Dry Residue Research Articles

Evaluation of air impingement for dry-cleaning nonfat dry milk residues on a stainless-steel surface.

The use of air jet impingement to remove residues from surfaces in food manufacturing operations offers an alternative to the use of water and liquid cleaning agents. During this investigation, air impingement was used to remove nonfat dry milk (NFDM) residues from a stainless-steel surface. The influence of the water activity (aw ) of the residue, the time after the residue reached an equilibrium water activity, and the thickness of residue at the time of removal from the surface have been investigated. All three factors had a significant effect on the time for removal. An increase in the water activity, the time at equilibrium, the sample thickness, or a combination of all three resulted in an increase in the time required to remove the deposits. Visible changes in the structure of deposits were observed as NFDM samples equilibrated to water activities above 0.43. NFDM residues with water activities less than 0.33 were removed within 1s of using air impingement regardless of wall shear stress. When the water activities were greater than 0.50, the thickness of deposit was greater than 1mm, and the time after reaching an equilibrium water activity was over 7days, more than 5min of air impingement with wall shear stress over 9.48Pa was required to remove the residue. The results from these experiments indicated that air impingement has the potential to provide effective cleaning in manufacturing facilities for low-moisture foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The introduction of water in low-moisture food environments is often undesirable due to the possibility of pathogenic microorganism growth. The normal cleaning operations in the food industry use water as a cleaning agent. This study evaluates the application of air impingement technology as a dry-cleaning method.

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ НА БАЗІ АНАЛІЗУ ТА ОЦІНКИ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ШАХТНИХ ВОД ЯК ДЖЕРЕЛ ВОДОПОСТАЧАННЯ ТА ОТРИМАННЯ ЦІННИХ РЕЧОВИН З ВІДХОДІВ ОПРІСНЕННЯ

Purpose. Rationale for the integrated use of the resource potential of coal-mining enterprises, which is aimed at obtaining technical and drinking water for their own production needs, local population and obtaining valuable substances from desalination waste. Methodology. Analysis of world experience, information about aquifer complexes in the Western Donbas mines, conducting chemical analyses of mine waters and salt mixtures obtained after using reverse osmosis products. Results. Based on the accumulated world experience in desalination of highly mineralized waters, it can be concluded that it is possible to effectively implement this experience at mining enterprises. Description of aquifer complexes has been given in detail using the example of the Zakhidno-Donbaska Mine of PJSC “DTEK Pavlohradvuhillia”, chemical analyses of water before and after discharge into settling ponds. A rational technological scheme for desalination, volumes of purified water obtained for drinking and technical water supply, as well as the quantitative and qualitative composition of the dry residue components of mine water desalination waste, and recommendations on possible use of products on the market have been determined. Scientific novelty. Analytical and laboratory studies have been conducted to determine the component composition of mine water desalination waste from Western Donbas coal-mining enterprises. It has been determined that the resulting salt product is a mixture of pure salts and valuable microcomponents, and the resulting distillate is fuel for the operation of hydrogen electrolyzers, which creates prerequisites for modern “green” hydrogen energy infrastructure. Practical significance. The qualitative and quantitative mine water parameters on complex use as an alternative source of water supply and obtaining related reverse osmosis products have been analyzed. The road services propose the consumption of the resulting salt products by municipal enterprises, and the dry distillation residue – to prevent dust. This approach allows solving not only the problem of desalination waste utilization, but also applying the separated valuable substances in the industrial market of food, medical, cosmetic, paint and varnish, chemical, as well as building materials, plastics and polymers production industries. Keywords: mine water, waste recycling, mineral resource, coal-mining enterprises.

БИОГАЗОВАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ - ЭФФЕКТИВНЫЙ СПОСОБ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ НАВОЗА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ

