor was the type of egg yolk (purebred chicken, kampung chicken, duck, and quail) and the second factor was the concentration of egg yolk (5%, 10%, and 15%). Semen was collected from twelve kampung roosters using massage method. Immediately after collection, the semen was evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Semen with more than 70% motility was used in this study. The semen was diluted, packed in a ministraw, equilibrated, and frozen using liquid nitrogen vapor and stored in a liquid nitrogen container for 24 hours. Observation of spermatozoa motility was carried out in fresh semen, diluted semen, after equilibration and after thawing with four replications. The results showed that the type of egg yolk treatment had no effect (P0.05) on the recovery rate and motility of spermatozoa before and after cryopreservation, but egg yolk concentration had a highly significant effect (P0.01) on the quality of spermatozoa. Egg yolks in 10-15% concentration had spermatozoa motility and recovery rate higher than egg yolk with 5% concentration. In conclusion, purebred chicken egg yolk, kampung chicken egg yolk, duck egg yolk, and quail egg yolk each in diluent can be used to maintain the quality of kampung rooster spermatozoa at a concentration of 10-15% during cryopreservation.

THE ADDITION OF FRESH GARLIC (Allium sativum L) IN DUCK FEED REDUCES CHOLESTEROL CONTENT OF DUCK EGG

The objective of this study to determine the effect of feeding fresh garlic to ducks on decrease the cholesterol level of duck eggs. This study composed of two treatment groups. The duck in the first group (control) was fed local feed without spplemente d with fresh garlic, while in the second group was fed with local feed and supplemented with 50 grams of fresh garlic/duck/day. Egg yolk cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TG) analysis were carried out at the end of the study using the ether extract method and then with the Cholesterol Oksidase Para Amino Penazone (CHOD-PAP) or enzymatic color test. Data was analysed using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) the results showed that fresh garlic reduced total cholesterol, LDL fraction, and triglyceride, but increased the HDL fraction of duck egg yolk. The total cholesterol, LDL fraction, and triglyceride of duck egg yolks dropped by around 15.98 mg per dL (8.06%), 10.40 mg per dL (12.97%), 64.92 mg per dL (12.71%), respectively, while the HDL fraction increased by 11.40 mg per dL (19.32%) The results of this study indicated that fresh garlic can be used to produce specific products such as low cholesterol and low fat duck eggs.

An Old Man Drew a Circle, and: A Memorial Shed, and: Emperor Penguins on the Square, and: Duckling Dance, and: There Was Planned Work, and: What I Knew, and: Be Good

An Old Man Drew a Circle, and: A Memorial Shed, and: Emperor Penguins on the Square, and: Duckling Dance, and: There Was Planned Work, and: What I Knew, and: Be Good He Xiang (bio) An Old Man Drew a Circle A woman was singing about an old man & his trip south on tv. We laughed at the song, an old man went to the South China Sea & drew a circle. It was springtime, she sang. It was springtime again, she sang, when he returned to behold all that his circle had commanded: cities sprouted up with the ease of a set rolling in at the start of a new act, mountains of gold piled together as if we had never seen gold before (we had never seen gold before). A blueprint for the century to come, a down payment on immortality. Shenzhen was as far as the moon then, as familiar as New York, the fanciest foreign city I could name, no dimension I could tunnel through to in my lonesome, my favorite chair cushion keeping me company, sheets of names for imaginary maids. Now I wonder, did they draw a circle around Tiananmen Square like that old man drew a circle? Did he draw those boundaries too, where roads spat out not money but gunfire? What anchors me as if cinderblock to river homicide, what I can't surface from wishing away is the condition in exchange for living: a pen's arbitrary path, the old man's clever line [End Page 8] about black cats & white cats roiling the short years we have to call ours, a summer night lingering like crushed grapes staining the pavement. The violence chance visits on everyone, how do you cope? Look, my city hadn't stopped trembling after our earthquake, hardly three years before the old man's trip, he could have drawn his circle anywhere but didn't draw it there. His ilk refused aid, altered no course of ours. Whoever let dying bodies prevent their proving a point? Still we gave them the fealty of the punch-drunk to the hit, we knew it'd come harder next time. When it was rebuilt, the new city square could have had anything, but it was a monument to the effort to keep alive in the aftermath & even after that, sleeping in army tents, drinking pool water, burning paper money year after year for the split-second gone. A Memorial Shed If I have run out of ways to mourn you—a white ribbon pinned to my guitar bag aged sixteen, a day of fasting these lastfew years (let me be clear, not a hunger strike: I have no demands, but let every pulseof hunger recall you to me)—do not fear the silence. You must understand: it was youafter all who wanted to barter away the illusion [End Page 9] of having, it was you who didn't trust the blindfoldof moderate prosperity: pork dumplings, a maroon velvet dress, cars, it was all real for the first time but you said it wasn'tenough. Teachers, how do I come and sweep your grave? The trenches of your battlefield the cement fractureson a ten-lane boulevard. Comrades, how do I kneel to you in the Square? When do I tell people to come visitthis memorial shed I am putting up with load-bearing couplets for frames? How do I rest the souls my mother sawon a night hiding amongst the switched-off streetlights so as not to be questioned? I watch over you as you watch overwhat we used your exile to pay for: the ring roads burning chemical flame, bullet trains to ghost cities, the heavysick of smog obscuring the fermented duck yolk of a sun, and all I can say is the prayer of the moderately damned:I am sorry, so sorry, still and still now.Forgive me, forgive me, forgive me. I recite your names hosed off from history, insist on metonymy:Tiananmen, Changanjie, Muxidi.Beloved, beloved, beloved. Emperor Penguins on the Square Have you ever seen emperor penguins on the Square?Maybe a June you don't know...

