Weed Dry Weight Research Articles

PENGARUH VARIASI DOSIS BIOHERBISIDA LARUTAN DAUN AKASIA (Acacia mangium Wild) TERHADAP TERHAMBATNYA PERTUMBUHAN GULMA WEDUSAN (Ageratum conyzoides L.)

The aims of this reseach is 1) to determine whether there is the effect of variations in the dosage of acacia leaf solution in inhibiting the growth of wedusan weed, 2) to determine the correct dosage variation in inhibiting the growth off wedusan weed. This type of reseach is experimental, this study used a completely randomized block design (RAKL) with 4 treatments and 6 replications, to determine the effect of variations in the dosage of acacia leaf solution data analysis was performed using parametric test (normal data) and further test to determine which treatment inhibited the growth of wedusan weeds. The parameters observed in this study were wedusan weed height (cm), wedusan weed growth rate (cm), and wedusan weed dry weight (grams). The result showed that giving acacia leaf solution had a significant effect on inhibition of high growth, growth rate, and dry weight of wedusan weeds.

Weed Management in Clusterbean under the Application of Different Agrochemicals and Phosphorus Levels

Among the Kharif legumes clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) is important crop and popularly known as “Guar” in India. A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2013 at Agronomy Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, Jaipur (Rajasthan) to evaluate the weed management in clusterbean under the application of different agrochemicals and phosphorus levels. The treatments comprising 6 weed control treatments (Weedy check, one hand weeding at 20 DAS, two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, pendimethalin at 0.75 kg/ha, imazethapyr at 100 g/ha and fenoxoprop-p-ethyl at 70 g/ha and four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha) assigned to main and sub plots of spilt plot design, respectively and replicated thrice. Results showed that HW twice at 20 and 40 DAS and pre emergence application of imazethapyr at 100 g/ha resulted significant reduction in weed density and weed dry matter in comparison to most of the treatments. Results further indicated that application of 60 kg P2O5/ha in clusterbean recorded the highest density and dry weight of weeds at all the stages. Maximum weed control efficiency was recorded under two hand weeding at 20 & 40 DAS.

Effect of Mesotrione 40% SC on Weed Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Newer herbicides are required to reduce the losses cause by the weeds in maize crop. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during kharif 2019 at Research Farm, AICRP on Forage Crops, Department of Agronomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) to study the effect of different weed management practices on productivity of Maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with eight treatments (six herbicidal treatments with hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS and weedy check) replicated thrice. Observations were recorded for various weed parameters and crop growth parameters. All the weed management treatments significantly reduced the total weed density and total dry weight of weeds as compared to weedy check. Among herbicidal treatments, mesotrione 350 g ha-1 recorded the lowest total weed density and total dry weight of weeds as compared to other herbicides. While highest total weed density and total dry weight were recorded under weedy check treatment. Significantly higher growth parameters and yield attributing traits were recorded with the application of mesotrione 350 g ha-1 which resulted in higher grain and stover yields (2447.22 and 21804.72 kg ha-1) followed by mesotrione 300 g ha-1. Maximum net returns and Benefit: Cost ratio was also obtained with the application of mesotrione 350 g ha-1.

Weed management with Triafamone herbicide in transplanted rice ecosystem

Field experiments were conducted during Rabi 2018-19 (September to January) and Kharif 2019 (May to September). Medium duration rice cv. CO(R) 51 was used as a test variety at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India to study the effect of Triafamone on broad spectrum weed control in transplanted rice. Triafamone was applied at two times. First set of treatments (30, 40,50 and 100 g/ha) applied two to three leaf stage of weeds and second set treatments imposed (30, 40,50 and 100 g/ha) at three days after transplanting of the rice crop. These treatments were compared with Pyrazosulfuron ethy 10% WP @ 15 g/ha, Pretilachlor 5% EC @ 750 g/ha, hand weeding @ 20 and 40 days after transplanting and unweeded control. The major grasses were Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) and E. colonum (L.) while the sedge weed included Cyperus nutans (L.). Among the broad leaved weeds Eclipta alba (L.) and Bergia ammanioides were the dominant species. In both the seasons of the study, lesser population of grass was recorded with the pre and early post emergence application of triafamone herbicide 40 g a.i. ha-1 (1.41 and 1.41 per m-2 at 28 and 42 DAA for both the seasons respectively) and it was closely followed by application of triafamone herbicide 50 g a.i. ha-1 and application of PE Pretilachlor at 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 and EPOE Pyrazosulfuron ethyl at 15 g a.i. ha-1. The same trend was observed for broad leaved weeds and their weed dry weights. Application of triafamone herbicide at 40 g a.i. ha-1 as pre emergence and early post emergence application recorded highest weed control efficiency of 100, 97.7 and 99.6 % and 97.8% at 42 DAA during both years of experimentation and also resulted in higher grain yield (8052 and 8182 kg ha-1 during rabi 2018-19 and 9018, 9175 kg ha-1 during Kharif 2019). Further, it is noticed that, there was no residual toxicity of herbicide to the succeeding crops. Hence, application of Triafamone 40 g a.i. ha-1 either pre or early post emergence herbicide has higher productivity and no residues in transplanted rice ecosystem.
 Key words: Triafamone, efficacy, weeds and transplanted rice ecosystem