The renewable energy sources (VIE) widespread using makes it possible the fossil fuels’ consumption that pollute the environment reducing significantly. One of the VIE types is biomass, which tends the agricultural production, especially livestock intensification growing. The main type of biomass is manure; at it processing by biogas technology using, it provides biogas, biofertilizer and electric energy, that are necessary for soil fertility and energy supply to rural consumers increasing. At the same time, biogas technology helps the manure disinfection’s problems solving, since fresh manure is an environmental pollutant by harmful gases (methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) emitting. The livestock methane emissions’ amount is about 16%. The authors have developed small sized biogas manure processing installation, to the small agricultural enterprises’ conditions adapting. Distinctive features of the installation are: sawdust from reed plants for manure preparation loading into the bioreactor; of an external energy source from renewable resources (sun, wind, etc.) to heat the bioreactor in cold weather using; biofertilizer into dry residue and liquid separating; manure different types to carbon and nitrogen at C /N = 20 ratio mixing. These features make it possible the quality of biofertilizer, since reed plants contain vitamins C, carotene, starch, carbohydrates and proteins improving, as well as the crust formation to prevent; of biogas by observing the temperature regime inside the reactor and the ratio C /N = 20 output increasing; manure next fresh portion is accelerated by liquid part feeding of the biofertilizer back into the bioreactor’s process fermentation.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch in electrochemically activated aqueous solution

In this work, the hydrolysis of starch in an enzyme solution was studied, where softened water or fractions of a metastable electrochemically activated aqueous solution (ECAS) were used as a solvent. Extracts obtained after hydrolysis of food starch grains were analyzed using optical density spectrometry of the sample and micro-weighing with a quartz resonator of the dry residue contained in an aqueous solution. It is shown that the enzyme solution on the reduced fraction of ECAS (catholyte) contains the least amount of extracted substances, but it contains the highest concentration of oligosaccharides. This fact may mean the presence of a more efficient cleavage by the enzyme of water-insoluble polysaccharides to low molecular weight derivatives in the medium of the electrolyte. As a result of this synergistic effect, a relatively high content of oligosaccharides is observed even at a low level of primary hydrolysis on the surface of the starch grain. This assumption was investigated on modified starch soluble in water. For the compared aqueous solutions of the enzyme preparation, which initially contain the same concentration of amylodextrins, faster hydrolysis is observed in the enzyme medium on softened water.

Analysing the chemical standards of the Fergana Mekhmash wastewater treatment plant and environmental processing

Protection of the environment from pollution and rational use of natural resources is one of the main problems of the present time. Saving and protecting water resources is the solution to this problem. Wastewater (dirty water from industrial and domestic enterprises) and stormwater treatment are an important part of nature protection. This article is the study of the technology of industrial wastewater treatment and the composition of dry residues left after water treatment from the galvanic department of the MexMash plant in the city of Fergana. Redirection of ZnO, Fe2O3, FeO and P2O5 contained in waste, application of ecological treatment of wastewater. In the industrial production enterprise of the city of Fergana, it was considered to study the composition of the waste produced as a result of the treatment of wastewater generated during the production process and to direct it to production.

Dry residue of cassava on slow-growing broiler diets, with or without the addition of carbohydrases.

Dry residue of cassava was studied on the digestibility, performance, intestinal measurements, with or without inclusion of carbohydrases, of slow-growing broilers. 160 Label Rouge broiler chickens, 21-d-old, were distributed in a randomized, 2x5 factorial arrangement (male and female x 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% residue) (metabolism trial). 1,100 male chicks were distributed in a 2x5 factorial arrangement (with/without carbohydrases x 0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0% residue), with five replicates (performance trial). Increasing residue levels led to increases in energetic values. Feed intake from 1-21-d-old and 1-63-d-old decreased linearly. At 42 d-old, feed intake and weight gain levels exhibited a quadratic response, which predicted a highest value at 3.32% and 4.77%, respectively, for diets without carbohydrases. For 21- and 42-d-old chickens, the inclusion of carbohydrases reduced the weight and length of the small intestine. The energetic values of the diets were positively influenced by the residue and had similar digestibility values for both sexes. Inclusion of up to 10% of residue in slow-growing broiler diets does not impaired performance and intestinal morphology. The addition of carbohydrases reduced the viscosity of the digesta but it was not enough to improve the performance of the birds.

Hydrogeological and hydrochemical studies of the process of salt deposition in reservoir waters of oil fields

As a result of analyzing solutions and dry residues obtained during the study of the interaction of core samples with various types of water, it was found that the interaction of the core with distilled water resulted in the dissolution of Na++K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3- ions and other components, leading to a decrease in the mass of the core dry residue by more than 2.0%. Interaction of the core with technical water led to an increase in mass by approximately 1.0%. In the case of seawater, the mass of the core dry residue decreased by more than 1.0%. The conducted research proves that the interaction of the core with different types of water causes certain physico-chemical processes, as a result of which the dissolution and precipitation of various salts occur. These results can have significant practical value in conducting analysis and determining the composition of various solutions. Keywords: Core; Technical water; Seawater; Distilled water; Soluble salts; Precipitated salts; Sulfate-sodium type.