Hyperlipidemia Preventing Activities of Standardized Ethanolic Extract of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.): An In Vivo Study in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Lipid metabolism disorders can lead to hyperlipidemia that triggers atherosclerosis. This study aimed to identify the potential of standardized ethanolic extract of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) to prevent hyperlipidemia by referring to the reduction of triglyceride level and total cholesterols in male Sprague-Dawley rats. A total of 30 experimental animals was put into 6 groups, including normal, positive control (0.9 mg/kgBW of simvastatin), negative control, treatment I (200 mg/kgBW of extract), treatment II (400 mg/kgBW of extract), and treatment III (800 mg/kgBW of extract). Preventive therapy and positive control were administered from day 1 to day 67. Hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding pure lard and duck yolk to the rats twice daily from day 8 to day 67. Determination of triglyceride level and total cholesterols was conducted on day 0 and day 67. The findings revealed that the treatment groups with ethanolic extract of red spinach at doses of 200 mg/kgBW, 400 mg/kgBW, and 800 mg/kgBW had statistically significant differences (p

EFFECT OF ADDITION FROM EGG YOLK OF DIFFERENT AVIAN TO TRIS EXTENDER ON FREEZING SEMEN TRAITS OF AWASSI RAMS

The objective of this study was to investiget the effect of different kinds of egg yolk (hen, quail, turkey, and duck) on the awassi ram semen quality after cryopreservation. The semen was collected by using artificial vagina from four awassi rams and then evaluated , after pooling the semen samples and dilution with tris which contain egg yolk made from poultry birds (10%) and glycerol (5%).The samples were kept in 4C for two hours and then exposed to liquid nitrogen vapor for (10min) and suck in liquid nitrogen, one month later, the samples were thawed at 37C for(5min).the sperm motility, membrane integrity, the percentage of dead and abnormal sperm and DNA fragmentation determination were evaluated. The results showed that yolk of quail egg recorded the higher percent of sperm motility and membrane integrity in comparison with other birds (40.85, 43.85%) respectively. No significant (P>0.05) differences were recorded between quail yolk egg and duck yolk egg for dead and abnormal sperm. The yolk of quail eggs Foard the lowest percentage of DNA fragmentation (8.8%) while no significant difference was recorded between yolk of hen egg, turkey and duck. It can be conclude that the ability of using yolk of quail eggs as substitute of yolk of hen in the semen ram dilutions.

