Dry Residue Research Articles

Damaging effects of salt crystallization on a porous limestone after consolidation treatments

Consolidation improves the cohesion of stones and preserves stone-built heritage. However, consolidation also modifies other characteristics that have an important role in stone vulnerability to salt crystallization, something especially important in porous limestones. This study evaluates the potential ability of alkoxysilanes and phosphate-based treatments (DAP) regarding short-term compatibility with a historic porous limestone. This potential is assessed by analytical methods based on porosity and pore size distribution. Furthermore, the potential regarding medium/long-term compatibility is evaluated by analyzing the tendency for salt entrapment behind the consolidated zone, an effect that can exacerbate salt damages.The treatments increase the estimated salt crystallization pressure within the pores, but the stone susceptibility is partially compensated by porosity drops, which are considered positive according to the method adopted. Nevertheless, the salt crystallization tests reveal that some treatments, with both families of consolidants, favor the deposition of salts below the stone surface. The development of subflorescences can cause catastrophic damages to stone. Untreated stone and stone treated with alkoxysilane-based consolidants of low dry residue tend to develop efflorescences, a much less damaging situation.The outcomes of the current research using sound samples point out possible catastrophic risks that can emerge at medium/long-term in real situations when stones are treated with consolidants due to poor compatibility of the consolidation treatments and provides important knowledge to address consolidation of damaged stones.

Polarimetric imaging for the detection of synthetic models of SARS-CoV-2: A proof of concept

ObjectiveTo conduct a proof-of-concept study of the detection of two synthetic models of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using polarimetric imaging. ApproachTwo SARS-CoV-2 models were prepared as engineered lentiviruses pseudotyped with the G protein of the vesicular stomatitis virus, and with the characteristic Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Samples were prepared in two biofluids (saline solution and artificial saliva), in four concentrations, and deposited as 5-µL droplets on a supporting plate. The angles of maximal degree of linear polarization (DLP) of light diffusely scattered from dry residues were determined using Mueller polarimetry from87 samples at 405 nm and 514 nm. A polarimetric camera was used for imaging several samples under 380–420 nm illumination at angles similar to those of maximal DLP. Per-pixel image analysis included quantification and combination of polarization feature descriptors in 475 samples. Main resultsThe angles (from sample surface) of maximal DLP were 3° for 405 nm and 6° for 514 nm. Similar viral particles that differed only in the characteristic spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2, their corresponding negative controls, fluids, and the sample holder were discerned at 10-degree and 15-degree configurations. SignificancePolarimetric imaging in the visible spectrum may help improve fast, non-contact detection and identification of viral particles, and/or other microbes such as tuberculosis, in multiple dry fluid samples simultaneously, particularly when combined with other imaging modalities. Further analysis including realistic concentrations of real SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in relevant human fluids is required. Polarimetric imaging under visible light may contribute to a fast, cost-effective screening of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens when combined with other imaging modalities.

Mathematical Model and Numerical Method of Calculating the Dynamics of High-Temperature Drying of Milled Peat for the Production of Fuel Briquettes

Milled peat must be dried for the production of peat fuel briquettes. The current trend in the creation of drying technologies is the intensification of the dehydration process while obtaining a high-quality final product. An increase in the temperature of the drying agent, above 300 °C, significantly accelerates the reaching of the final moisture content of the peat. In the final stage, it is also accompanied by partial thermal decomposition of the solid phase. Its first stage, which is the decomposition of hemicellulose, contributes to a decrease in weight and an increase in the caloric content of the dry residue. The development of high-temperature drying modes consists of determining the temperature and velocity of the drying agent, wherein the duration of the material reaching the equilibrium moisture content will be minimal and the temperature of the material will not rise above the second-stage decomposition temperature of cellulose. This problem can be solved by the mathematical modeling of the dynamics of peat particles drying in the flow. The article presents a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer, phase transitions, and shrinkage during the dehydration of milled peat particles. The equations of the mathematical model were built based on the differential equation of mass transfer in open deformable systems, which, in the absence of deformations, turns into the known equation of state. A numerical method for implementing a mathematical model has been developed. The adequacy of the mathematical model is confirmed by comparing the results of numerical modeling with known experimental data.