Weed Dynamics of Fodder Maize as Influenced by Different Herbicides

The advancements in fodder maize cultivation practices over the past few years, has paved a change in the makeup of weed associations. This made it necessary to incorporate new, effective herbicides in the struggle against maize's primary weeds. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, AICRP on Forage Crops, Department of Agronomy, JNKVV, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) during Kharif season 2019 to devise an appropriate combination of herbicides required for the control of the complex weed diversity in fodder maize. The field experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with ten treatments (eight herbicidal combinations along with hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS and a weedy check) and replicated thrice. Observations were recorded on the weed parameters and fodder yield of maize. Among monocots, the experimental field was infested with Echinochloa colona, Commelina communis and Digitaria sanguinalis. Phyllanthus niruri and Eclipta alba were dominated among dicots. Among all herbicidal treatment, topramezone 35 g/ha plus atrazine 250 g/ha was found to be significantly superior in reducing total weed density (9.49/m2, 11.50/m2) and total weed dry weight (6.43 g/m2, 7.91 g/m2) at 30 and 45 DAS, respectively and recorded the lowest weed index (1.82%). Also, the maximum green fodder yield (472.68 q/ha) was recorded in topramazone 35 g/ha + atrazine 250 g/ha compared to other treatments. Overall, this study indicated that the combination of topramazone 35 g/ha + atrazine 250 g/ha could be an alternative approach to hand weeding and alone herbicides in fodder maize.

Increasing Array of Herbicides for Post-emergence Weed Control and Seed Yield in Maize (Zea mays Linn)

Study was conducted at the Institute of Agricultural research and Training (IAR&T) Ilora (Derived savanna agro-ecology) substation in the rainy seasons of 2014 and 2015, to appraise herbicides for post-emergence weed control and increase array of herbicides for weed control in maize. Weed samples were taken from a three-year fallow field before land preparation. Herbicides under evaluation were assigned to 3 x 3 plots at different rates. These were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed that initial weed flora richness were 22% and 78% grass and broad-leaved weeds respectively. These were found in five (5) plant families. All the weeds sampled were annuals. Narrow annual weed spectrum, described continuous cropping activities in the location. Herbicides improved plant height by 36 to 50% compared to weed infested maize plants. Though phyto-toxicity was evident at three and twenty-one days after treatment (DAT), ranging from 1/10 to 3.79/10 and 2/5 and 3.67/10 correspondingly when visually rated (0 – 10 scale). Notwithstanding, herbicides gave impressive weed control rate (WCR) at 21 DAT (6.7/10 - 8.7/10), with evidence of superior weed control efficiency (WCE >80%) at harvest across herbicide treated plots relative to weedy control plots. 2,4-D DMA (0.86 kg ai/ha), Fluroxypyr methyl (0.40 ai kg/ha), 2,4-D + Dicamba (0.68 + 0.24 kg ai/ha) and 2,4-D DMA (2.58 kg ai/ha) had <30% relative yield loss (RYL%) with comparable seed yield compared to the highest recorded in weed-free plot (13.29 t/ha). Plant height at 8 WAS (weeks after sowing) had significant inverse relationship with weediness at 5 WAS and weed dry weight at harvest (- 0.62). Consequently, early weed control is essential for maize performance. On the other hand, plant height enhanced weed control efficiency at harvest (0.62). Tall plants have tendency to reduce relative yield loss (RYL %) as they were inversely related 1 (- 0.42). Comparable WCE% (83 -99%) in herbicide treated plots reduced weed growth by about 88%. Hence, lower rate of herbicides with <30% phyto-toxicity level should be considered to increase array of herbicides for post-emergence weed control, sustainable maize production and environmental friendliness.