Study on effect of salting process on egg yolk plasma using AF4 combined with ATR-FTIR and DSC

In this work, the effect of salting method (i.e. immersing method and paste coating method) and salting time on egg yolk plasma was studied. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) combined with attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was employed for monitoring low density lipoprotein (LDL) aggregation in salted egg yolk plasma. AF4 provides a size-based separation of the major components of egg yolk plasma. ATR-FTIR allows determining the secondary structure of protein such as intermolecular β-sheet structure which is an indicator of protein aggregation. By combining the results from AF4 and ATR-FTIR, it was clearly demonstrated that salting process results in the formation of LDL aggregates. Furthermore, the LDL size distributions of a variety of egg yolk plasmas were obtained based on AF4 theory. Results reveal that the size distribution of LDL in duck egg yolk plasma is broader than that in hen egg yolk plasma. The protein thermal stability of salted egg yolk plasma was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that salting process enhances the thermal stability of egg yolk plasma. The results show that AF4 combined with ATR-FTIR and DSC is a promising approach towards better understanding of protein aggregation.

Antidyslipidemia activity of Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate extract of Zingiber montanum rhizome

Excessive food consumption concerning to high calorie, dyslipidemia, obesity and cardiovascular disease. One alternative therapeutic approach in dyslipidemia patients is traditional use of herbal medicines such as Zingiber montanum rhizome. The aim of this study is to compare the anti-dyslipidemia activity of ethanol (EEZR), methanol (MEZR) and ethyl acetate extract of Zingiber montanum rhizome (EAEZR). EEZR, MEZR, and EAEZR were made by maceration method. The solvent extract was evaporated to obtain a viscous extract. Then a phytochemical screening for the compounds contained in each extract was performed. To induce dyslipidemia, Wistar male rats were given standard feed (80%), duck egg yolk (5%) and lard (15%) for 30 days, followed by administration of 1500 mg EEZR, MEZR and EAEZR dose for 30 days. On the 60th day, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) blood measurements of the test rat were performed. Phytochemical screening result showed that EEZR, MEZR, and EAEZR contained flavonoid and terpenoid compounds. EEZR, MEZR, and EAEZR could decrease TC, TG and increased HDL in mouse blood significantly compared with dyslipidemia group (p <0.05). The TC and TG percentage decrease and the highest HDL level were owned by ethyl acetate extract of Zingiber montanum rhizome. EEZR, MEZR and EAEZR could decrease TC, TG levels and increase HDL in rat blood. The ability to decrease TC and TG levels from Zingiber montanum rhizome extract could be caused by the EEZR ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme activity so that it could suppress the fat absorption from the rats’ small intestine. The EAEZR ability was best amongst other because the active compound contained in non-polar Zingiber montanum rhizome is 2-methoxy-8- (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) -1,4napthoquinon. EEZR, MEZR, and EAEZR have the ability to anti-dyslipidemia, where the best activity was owned by EAEZR.

Comparative proteomic analysis of chicken, duck, and quail egg yolks

ABSTRACTA comparative analysis of egg yolk proteome of three major poultry species, namely, chicken, duck, and quail, was carried out with two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis patterns and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins identified from these three poultry species shared high degrees of sequence and structure homology, which might be related to the bird’s adaptability under different environmental stresses. Few specific proteins were found in this study. Comparative 2D gel electrophoresis patterns of chicken, duck, and quail revealed that some protein-specific regions on gels could be used for authentic identification of poultry eggs. These findings could provide a fundamental understanding of different poultry egg protein profiles and showed us some new sights in egg yolk nutrients related to certain properties and functions.

Identification of double-yolked duck egg using computer vision.

The double-yolked (DY) egg is quite popular in some Asian countries because it is considered as a sign of good luck, however, the double yolk is one of the reasons why these eggs fail to hatch. The usage of automatic methods for identifying DY eggs can increase the efficiency in the poultry industry by decreasing egg loss during incubation or improving sale proceeds. In this study, two methods for DY duck egg identification were developed by using computer vision technology. Transmittance images of DY and single-yolked (SY) duck eggs were acquired by a CCD camera to identify them according to their shape features. The Fisher’s linear discriminant (FLD) model equipped with a set of normalized Fourier descriptors (NFDs) extracted from the acquired images and the convolutional neural network (CNN) model using primary preprocessed images were built to recognize duck egg yolk types. The classification accuracies of the FLD model for SY and DY eggs were 100% and 93.2% respectively, while the classification accuracies of the CNN model for SY and DY eggs were 98% and 98.8% respectively. The CNN-based algorithm took about 0.12 s to recognize one sample image, which was slightly faster than the FLD-based (about 0.20 s). Finally, this work compared two classification methods and provided the better method for DY egg identification.