Effect of carbohydrate level in the diets of Kholmogor cows on milk productivity and milk quality

The effect of the diets with different ratio of easily digestible carbohydrates on milk productivity and milk quality of high-yielding Kholmogor cows during the milking period was studied. The research and production experiment on the cows was conducted in the Arkhangelsk region in 2022. Selection of animals in the control and experimental groups was carried out by the method of pair-analogues under the stall barn system. Two groups of cows participated in the research: experimental and control groups of 10 cows each. The experiment lasted for 100 days. Carbohydrate-protein mixture was used as a carbohydrate supplement to the diets of experimental animals in the amount of 1.5 kg per head per day. Selective milk quality control for mass fraction of fat, protein, lactose, dry matter, milk solids non-fat (MSNF), freezing point, urea and somatic cells were determined on a Bentley Combi 150 high-speed infrared milk analyzer at the Selective Milk Quality Control Laboratory. It was found that the sugar-protein ratio in the experimental group was twice higher (0.58) than in the control group (0.29), due to the presence of carbohydrate supplementation in the diet. The increase in milk productivity of the animals by 4.6 and 0.14% of the protein level in milk at inclusion of carbohydrate-protein mixture in the amount of 1.5 kg per one head per day in the diet was established. A 3.2% decrease in the level of urea in milk was recorded, indicating a more efficient use of amino acids by the animals in the process of metabolism at the same level of absorption of ammonium forms while increasing the level of simple carbohydrates in the diet. The positive effect of this additive on the content of dry skim milk residue, which increased in the milk of the cows of the experimental group by 0.128 absolute % (abs.%), was revealed. Application of the carbohydrate-protein mixture in the amount of 1.5 kg per one head per day and control over the quality of produced products will increase the milk productivity of cows, improve the quality of products, increase the productive longevity of dairy cattle.

MINERALIZATION OF THE SUBSOIL WATER IN THE SOIL OF THE SIYAZAN SUMGAYIT MASSIVE

The thorough information of the soil in the Siyazan-Sumgayit massive was given in the article. It was determined as a result of the investigation that grey-cinnamonic soil of the central and coastal zones.In the research period the water samples were taken from the drain paasing through the edge of the experimental area selected in the massif, from the channel of the Takhtakorpu Reservoir and the soil section and mineralization was determined in it. It was defined that mineralization in the same water samples was 5,75 g/l (for dry residue); 0,58g/l in the channel, but 2,16 g/l in the soil section. The salt type is chlorine in drain, but it is chlorine-sulphatic in the channel and soil section.The groundwater spreading in the zones of the Khizi and Siyazan regions is sulphate- chlorine-na-trium, chlorine-sulphate-natrium for a chemical composition. The long-term researches indicated that a level of groundwater in the Khizi region changes 1-18m from the surface, but it accordingly changes by 0.5-16.5m and 0.3-8.5m. In small areas the groundwater level changes by 0.5-16.5m, but mineralization rate changes from 0.8g/l to 69.3g/l. The soil over three regions is exposed to chlorine-sulphate, sulphate-chlo-rine salinization.