Evaluation of herbicides for selective weed control in cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.)

Cultivation of cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.) is increasing due to its potential nutritional and medicinal use. Lack of registered herbicides is a main constrain for efficient weed control and consequently successful production in cutleaf groundcherry. To evaluate the efficacy of eight herbicide treatments for weed control and crop injury in cutleaf groundcherry, field experiments were conducted in two consequent years (2017 and 2018). Treatments consisted of PRE application of pendimethalin and POST application of foramsulfuron, oxadiazon, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, sulfosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium + mesosulfuron-methyl-sodium + mefenpyr-diethyl (IMM), and iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium + mesosulfuron-methyl-sodium + diflufenican (IMD). Weed-free and weedy plots were also considered for comparison in both years. Although, density and biomass of broadleaf weeds were decreased in all treatments compared to the weedy check, grass weeds did not affect by the herbicides. In both years, the lowest broadleaf weed dry weight of (12 g m−2) was found in plots treated by IMD and IMM. Different levels of herbicide injury was found in cutleaf groundcherry plants. Of the herbicides tested, the minimum crop injury was related to plots treated with foramsulfuron (1.4%), rimsulfuron (2.7%) and sulfosulfuron (6%). Notice that the yield in rimsulfuron treatment (38,160 kg ha-1 and 18,053 kg ha-1 in 2017 and 2018) was just about 62% and 48% of that in weed free treatment in 2017 and 2018, respectively, although rimsulfuron treatment improved crop fruit yield compared with the weedy treatment. Overall, although none of the tested herbicides could provide fruit yield similar to the weed free condition, an herbicide program consisting of rimsulfuron and sulfosulfuron would therefore provide both high weed control and crop safety.

Biostimulants as a Response to the Negative Impact of Agricultural Chemicals on Vegetation Indices and Yield of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Weed control during common buckwheat cultivation is hindered by the crop’s high sensitivity to agrochemicals. This study evaluates whether biostimulants (Asahi SL, Kelpak SL, B-Nine) could reduce the adverse effect of abiotic stress caused by these substances on buckwheat’s vegetation indices and yield. To this end, a four-factor field experiment was performed according to the 3 4−1 Box–Behnken design on chernozem soil with silt texture at the Experimental Station of the Agricultural University of Krakow (Poland, 50°07′ N, 20°04′ E). The results showed that calcium cyanamide fertilization was effective in reducing the abundance of dicotyledonous weeds by 39% and the dry weight of weeds per unit area by 20% relative to ammonium nitrate-fertilized sites. However, the most effective method of weed control was the application of metazachlor together with clomazone. The mixture of these active substances reduced the abundance of monocotyledonous weeds, dicotyledonous weeds, and dry weight of weeds by 83%, 40.5%, and 36.4%, respectively. The use of herbicides adversely affected the leaf area index (LAI). Nitrophenol treatment of buckwheat grown on soil fertilized with calcium cyanamide resulted in increased achene yield and number of seeds per plant compared to ammonium nitrate fertilization. The application of daminozide on chemically protected plants resulted in improved vegetation indices such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) compared to sites not exposed to herbicides.

Impact of Some Herbicides on Growth Indicators of Some Wheat Cultivars and Weight of Companion Weeds