Fishy Odor and TMA Content Levels in Duck Egg Yolks.

Our study can help to diminish the fishy taste in duck eggs by reducing the amount of supplemented choline. Furthermore, this study laid a solid foundation for revealing the genetic factors involved in the fishy odor in duck eggs.

The investigation of the changes in physicochemical, texture and rheological characteristics of salted duck egg yolk during salting

The relationships between the maturation of salted duck egg yolk and the changes of physicochemical, texture and rheological properties were investigated by instrumental analyses. For the physicochemical properties, the apparent oil yield rate and oil extraction rate of salted duck egg yolk respectively increased during salting. The surface hydrophobicity also had an increasing trend and achieved a maximum value of 96.961S0, however, the particle size and zeta potential had significant decrement because of the protein accumulation. For texture, the parameters of hardness (858.91–2396.46 N), adhesiveness (2.64–5.11 Ns), springiness (0.28–0.43 mm), gumminess (352.34–918.29 N), and chewiness (139.39–417.45 N) had prominent increases during salting, while cohesiveness had a reverse trend. For the rheological characteristics, the gelatinization of yolk caused by salt resulted in the increments of elastic and viscous modulus. These significant alterations on yolk indicated that the micro-structure of yolk protein had changes that induced by NaCl in the process of curing. The equilibriums of three properties achieved during 20–25 days salting implied the maturation of salted duck egg yolk. Meanwhile, the composition and polypeptide chains of yolk did not degrade or aggregate during salting according to the gel electrophoresis.

PENGARUH PRESENTASE KUNING TELUR ITIK DAN ASAM FORMIAT DALAM PROSES PEMINYAKAN TERHAAP KEKUATAN FISIK KULIT AYAM PEDAGING SAMAK KHROM

The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of ducks yolk and formic acid in fat liquoring process of the tanned skin. The materials used in this study were 30 pieces of 7 weeks of broiler chicken shank. The study was carried out using completely randomized design. The variables measured were softness, tensile strength and stretch of the tanned skin. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The research results showed that the addition of ducks yolk and formic acid didn’t gave significantly affect on the softness (p>0.05), while gave highly significant affect on tensile strength and stretch (p 0.05) on the softness and stretch, and have significantly (p<0.05) on the tensile strength of leather. The conclusion of this research the addition of 11% duck yolk and 1% formic acid in fat liquoring is the best treatment for broiler chicken shank chrome tanning on the skin softness (2,667), tensile strength (135,707 kg/cm2), and stretch (37,34%), respectively.

Antihiperlipidemi and Atheroprotective activity of Kepuh (Sterculia foetida) Leaves Ethanolic Extract on High-Fat-Diet Rat Models

Cardiovascular disease causes the highest mortality rate in the world. Atherosclerotic plaque is the most common etiology of cardiovascular disease. High levels of cholesterol in circulation is the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis formation. Atherosclerosis risk can be lowered to 20-40% with statins. Statins are effective in lowering total and LDL cholesterol, but these drugs have been reported to cause side effects. Therefore, it needed an alternative medicine to prevent the process of atherosclerosis using kepuh leaves (Sterculia foetida). Flavonoids contained in Kepuh leaves improve lipid profiles. The aims of this study is to prove the effectiveness of Sterculia foetida in lowering cholesterol, triglyceride and reduce the amount of foam cells on high-fat-diet induced rats. The research design is quasi-experimental with post test only design. Animals are grouped into normal group, negative control group and three treatment groups that were given kepuh leaves extract at the dose of 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB, and 800 mg/ kgBB. Rats were given high-fat diet of initial intravenous adrenaline injection 0.006 mg/200 gBB and duck egg yolks 5 g/kgBB for 21 days. Cholesterol and triglycerides were measured by enzymatic methods and aortic tissue stained with HE. ESf reduce cholesterol significantly and reduce the amount of foam cells on aorta.Keywords: cholesterol, triglyceride, kepuh leaves, foam cell, high-fat-diet

"Penambahan Astaxanthin pada Pengencer Kuning Telur Berbagai Jenis Unggas Dapat Memproteksi Semen Babi Selama Penyimpanan (THE ADDITION OF ASTAXANTHIN ON SPERM DILUENTS PHOSPHATE EGGYOLK OF VARIOUS POULTRY CAN PROTECT QUALITY OF PIG SPERM DURING STORAGE) "