Biological Activity study of the <i>Melampyrum sylvaticum</i> Extract

Introduction. Among wild plants that have an effect on the nervous system, species of the genus Melampyrum L. are distinguished, in particular, Melampyrum sylvaticum L. Extracts from the aerial part of the plant have long been used in folk medicine as sedatives and anticonvulsants. Currently, a number of studies are being carried out to confirm the possibility of using wildflower and drugs based on it in scientific medicine, as well as to obtain a drug with low toxicity, complex sedative and anticonvulsant activity, which will expand the arsenal of drugs used to treat diseases of the nervous system.Aim. To investigate the in vivo acute toxicity, anticonvulsant and sedative activity of a dry alcohol extract from the aerial part of Melampyrum sylvaticum.Materials and methods. The extract was obtained by extracting substances from the aerial part of Melampyrum sylvaticum with 50 % ethanol, by the method of repercolation with an equal loading of raw materials, followed by evaporation to a dry residue. The study of pharmacological properties was carried out on nonlinear white mice of both sexes weighing 17–25 g. Acute toxicity of the extract was determined by oral administration in doses up to 5000 mg/kg. Anticonvulsant activity was evaluated in the corazole convulsion test, sedative activity was evaluated in the open field test.Results and discussion. When determining the acute toxicity of a dry alcoholic extract from the aerial part of Melampyrum sylvaticum, there was no lethality in the experimental group of animals. LD50 could not be determined. In the corazol convulsion test, it was shown that oral administration of the extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg does not affect the latent period of convulsions, but significantly increases the life expectancy of animals. At a dose of 200 mg/kg, the latent period of seizures and life expectancy significantly increased, and the survival rate of animals was 20 %. When studying sedative activity of the extract from Melampyrum sylvaticum in the open field test, a decrease in vertical activity, a decrease in the number of vertical stands, a decrease in horizontal activity along the periphery and the number of animals entering the center of the area were noted, which indicates a suppression of orienting-exploratory behavior. In the experiment, there was a decrease in the intensity of grooming as an indicator of anxiety for this group of animals. A course of administration of the extract for thirty days led to a decrease in the vertical activity of mice and inhibition of orienting-exploratory behavior.Conclusion. It was found that a dry alcoholic extract from the aerial part of Melampyrum sylvaticum exhibits biological activity in animal experiments, compensating for the effect of corazol, and has a pronounced anticonvulsant and sedative effect. The LD50 of the extract when administered orally was more than 5000 mg/kg.

Possibilities of Using Nonconventional Sources of Water for Irrigation When Scary Water Resources (Using the Example of the Main Mil-Garabakh Collector)

The article presents the results of an expedition to identify the quality of water in the Main Mil-Garabakh Collector with the aim of using it as an alternative source for irrigation. The collected samples were analyzed and systematized in office conditions. The total mass of water in water samples was analyzed, their mineralization, the amount of dry residue and ion content were studied. Based on the results obtained, the quality of water was assessed using existing methods and recommendations were given for its use in irrigation.

Investigation of the extraction dynamic of the biologically active substances of the raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) shoots

Abstract The study has the intent of exploring the dynamics of biologically active substance (BAS) extractions from red raspberry (R. idaeus) shoots in order to determine the appropriate extraction frequency. A secondary objective is to assess the relationship between extract antioxidant activity and BAS content. The focus of the study revolved around R. idaeus shoots, and the spectrophotometric method of analysis was applied to determine the amount of the catechins, polyphenols, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives and flavonoids, while the gravimetric method was used to determine the dry residue of the extracts and the potentiometric method applied for evaluating antioxidant activity. The polyphenols amount was 1.74±0.03, 0.58±0.01 and 0.016±0.005%, catechins – 1.50±0.02, 0.50±0.01 and 0.11±0.01%, flavonoids – 0.08±0.005, 0.046±0.005 and 0.016±0.002%, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives – 0.24±0.005, 0.078±0.005 and 0.017±0.002%, organic acids – 0.15±0.005, 0.05±0.005 and 0.01±0.002, dry residue – 2.14±0.005, 0.72±0.01 and 0.16±0.005%, antioxidant activity – 94.80±1.90, 47.40±0.95 and 7.90±0.16 mM-eqv./m for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd extraction, respectively. The optimal extraction frequency of raspberry shoots with distilled water was two times. The highest value of Peasorn‘s correlation coefficient was between the antioxidant activity and catechins (r = 0.9813) and the lowest in the case of organic acids (r=0.9112). The appropriate extraction frequency of R. idaeus shoots with distilled water was two times. The antioxidant method of determination extraction frequency was not inferior to the traditional method. The catechins dominated in the extracts from R. idaeus shoots. A significant positive correlation was content of catechins and antioxidant activity.

Imbalance of substances in uterine-vaginal mucus in the early days of the estrous cycle