An experiment was implemented in the experimental field of the Department of Field Crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Jadriya during the year 2020-2021. The study aimed to investigate the effect of some herbicides (Crash + U46-Combifiluid) combination and Axial, Weed Free and Weedy, on the companion weeds and growth indicators for three cultivars of wheat (Shame6, Samur, and GRAIME). The experiment was conducted according to a RCBD (in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates), while the cultivars represent the main treatments and herbicide treatments. The results showed the superiority of cultivar GRAIME in the trait of the number of tiller. meters 2 and the flag leaf area (centimeter2), as it recorded averages of 469.90 meters2 and 22.61 centimeter2 respectively. The cultivars did not differ significantly between them in terms of the dry weight of plants. In comparison, the cultivar Samur recorded the highest plant height of 135.12 centimeter and the lowest weed dry weight was 40.44 gram. meters-2, recording the highest inhibition ratio in the weed dry weight amounted to 62.60%. The combination treatment (Crash + U46-Combifiluid) for all traits was superior to the weedy treatment, which recorded the lowest averages, as it recorded 459.9 tiller.meters2, 124.89 centimeter, 22.70 centimeter 2, and 1344 gram. meters -2 for the number of tillers, plant height, flag leaf area, and the dry weight of wheat plants, respectively. Besides, the lowest average weed dry weight was 6.55 gram. meters -2 and the highest inhibition ratio in the weed dry weight was 93.97%, it was close to the results of the weed-free treatment. The treatment of cultivar GRAIME with (Crash + U46-Combifiluid) combination achieved the highest mean for the number of tillers, flag leaf area, and dry weight of wheat plants reaching 515.70 tiller. meters 2 and 25.20 centimeter 2 and 1371.20 gram. meters-2 respectively, In comparison, the lowest weed dry weight was achieved in the treatment of cultivar Samur and Shame6 with the combination of (Crash + U46-Combifiluid) reached 0.00 and 5.80 gram. meters-2 respectively and recorded the highest inhibition ratio of weed dry weight reached 100% and 94.44% respectively.

Response of Barley Cultivars to Weed Control with Herbicides and Datura Leaf Extract and Its Reflection on Growth Indicators

A field experiment was carried out to find out the effect of selected chemical herbicides (Crash+ U46-Combifiluid) and Datura leaf extract (4 leaf age) on companion weeds of two barley cultivars (IPA99 and IPA 265), coupled with certain growth indicators of these two cultivars. The results showed the superiority of the two treatments of spraying weed herbicides (T1) and Datura leaf extract (T2), as they recorded the lowest weed dry weight amounted to 4.75 and 17.18 grams/meters-2. Along with, the highest inhibition ratio in dry weight was 96.14% and 86.09%, the highest number of tillers was 522.00 and 428.00 tiller. meters -2, the highest plant height of 104.34 and 98.28 cm, the highest flag leaf area was 13.28 and 10.34 cm2. Besides, the highest dry weight of 1343.80 and 1207.50 grams/meters-2 for the two treatments respectively, compared with the control treatment (Weedy) T3, which recorded the highest weed dry weight of 122.16 grams/meters-2. In the same role, the lowest inhibition ratio of 0.00%, and the lowest number of tillers was 322.50 tillers. meters-2, the lowest plant height, the lowest flag leaf area, and the lowest dry weight were 86.98 cm and 7.35 cm2, and 906.90 grams/meters-2, respectively. Furthermore, the IPA 99 cultivar was significantly superior by giving the lowest weed dry weight of 42.90 grams/meters-2, the highest inhibition ratio of 64.24%, the highest plant height of 103.25 cm, and the highest dry weight of 1175.80 grams/meters-2. In comparison, the above cultivar exceeded the IPA 265 cultivar, which recorded the highest dry weight of weed of 53.16 grams/meters-2 and lowest averages for plant height and plant dry weight of 89.93 cm and 1129.80 cm2 respectively. The two cultivars did not differ significantly in the number of tillers. meters-2 and leaf area cm2. It was observed that the cultivars could reduce the weed’s dry weights and thus inhibit its growth, meaning that it had the ability to compete with the companion weeds. The two treatments T1 and T2 were superior with IPA 99 & IPA 265 by giving the best combination in reducing the weed dry weight by 88 and 5.61 grams/meters-2, the inhibition ratio was 96.79% and 95.50%, the number of tillers was 531.70 and 512.30 tiller. meters-2. In addition to the dry weight of the crop plants was 1360.00 and 1327.70 grams/meters-2 for the two treatments and the two cultivars respectively, compared with the treatment T3, which recorded with IPA 99 and IPA 265 the highest dry weight of weed of 119.95 and 124.36 grams/meters-2. On the other hand, the lowest inhibition ratio of 0.00% for both cultivars, the number of tillers was 281.70 and 363.30 tiller. meters-2, and the dry weight of the crop plants were 910.50 and 903.40 grams/meters-2 for the two cultivars respectively.