Production of value-added peptides from agro-industrial residues by solid-state fermentation with a new thermophilic protease-producing strain

This work aimed to explore an effective way for converting agro-industrial residues into value-added products. A thermophilic protease-producing strain was isolated from soybean meal (SBM) and identified as Bacillus licheniformis by 16S rDNA sequencing. After incubating Bacillus licheniformis CPB2 in casein medium for 24 h, the protease activity, peptide yield, and protein conversion rate of the culture could reach 8.87 ± 0.33 U/mL, 68.58%, and 82.27%, respectively. Brewer's spent grain (BSG) and SBM were used as co-substrates to produce value-added peptides through thermophilic solid-state fermentation (TSSF) with Bacillus licheniformis CPB2. The peptide content of the co-substrates increased from 25.71 mg/g to 112.72 mg/g under the optimal TSSF conditions. The fermented products showed an increased crude protein and free amino acids contents and a decreased crude fat and ash contents as well as trypsin inhibitor activity compared with the unfermented co-substrates. TSSF could degrade macromolecular proteins into peptides, unfold the protein aggregates, and reduce the particle size. Industrial relevanceThis work proposed an effective way for the rational and efficient utilization of wet and dry agro-industrial residues to produce value-added products, which showed a broad potential for reducing production costs, saving water resources and energy, and preserving the ecological environment.

Вплив антропогенного навантаження на екологічний стан поверхневих вод в агроландшафтах західного регіону України

Goal. To analyze the state of open water bodies in the Western region of Ukraine and to identify factors that worsen their quality indicators. Methods. Route agroecological monitoring; methods of chemical and physicochemical analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, flame photometry, and mathematical and statistical analysis. Results. In pond water samples taken in the village Pavlov of the Chervonograd district of the Lviv oblast, an excess of the maximum permissible concentration of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen was found — 11.8–13.2 and 4.6 mg/l, respectively. The content of manganese compounds here exceeded the normative indicators by 5–10 times. On the territory of home ownership in Zakarpattia region (vil. Sokyrnytsia, Khust district) the content of ammonium nitrogen in pond water samples exceeded the norm by 1.8 times, the content of copper by 20 times, and zinc by twice. Analysis of water from a pond located in the vil. Popeliv of the Ivano-Frankivsk district of the Ivano-Frankivsk oblast showed an excess of the norm according to the indicator of dry residue — 2120 mg/l. In water samples taken from the Prut River (vil. Sadzhavka, Nadvirniansk district, Ivano-Frankivsk oblast), the excess of normative indicators only for the iron content was 0.13 mg/l. In the water from the Sluch River (vil. Samchyky, Khmelnytskyi district, Khmelnytskyi oblast), the pH was 8.6, the phosphorus content exceeded the norm by almost two times, and copper by 10 times. In the water from the Dniester River near the vil. Nyzhniv of Ivano-Frankivsk district, Ivano-Frankivsk oblast the content of sulfates and manganese was 156.8 and 0.03 mg/l, respectively. In water samples taken from the Rika River (Khust district, Zakarpatska oblast) the iron content was 11.3 times higher than normal, and manganese was 5 times higher than normal. Conclusions. The results of the monitoring of water bodies in the specified regions proved that both natural and anthropogenic factors affect the water quality of open water bodies. The quality of pond water is largely influenced by anthropogenic factors related to the economic activities of people, and it is they that cause the accumulation of excessive amounts of nitrogen, ammonium, copper, and zinc compounds. The quality of water samples taken from the Prut, Stara, and Rika rivers was mostly determined by natural conditions. Pollution of the Sluch River with phosphorus and copper and the Dniester River with sulfates can be caused by the inflow of sewage with detergents, as well as animal waste, fertilizers, and pesticides from residential areas.