Background. The macroscopic evaluation of the color and consistency of cow uterine-vaginal mucus (UVM) samples revealed that during days 1–3 of the estrous cycle, 45.4 % of the animals in the studied sample (n = 11) had a clear-glassy color, 27.3 % had blood impurities, 18.2 %, and 9.1 % – altered coloring. Additionally, 36.4 % of the samples had thick-viscous, liquid consistency, while 63.6 % had liquid texture. Materials and methods. Mucus was collected from experimental animals at 7–8 a.m. on days 1–3 of the estrous cycle. The volume (cm3) was measured and the color and consistency of the secretion were evaluated. Indicators of mass (g) and content (%) of water (H2O), organic substances (OS), and inorganic substances (IS) were determined gravimetrically. Results. The analysis of the volume and mass indicators of native UVM samples indicates a high (˃95 %) error rate in the registered changes of H2O. However, the error in the sum of the masses OS and IS samples of dry residue (DR) components is completely different. This indicator tends to change on days 1 and 2 (Р ˂0.05), but its stable probability is detected on days 2 and 3, as well as 1 and 3 (Р ˂0.001). Stable changes in the mass OS were detected on days 2 and 3 (Р ˂0.01), while the masses of IS changed on days 1 and 2 (P ˂0.01) and 2 and 3 (P ˂0.001). In all other cases, the error exceeds 95 %. The mass percentages of H2O, OS, and IS indicate a tendency (Р ˂0.05) for changes in H2O and OS content on days 1 and 3; IS content changes on days 1 and 2, as well as 2 and 3, but the changes on days 1 and 3 are highly stable (Р ˂0.001). Stable changes in the mass of DR components were only observed on days 2 and 3. The analysis of homeostasis changes in the mass of native samples indicates that the limit of mean values of UVM:Н2О (1.02–1.04:1) ˂ Н2О:OS (67–77:1) ˂ Н2О:IS (82–439:1), but the OS:IS ratios (1.2–5.5:1) of UVM sample align with the OS:IS ratios (1.2–5.5:1) of DR samples. The limit of Сv for UVM:Н2О, Н2О:OS, Н2О:IS ratio is 0.8–5.3; 19–27; 46–93 % respectively. The OS:IS ratios of native UVM and its DR samples are the same (49; 63; 31 %). The indicators of UVM:Н2О, Н2О:IS, and OS:IS ratios suggest a tendency for change (Р ˂0.05) on days 1 and 3. Their stable changes (Р ˂0.01–0.001) were observed on days 1 and 2, as well as 2 and 3 for Н2О:IS and OS:IS ratios. Conclusion. Given the above, there is a need for further thorough investigation of the characteristics of the imbalance in the components’ mass of UVM during days 1–3 of the estrous cycle, as well as the response of secretory cells of the mucous membrane of the reproductive organs to the effects of pathological factors. This research will be applied in the development of new methods of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of reproductive tract diseases in female animals.

Salt balance of promising halophytes Climacoptera lanata L. and Tamarix hispida L. in the Kyzylkum Desert

Introduction: The relevance of the investigated problem lies in the problem of improving the condition of degraded and saline soils, on which plants of representatives of Chenopodeaceae and Tamaricaceae families grow, adapted to life in such conditions. In this regard, the aim of this article is to study the ecology, salinity accumulation and salt excretion of Climacoptera lanata and Tamarix hispida, determining the adaptation abilities of Climacoptera lanata and Tamarix hispida in Kyzylkum Desert conditions. Material and Methods: The main methods that were used to achieve the goal: generally accepted methods of soil determination – spectrophotometric, potentiometric, manometric. Results and Discussion: The main results that were achieved in this study: salt balance of halophytes was revealed on the example of C. lanata and T. hispida species, groups on plant resistance, on the quality of salt accumulator and salt extractor, on dry residue (2-3.4; Cl- 0.1-0.3, SO42- 1.5-1.9%) were identified, saline soils were determined. Leaf respiration intensity ranged from 111-323 mm3 O2. Bioecological features of C. lanata and T. hispida, as well as chemical composition of soil and water in Central Kyzylkum and mineral composition of biomass of the studied plants, were revealed. Conclusion: The main ecological problems in the conditions of Uzbekistan were determined. The practical significance of the study is that methods of adaptation of Climacoptera and Tamarix species to saline soils in areas with low water level (2-3.5 m) can be used for similar biotypes in order to reduce damage from soil salinity.

Ways to optimize absorption processes as basis for nutritional treatment of gastroenterological pathology

Nutritional support is an important component of treatment in gastroenterology. This type of therapy is directly related to digestive and transport processes.The aim. To investigate the possibility of optimizing the absorption processes in the small intestine when using various natural formulations for enteral alimentation.Results. It is shown that the optimal degree of condensation of drugs is 4: 1. Inside the dry residue, you can change the ratio of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. It is advisable to use hydrolytic digestive enzymes including the flokozim created by us. Antibacterial agents based on lactobacilli are also advisable.Conclusions. 1) The optimal medium for suction is chyme. 2) The mixture should contain no more than 80% water and about 20% dry residue. 3) Floccules are the basis for the creation of the drug flokozim 4) Lactotherapy based on optimized mixtures for enteral.