Influence of land preparation on weed dynamics and growth of traditional rice landraces in the diverged location of Tamil Nadu

In recent years, traditional landraces are gaining importance due to its many health benefits. But the main drawback of the traditional rice variety is low productivity with increased water consumption. Therefore different rice establishment methods are to be evaluated. But weed infestation occurs in every establishment method. Hence the present study aimed to study the weed dynamics by evaluating the water-saving technologies compared with puddled transplanting using various landraces. The first field experiment was conducted during Samba (Aug-Sept) 2021 in the wetlands of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The second field experiment was at the Research Station, Melalathur in Tamil Nadu during Navara (Nov-Jan) season 2021. The experiment was laid out in split plot design comprising four establishment methods as main plots viz. Aerobic rice (M1), Puddled transplanting (M2), Unpuddled transplanting (M3), Direct seeded rice (M4) with traditional landraces viz. Karuppu kavuni (V1), Mapillai samba (V2) and Seeraga samba (V3) in sub plots. In this study, weed dynamics like weed density and weed dry weight were recorded along with plant height, leaf area index and total chlorophyll content. Weed density and weed dry weight was 87.82 % and 74.63 % higher in aerobic rice cultivation than puddled transplanting method during all the observations in both experiments. On comparing the land establishment methods, Direct seeded rice performed well with 40.61% of higher plant height, 89.38 % of higher LAI, 38.48 % of increased total chlorophyll content than Aerobic rice cultivation. The landrace mapillai samba showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher plant height of 64.09±7.14 cm, Leaf area index of 2.05±0.992 and total chlorophyll content of 2.56±0.461 mg/g of fresh leaf. Hence this study provides evidence that in the initial stage of rice cultivation, direct seeded rice and the mapillai samba landrace performed well than the other establishment methods and the other two landraces.

Residual effects of herbicides on weed interference and productivity in wheat (Triticum aestivum) under a conservation agriculture-based onion (Allium cepa)–wheat cropping system

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 2015–16 and 2016–17 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to evaluate the effects of conservation agriculture (CA) and carryover weed management on weed interference and crop productivity of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Poal] in an onion (Allium cepa L.)–wheat system. Three conventional and conservation tillage and 7 weed-management treatments were laid out in a split-plot design, with 3 replications. The CA-based zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R) resulted in significant reduction in total weed density and biomass compared to conventional till flat bed (CTFB), which led to higher weed control efficiency (11%), grain (4.02 t/ha) and straw yield (4.24 t/ha), and net returns 46000 `/ha in the year 2016–17. The zero-till flat bed with residue (ZTFB + R) and ZTRB + R led to an increase in wheat grain yield by 5.1 and 3.6%, and net returns by 28 and 18% than CTFB respectively. Among the herbicidal treatments, the pendimethalin followed by (fb) ethoxysulfuron resulted in the highest reduction in weed density (29 and 34%) and weed dry weight (55 and 56%) in both years, and the pendimethalin fb quizalofop was comparable with it in these regards. The pendimethalin fb quizalofop- or ethoxysulfuron- treated plots provided higher wheat grain yield (4.24 t/ha), net returns 49000 `/ha and net benefit: cost (B: C) in the year 2016–17. The pendimethalin fb ethoxysulfuron had higher residual effect on weeds in wheat but inflicted severe phytotoxicity to onion in previous season that reduced onion yield significantly. Therefore, the pendimethalin fb quizalofop application to onion is most preferred considering onion and wheat crops safety and may be adopted under zero-till raised-bed for higher productivity and profitability in onion–wheat cropping system.

Weed Management in Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) at Farmer’s Fields in South East Rajasthan