A study was conducted to formulate semen diluent of pigswith a better quality, cheap and easy toprepare using egg yolk of various poultries such as chickens, ducks and quails in combinationwithastaxanthin, a potent antioxidant. The research design used was a completely randomized factorialdesign with three different types of sperm diluents and four levels of astaxanthin concentration. Spermdiluents used were phosphate duck egg yolk, phosphate quail egg yolk and yolks phosphate supplementedrespectivelywith 0,002%, 0,004% and 0,008%astaxanthine. The treated sperm were strored at 5oC for 48hours. The sperm qualities were examined for progressive motility, spermatozoa abnormalities, viabilityand plasma membrane integrity. The result showed that sperm diluents of using duck egg yolk phosphatein combination with 0.002% astaxanthinresulted in the highest progressive motility, viability and plasmamembrane intact while abnormalities spermatozoa is lowest. It can be concluded that phosphate duck eggyolk sperm diluents with the addition of 0,002% astaxanthinappeared to be able to maintain the qualityof pig sperm stored at 5oC for 48 hours.

An epidemiological study of avian influenza A (H5) virus in nomadic ducks and their raising practices in northeastern Bangladesh, 2011-2012.

BackgroundIn Bangladesh, nomadic duck flocks are groups of domestic ducks reared for egg production that are moved to access feeding sites beyond their owners’ village boundaries and are housed overnight in portable enclosures in scavenging areas. The objectives of this study were to measure the prevalence of influenza A virus RNA and H5‐specific antibodies in nomadic ducks and to characterize nomadic duck raising practices in northeastern Bangladesh.MethodsWe tested duck egg yolk specimens by competitive ELISA to detect antibodies against avian influenza A (H5) and environmental fecal samples by real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT‐PCR) to detect influenza A virus RNA and H5 subtype.ResultsThe median age of the ducks was 24 months (range: 8‐36 months) and the median flock size was 300 ducks (range: 105‐1100). Of 1860 egg yolk samples, 556 (30%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 28‐32) were positive for antibodies against H5 and 58 flocks (94%) had at least one egg with H5‐specific antibodies. Of 496 fecal samples, 121 (24%, 95% CI: 22‐29) had detectable influenza A RNA. Thirty‐three flocks (53%) had at least one fecal sample positive for influenza A RNA.ConclusionsNomadic ducks in Bangladesh are commonly infected with avian influenza A (H5) virus and may serve as a bridging host for transmission of avian influenza A (H5) virus or other avian influenza A viruses subtypes between wild waterfowl, backyard poultry, and humans in Bangladesh.

Salting Yolks Directly Using Fresh Duck Egg Yolks with Salt and Maltodextrin.

This study demonstrates a novel concept of salted yolk processing using fresh duck egg yolk. Salted yolks are produced to comply with good agricultural practice and allow better traceability of the raw materials. This methodology also prevents the curing of albumin as in the normal whole-egg brining protocol, and the spare egg whites can be used as raw material for other food products. This new brining process accelerated the curing time from 4 weeks to 4 days. The brining solution was a mixture of sodium chloride and maltodextrin. The sensory results suggested that this novel separated yolk brining process generated salted yolks of similar quality to those using the traditional shell egg brining protocol.

Identification of phospholipids classes and molecular species in different types of egg yolk by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS.

Egg phospholipids (PLs) are currently the products of greatest commercial interest with major area of importance in various fields. Therefore, in this study, duck, hen and quail egg yolk PLs were isolated by solvent extraction with chilled acetone precipitation, and subsequently separated and identified by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Egg PLs were separated on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) column by gradient elution using acetonitrile/ammonium formate as a mobile phase, and detected by mass spectrometry (MS) under electrospray ionization in positive and negative ion mode. Structural characterizations of 57 molecular species of egg yolk PLs were identified based on MS/MS fragment ion information and elemental composition in MassLynx 4.1 software. The obtained results showed that phosphatidylcholine (16:0-18:1), phosphatidylethanolamine (18:0-20:4), phosphatidylinositol (18:0-18:2), phosphatidylserine (18:0-18:2), sphingomyelin (d18:1/16:0) and lysophosphatidylcholine (16:0) were the predominant species among the different classes of egg yolk phospholipids.