Supported liquid extraction combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of a TLR7 agonist imiquimod LFX453 in plasma at low picograms per milliliter: Method validation and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in minipig.

Sample preparation is essential for low-level compound determination. In the present work, supported liquid extraction (SLE) was used as sample preparation for the low-level determination of a new TLR7 agonist imiquimod compound, LFX453. Samples were extracted on ISOLUTE® SLE 96-well plates using tert-butyl-methyl ether followed by evaporation and dry residue reconstitution with 150 μl of a mixture of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile-water (50/50, v/v). Samples were eluted using a flow rate of 0.750 ml/min on a C18 column (50 ×2.1mm, 2.7μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). Tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the samples in positive mode. The method run time was 6.5min, and the low limit of quantification was 1.00 pg/ml with 0.100 ml of minipig plasma. Intra-run and inter-run precision and accuracy were within the acceptance criteria at four concentration levels over a concentration ranging from 1.00 to 200 pg/ml. There was no matrix effect and recovery, three freeze-thaw cycles and incurred samples reanalysis were validated. The method was successfully applied for measuring LFX453 in minipig plasma after application on minipig skin.

Determination of 22 mycotoxins in milk by liquid chromatography-quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry

Mycotoxins have carcinogenic, mutagenic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic properties. Thus, these substances have attracted significant attention because they pose a threat to human health. As research on mycotoxins deepens, new structural analogues of mycotoxins are constantly being discovered. In this study, a method based on high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry was established for the simultaneous determination of 22 mycotoxins in milk. A simple, effective, and rapid pretreatment method was optimized by focusing on the solvent type, extractant volume, and extracting salt based on the characteristics of the mycotoxins and sample matrix. The analytes were extracted using 0.5% formic acid acetonitrile solution and added with sodium chloride to separate fats from water. The samples were centrifuged at 8000 r/min (4 ℃) for 5 min using a centrifuge and then concentrated using nitrogen. The dry residue was dissolved with 50% methanol aqueous solution. Twenty-two mycotoxins were separated on a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 chromatographic column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), and quantitative analysis was performed using the isotope internal standard method. The analytes were determined by liquid chromatography-quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization mode. Qualitative analyses of the compounds were performed in full mass spectrometry/data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (MS/dd-MS2) mode. Good linearities in the range of 0.5-100.0 μg/L were observed for the 22 mycotoxins, and the correlation coefficients (R2) were greater than 0.999. The limits of detection (S/N=3) and quantification (S/N=10) ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 μg/kg and from 1.0 to 1.5 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of the 22 mycotoxins at three spiked levels of 1.5, 5.0, and 15 μg/kg were between 84.7% and 100.8%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.2%-9.9%. These findings indicate that the method has high sensitivity and accuracy as well as good precision. Finally, the method was applied to the detection and analysis of mycotoxins in 25 actual commercial milk samples. The results revealed that the selected samples were not contaminated with any of the mycotoxins analyzed. Thus, the proposed method is useful as a quick preprocessing and confirmatory method for the simultaneous determination of mycotoxins in milk.