The field experiments were conducted during kharif (July–October) seasons of 2014–15 and 2015–16 at KVK, Rajsamand, Rajasthan and farmers’ field with objective to explore and test other alternative and economical methods of weed control. On-farm Trial, technology option Oxadiargyl applied 50 g a.i. ha-1 applied as early post emergence at 20 DAS proved the best over farmers’ practice as well over recommended practice of 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 pendimethalin pre-emergence in terms of growth and yield attributing characters viz., plant height, primary and secondary branches, number of umbels, number of umbellets umbel-1, number of seeds umbel-1 and remained statistically at par with weed free treatment. Weed indices namely weed count, weed dry weight, weed index and weed control efficiency were statistically significant by oxadiargyl applied 50 g a.i. ha-1 as early post emergence at 20 DAS and pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1.00 kg a.i. ha-1 pendimethalin over farmer’s practice. Lower WI and higher WCE was observed by oxadiargyl applied 50 g a.i. ha-1 followed by pendimethalin 1.00 kg a.i ha-1. Grain and starw yield recorded in weed free plot was statistically at par with yield obtained by application of oxadiargyl 50 g a.i. ha-1. Net returns and B:C were also high in refined technology option i.e. of 50 g a.i. ha-1 oxazdiargyl (` 127570 ha-1 and 4.77) over recommended practice of 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 pendimethalin pre-emergence (` 107930 ha-1 and 4.19) and farmers’ practice (` 75930 ha-1 and 3.49).

Crop-establishment methods and weed management effects on weeds, wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield and economics under a conservation agriculture-based rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat system

A field experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute during the winter (rabi) season of 2018–19 and 2019–20 involving 6 tillage and residue practices, viz. T1 , zero-till (ZT) direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) (ZTDSR)–zero-till wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Paol] (ZTW); T2 , ZTDSR + wheat residue (WR)–ZTW + rice residue (RR); T3 , ZTDSR + WR + brown manuring (BM) – ZTW+RR; T4 , ZTDSR–ZTW– ZT mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] (ZTMB); T5, ZTDSR + mungbean residue (MBR) – ZTW + RR – ZTMB+WR; T6 , puddled transplanted rice (PTR)–conventional till wheat (CTW) in main plot; and 4 weed-control treatments, i.e. W1 , un-weeded control; W2 , Total (ready mix of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl) 0.040 kg/ha at 30 day after sowing (DAS); W3 , tank-mixture of clodinafop-propargyl 0.060 kg/ha + metsulfuron-methyl 0.004 kg/ha at 30 DAS; W4 , tank-mixture of clodinafop-propargyl 0.060 kg/ha + carfentrazone-ethyl 0.02 kg/ha at 30 DAS in sub-plot under a split-plot design and replicated thrice. Treatment T6 resulted in significantly higher population and dry weight of littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.), yellow sweet clover [Melilotus indica (L.) All.] and swine cress [Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith] than other treatments, whereas, population and dry weight of common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.), sour dock (Rumex dentatus L.) and annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.) were significantly higher under T1 and T4 treatments. The treatment T5 registered ~62, 44, 35, 31 and 24% lower population of P. minor than T6 , T1 , T4 , T2 and T3 treatments, respectively. Similarly, total weed population and total weed dry weight were ~38 and 33% lower under T5 compared with T6 treatment respectively. Better wheat growth and lower weed interference under T5 treatment led to 14.6% higher wheat grain yield under this treatment than T6 . The tank- mix of clodinafop-propargyl + metsulfuron significantly reduced the population and dry weight of all weeds compared to UWC and it led to 88.9% weed-control efficiency (WCE) and 89.4% weed-control index (WCI) in wheat. Therefore, growing of wheat under zero-till triple cropping system with rice, wheat and mungbean residues (T5 ) combined with tank-mix application of clodinafop + metsulfuron at 30 DAS may be recommended for better weed management, and higher productivity and profitability from wheat in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India and in similar agro-ecologies of the tropics/ sub-tropics.

Consequence of Sesbania as brown manure along with foliar spray of iron and zinc sulphate on production potential of direct-seed rice (Oryza sativa) in calcareous soil

A field experiment was carried out during the rainy (kharif) season of 2017–18 and 2018–19 at the Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, to introduce the foliar spray of micro-nutrients along with Sesbania based brown manuring (BM) to enhance productivity of dry direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments included foliar spray of FeSO4 (1%) and ZnSO4 (0.5%) alone and in combination with Sesbania brown manuring. The Sesbania sown broadcast on the same day along with rice for brown manuring (BM) at the seed rate of 40 kg/ ha that, BM with Sesbania treatments resulted in higher values of yield characters and yield than non-BM treatments. The treatment involving 2 foliar sprays of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 along with BM significantly increased the yield attributes like panicles/m2 , grains/panicles, and grain and straw yields of rice over the other treatment except rice + BM. This treatment also recorded the maximum uptake of nutrients, viz, N,P,K,Fe and Zn. The mmaximum benefit: cost ratio was also recorded under this treatment. The maximum weed dry weight was recorded with treatment rice alone and the lowest with treatment rice + FeSO4 @ 1% + ZnSO4 @ 0.5% at tillering and panicle initation + BM.