Toxicity, repellency, and horizontal transfer of foam insecticides for remedial control of an invasive drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Blattodea: Kalotermitidae)

Laboratory tests were conducted to compare imidacloprid and fipronil foams against various criteria to determine the effect of the deposit conditions, exposure method, and exposure time on the toxicity, repellency, and horizontal transfer of selected foam insecticides. Results of toxicity assays showed that imidacloprid and fipronil foams caused significantly higher mortality than control treatments; however, fipronil foam in fresh or old deposits killed Cryptotermes brevis pseudergates more quickly in the short and continuous exposure tests than foam containing imidacloprid. In brief exposure tests, imidacloprid failed to kill all termites when exposed to fresh deposits and delayed total mortality when exposed to dry residues. The mortality of C. brevis pseudergates was also significantly quicker when the fipronil foam was applied topically compared with the imidacloprid foam. In the repellency test, termites were not repelled from the surface treated with fipronil foam, but more than 90% repellency was observed after 24 h of exposure to imidacloprid-treated surfaces. Moreover, the non-repellent mortality of C. brevis with fipronil was significantly higher than imidacloprid in avoidance tests. Results showed that fipronil was effectively transferred to untreated termites from live or dead donors exposed via residual and topical spray.

Effect of deep softeners on irrigation, salt washing and cotton yield on soils whose mechanical composition is heavy and meliorative status is difficult

In the article, studies were conducted on the economy of quality saline washing and irrigation water of saline soils by deepening medium coarse soils with a mechanical content of melioration, plaster, salinity in the conditions of Bukhara region. In experiments, basically, there were three ways to soften the field: plowing in the first experiments at a depth of 35 cm, plowing in the second experiment at 60 cm, and plowing in the third experiments at a depth of 80 cm. During the experiments, in the first variant of the studies, the norm of salt washing was set to 6480 cbm/ha, in the second variant to 5210 cbm/ha and in the third variant to 5010 cbm/ha. First studies in irrigation of Bukhara included 102 varieties, that is, in the control variant to 5821 cbm/ha, in the second variant to 5284 cbm/ha and in the third variant to 5100 cbm/ha. They were watered 5 times during the season. At the same time, high quality cotton was harvested due to the increase in the cotton yield to 0.39 t/ha in variant 2 and 0.129 t/ha in variant 3 compared to the control. And the land reclamation situation improved. The amount of chlorine ion in the active layer is 0.003 in variant 2 compared to the control. The amount of dry residue decreased by 0.058% in variant 2 and the amount of dry residue by 0.063% in variant 3.

Toxicity of essential oils on cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus) and a model parasitoid (Nasonia vitripennis)

Plant essential oils are being increasingly studied as a potential environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic insecticides. The insecticidal efficacy of essential oils on the cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus), an important oilseed rape pest, has not been previously tested. We examined the impact of six essential oils on C. obstrictus via contact with dry residues on leaf and flower surfaces. We also examined the effect of these essential oils on a model non-target parasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis. Exposure to dry residues of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) essential oils (applied to oilseed rape leaves) resulted in significant loss of mortality and immobility in C. obstrictus adults. Treatment with C. cyminum essential oil at 1.5% resulted in 50.71% mortality and 87.3% combined mortality and immobility in C. obstrictus. Cinnamomum verum oil, at 1.5% concentration, resulted in 88.8% mortality and immobility among C. obstrictus 24 h post-treatment. All treatments studied with essential oil dry residues at 0.3% concentration caused high mortality and immobility in N. vitripennis. The greatest mortality and immobility were observed at 0.3% concentration in F. vulgare and C. verum treatments (54 and 53% loss respectively). At 0.1% concentration, F. vulgare and T. vulgaris significantly reduced parasitoids mobility and at 1.5% concentration all essential oils resulted in 100% mortality of N. vitripennis after 3 h. Our study revealed that C. cyminum and C. verum essential oils may have potential in the management of C. obstrictus. However, their impact on non-target organisms, including parasitoids, needs to be studied more thoroughly to determine the potential of essential oil main compounds in integrated pest management.