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SORPTION PROCESS OF MINE WATER PURIFICATION

Contaminated mine water with a large amount of salts makes underground and surface water sources unsuitable for household and drinking needs. Already in 2016, there was a shortage of drinking water in the Rostov region. Water from surface sources does not meet the hygienic requirements for chemical parameters in 36.1% of the samples taken. Water from underground sources in terms of color, turbidity, total hardness, dry residue, content of iron ions, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, nitrates, ammonia, chlorides, sulfates, magnesium, sodium did not meet the required standards in 72.2% of cases. Due to the need for huge expenses for the purification of highly mineralized waters and the poor development of cheap technologies for the neutralization of large volumes, attempts to purify discharged or flowing mine waters to a safe level turn out to be practically fruitless. In this article, studies were carried out to reduce the concentration of dissolved ions of heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) in mine wastewater by sorption in a static mode (charring) using rice husk biochar with electromagnetic treatment. The authors proposed a method for pre-treatment of the sorbent from rice husk biochar in an electromagnetic field at a process activation unit. The results of laboratory tests confirmed the high efficiency of the sorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from mine waters. On the basis of the results obtained, optimization of the sorption purification of mine waters in the mode of carbonization was carried out using the method of mathematical planning of the experiment (full factorial experiment FFE 2k). The factors most influencing the efficiency of mine wastewater treatment from iron and zinc ions have been identified. With a probability of 0.95, the proposed models are adequate, and they can be used to describe the sorption process when using the studied sorbent to remove heavy metal ions (iron, zinc, etc.), while the optimal concentration of the sorbent from rice husks is within 0.5 mg/l. With an increase and decrease in the concentration of the sorbent above the optimal values, the efficiency of sorption decreases, and this affects the iron to a greater extent. In general, the obtained sorbent has a chemical composition similar to that of activated carbon (the most widely used sorbent for water purification), but at the same time it is a cheap production waste, which confirms its efficiency, both technological and economic, when used to purify natural and waste water. With the introduction of the proposed treatment scheme for mine water treatment facilities, it is expected that the concentrations of dissolved heavy metal ions, in particular, iron, zinc, manganese, will decrease to the concentration of the discharge into the reservoir.

Substantiation of the composition and technology of obtaining a dry extract of complex action in the laboratory conditions

Aim. To substantiate the composition and extraction parameters of a multicomponent species for obtaining a dry extract of complex action. Materials and methods. The study objects were the medicinal plant raw material, extractant and parameters of the extraction process. Information-search, information-analytical, organoleptic, physicochemical and pharmacotechnological research methods were used. The statistical processing of the data obtained was performed using Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets. Results and discussion. The study of the extraction conditions consisted in determining the optimal DER indicator by evaluating the nature of changes in the content of a dry residue, extractive substances in each separately collected sample of a liquid extract, as well as the concentration of groups of biologically active substances (BAS) in individual and total portions of extracts. The results obtained for the content of a dry residue and BAS show characteristic changes depending on the raw material : extract ratio. When the ratio increases from 1 : 1 to 1 : 15, there is a gradual decrease in the content of a dry residue in individual portions of the extract, the dynamics of the decrease in the concentration of individual groups of BAS (phenolic carboxylic acids, flavonoids, polysaccharides) is also unambiguous, but does not always correlate with changes in the content of extractive substances. Taking into account the results obtained, the extraction of the phytocomposition with 20 % ethanol at a DER ratio of 1 : 10 ensures an efficient and rational extraction in view of the content of BAS marker groups. Conclusions. As a result of the work carried out, a dry extract has been obtained by the method of filtration extraction. The extraction process is carried out in laboratory conditions: the weight of the loaded raw material – 100.0 g; extractant – 20 % ethanol; extraction rate – 2-3 mL/min; the raw material : extractant ratio (DER) – 1:10. The yield of extractive substances is 26.68 %, the content of phenolic acids is 1.05 %, flavonoids – 0.25 %, polysaccharides – 1.01 %.

Spatial Distribution of PM2.5 Mass and Number Concentrations in Paris (France) from the Pollutrack Network of Mobile Sensors during 2018-2022.

The presence of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) in ambient air has a direct pejorative effect on human health. It is thus necessary to monitor the urban PM2.5 values with high spatial resolution to better evaluate the different exposure levels that the population encounters daily. The Pollutrack network of optical mobile particle counters on the roofs of hundreds of vehicles in Paris was used to produce maps with a 1 km2 resolution (108 squares to cover the Paris surface). The study was conducted during the 2018-2022 period, showing temporal variability due to different weather conditions. When averaging all the data, the highest air pollution was found along the Paris motorway ring. Also, the mean mass concentrations of PM2.5 pollution increased from southwest to northeast, due to the typology of the city, with the presence of canyon streets, and perhaps due to the production of secondary aerosols during the transport of airborne pollutants by the dominant winds. The number of days above the new daily threshold of 15 µg.m-3 recommended by the WHO in September 2021 varies from 3.5 to 7 months per year depending on the location in Paris. Pollutrack sensors also provide the number concentrations for particles greater than 0.5 µm. Using number concentrations of very fine particles instead of mass concentrations corresponding to the dry residue of PM2.5 is more representative of the pollutants citizens actually inhale. Some recommendations for the calibration of the sensors used to provide such number concentrations are given. Finally, the consequences of such pollution on human health are discussed.