Enhancing profitability and sustainability through herbicides on weed control in wheat-greengram cropping system in Punjab, India

A field study was conducted during the two successive years of Rabi, 2020–21, 2021–22 and Kharif, 2020– 21, 2021–22 at the research farm of Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab (India) in a RBD (randomized block design) with eight weed-controlling treatments with three replications. In wheat, seed yield, straw yield, and minimum total weed population and dry weight of weed in subsequent wheat were noted with Pyroxasulfone, with at equality Pyroxasulfone as (PE), followed by HW twice (20 and 40 days after sowing), and 2,4-D sodium salt with a combination of 1 HW (60 DAS). The minimum weed population and dry weight of weeds, maximum weed control efficiency and Greengram growth characteristics, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, test weight, seed and straw yields were noted with Pendimethalin at 2 DAS (PE) and Imazethapyr at 30 DAS (PE), which was at par with Imazethapyr as (PE), followed by (fb) Pendimethalin as (PoE), and HW twice at 20 and 40 days after sowing. It can be used for extremely active weed control to increase the output of Greengram.

Response of different weed management practices on growth and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) under irrigated conditions of Punjab

The field experiment was carried out during the summer season of 2021-2022 to study the response of different weed management practices on growth and yield of black gram. Cyperus sp., Phyllanthus niruri, Trianthema portulacastrum, Amaranthus viridis were the dominant weeds. It was observed that besides weed free treatment the lowest weed count, dry weight of weeds (3.66 g m-2), weed index (2.73%) as well as highest weed control efficiency (60.06%) were found with the pre-emergence (PE) application of pendimethalin1 kg ha-1 followed by one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (DAS). The maximum growth attributes, yield attributes and yield were found with the pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin 1 kg a.i. ha-1 followed by one hand weeding at 40 DAS which was statistically at par with pre emergence application of Pendimethalin 1 kg a.i. ha-1 followed by post emergence application of imazethapyr 75 g a.i. ha-1 at 40 days after sowing. The economics parameters were recorded highest with the application of Pendimethalin (PE) 1 kg a.i. ha-1 followed by one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing. Hence Pendimethalin is most effective treatment among the other treatments.

Management of weed diversity through organic mulching and alternative weed suppression practices on ginger (Zingiber officinale)

A field experiment was conducted at the Regional Research Station (Hill Zone), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalimpong, Darjeeling, West Bengal, during 2019 and 2020 to study the effect of weed diversity, growth and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose) as influenced by organic mulching and alternative weed management practices. The randomized block design, having seven varying treatments with three replications was used. The treatments consisted of dry weed biomass mulch @ 5.0 t/ha (T1), paddy straw mulch @ 5.0 t/ha (T2), FYM Mulch @ 5.0 t/ha (T3), dry leaves of Schima wallichi@ 5.0 t/ha (T4), dry leaves of Artimesia sp. and Eupatorium sp. @ 5.0 t/ha (T5), hand weeding (twice) at 45 and 90 DAS (T6) and unweeded control (T7). The result showed that hand weeding twice at 45 and 90 DAS (T6) appreciably reduced the total weed population/m2 and total dry weight of weeds than unweeded control plot (T7) at all the stages of crop growth. The highest plant height (82.10 cm), number of leaves/clump (65.41), number of pseudo stem/clump (5.17), rhizome length (7.22 cm), rhizome width (5.50 cm), number of fingers/rhizome (6.42), yield/plant (0.268 kg/plant), yield (20.33 t/ha) and weed control efficiency were recorded under the hand weeding twice at 45 and 90 DAS (T6) compared to other treatments. The results showed that it is necessary to cover the soil surface with different mulch materials and manual weed control practices to achieve a good control of weeds along with enhanced yield attributes and yield.

Weed Control Using Allelopathic Properties of Rapeseed Residues and Crop Management

Planting date, density and allelopathic properties are important tools of crop management in controlling weeds in crops. Allelopathy refers to any direct or indirect inhibitory or stimulating effect of one plant on another through the production and release of secondary metabolites in the environment. Two experiments performed separately, in order to investigate the effect of allelopathic properties of rapeseed residues and crop management on the control of rapeseed weeds and its yield. The first experiment was conducted during two agricultural years (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) in a factorial form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications at the Qarakhil agricultural research station (QaemShahr). The treatments were included: planting date in 3 treatment levels (October 17, November 6 and November 26), seed rate in 3 treatment levels (3, 5 and 7 kg per hectare) and weed management in 2 treatment levels presence of weed (no control) and the absence of weed (control). The second experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely random design in three repetitions in the research laboratory of the Islamic Azad University, QaemShahr branch in 2020. The experimental treatments included weeds [wild oat (Avena fatua), darnel regrass (Lolium temulentum), phalaris (Phalaris minor)] and charlock mustard (Sinapis arvensis)) different concentrations of rapeseed root and stalk extracts (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). The results of the first experiment showed that, in general, the rapeseed seed yield was affected by the planting date and density, so that the rapeseed seed yield on the delayed planting date (November 26) decreased compared to the first planting date (October 17) by 49 and 59 percent, respectively in the first and second year of the experiment, and this decrease was more intense in the second year. Also, the results showed that the highest dry weight of weeds was obtained in both years at a density of three kilograms per hectare and in the cultivation of November 26 (except for the highest dry weight of wild oats that was observed in the cultivation of October 17). While the highest weight of seed yield was obtained in both crop years at a density of 7 kg per hectare. The results of the second experiment showed that the extract obtained from the root and stem of the rape plant had a negative and significant effect on the speed, percentage and inhibition of germination in all weeds. However, no significant difference was observed between the concentration of root and stem extracts at the 5% level. A significant negative linear regression relationship was observed between the concentration of the extract (root and stem) with the percentage and speed of germination. Also, a significant positive linear regression relationship was observed between inhibition percentage and extract concentration (root and stem). Therefore, the germination and seedling growth of the seeds of all three weed species had a negative reaction to the concentration of rapeseed extract, but the highest sensitivity was observed in wild oat seeds. Therefore, according to the results, rapeseed extract can be used in the biological control of weeds. In general, the results of two experiments showed that the planting date, density and rapeseed residues can be used effectively in controlling weeds in rapeseed fields.

Effect of weed management practices under irrigated condition growth and yield of field pea (Pisum sativum L)

Field pea (Pisum sativum L) crop was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm of B. H. U. Varanasi, during rabi season of 2010-11. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design (RBD) with 10 weed control treatments viz., pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 (PE), pendimethalin 1.0 kg (PE) + imazethapyr 75 g ha-1 (PoE), quizalofop- ethyl 60 g ha-1 (PoE), quizalofop- ethyl 50 g ha-1 (PoE), imazethapyr 75 g ha-1 (PoE), imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 (PoE), chlorimuron- ethyl 4 g ha-1 (PPI), pendimethalin 1kg ha-1 (PE) + imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 (PoE) and weed free (HW at 30 and 60 DAS) were compared with weedy check and two irrigation were given to crop at critical stages of crop growth. The soil of experimental field application recommended dose of fertilizer at the time of sowing and soil sandy clay loam in texture, with slightly alkaline in reaction (pH 7.8). Field pea variety HUDP-15 was sown at row spacing of 30 cm apart on 11 November 2010. The observation on weed density and weed dry matter accumulations were recorded at 30, 60 and 90 DAS. Weed control efficiency was calculated at maximum weed dry weight stage (60 DAS) of crop growth. Among herbicidal treatments, sequential application of pendimethalin 1kg ha-1 (PE) + imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 (PoE) was proved to be the most effective in reducing the weed density and dry weight. It also recorded maximum weed control efficiency and lower weed index. The Observation on plant height, and yield attributes viz., pods plant-1, grains pod-1, seed index (100-grain weight), grain and straw yield. The crop growth, yield attribute, grain and straw yield, were maximum in pendimethalin 1kg ha-1 (PE) + imazethapyr 50 g ha-1 (PoE) treated plot followed by pendimethalin 1kg ha-1 (PE) + imazethapyr 75 g ha-1 (PoE) and quizalofop- ethyl 60 g ha-1 (PoE).