Development of technology for the production of cheese “Caciotta” for farms

Relevance. Russian farmers in recent years have begun to open small cheese factories. When meeting the requirements of production technology, farmers' cheeses are not inferior in quality to industrially produced cheeses. In this regard, the relevance of the development of technologies for the production of cheese in a farm is high. Research is aimed at developing a technology for the production of cheese “Caciotta” for farmers.Methods. The mass fraction of protein in milk was determined by the Kjeldahl method, the mass fraction of fat — by the acid method, the mass fraction of dry matter and dry skimmed milk residue — by the calculation method. The mass fractions of milk fat, protein, lactose, dry milk residue, dry skimmed milk residue, mineral salts, the amount of added water, density, freezing point, degree of homogenization, and temperature were determined by ultra-sonic method. Active acidity and titratable acidity, redox potential and temperature of milk were determined on a milk analyzer.Results. Under laboratory conditions, a technology for the production of semi-hard “Caciotta” cheese was developed, which is recommended for production on a farm.

Feeding dry apple residue to yelts

Feeding dry apple residue to yelts

Очистка сточных вод горнодобывающих предприятий Узбекистана с применением высших водных растений

Mining enterprises have an intense impact on the environment, and leads to its change. The sources of pollution of the most water bodies are discharged, insufficiently treated waste water from the industrial enterprises, large complexes and production waste from the development of ore minerals and mining enterprises. In the study, the general characteristics of the water in the tailings of the Central Mine Administration of GMZ-2 and the Northern Mine Administration of GMZ-3 of Mining and Metallurgical Plant were considered. For the experiment, waste water was selected from the filtrate of the CHEMIKS GMZ-3 tailings, where the dry residue is 8.1 g/l, and the water from the GMZ-3 tailing facility, where the dry residue is 8.7 g/l. The physical properties and chemical composition of GMZ-3 waste water are considered. From the results obtained, it can be seen that the waste water is heavily polluted. Based on the results obtained, the experiments were carried out with eichornia, which is the most resistant to wastewater. This plant has filtration properties, sorption, absorption and accumulation of heavy metals, reduces the concentration of chemical compounds. To study the quality of water purification from heavy metals by water hyacinth plants, water withdrawn from the tailing pond № 2 at GMZ-2, tailing pond GMZ-3 was used as a nutrient substrate. Planting was carried out on the basis of: one adult plant per liter of treated water, the water surface coverage was 75 %. Model systems were illuminated with incandescent lamps (3500 lux) at 12-hour daylight hours. The water temperature in the experiments was 22–24 °С, ambient air 24–26 °С. During the experiments, the following analyzes were carried out: water samples purified with eichornia, as well as the green mass of plants at the end of the experiments. Analysis of the content of heavy metals in the samples was carried out by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Elemental analysis of the aqueous medium was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) on an Agilent 7500a quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, USA). From the results of the experiments, it was identified that with the help of eichornia it is possible to achieve purification of more than 50 % within 10 days of 100 % wastewaters from GMZ-3, the purification efficiency can be increased to the maximum allowable concentrations of technical water in the spring and summer seasons of the year.

ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF THE SURFACE WATER OF THE BUZKY ESTUARY WITHIN MYKOLAIV CITY

An assessment of the surface water state resources was provided, which included the analysis of the components of the salt composition, namely chlorides and sulfates. The trophic-saprobiological (ecological-sanitary) index was determined taking into account the absolute values of indicators: suspended substances, pH, phosphates, dissolved oxygen, BOD5. To determine the index of specific indicators of toxic action, the absolute values of the components were used: copper, zinc, oil products, etc. It was determined that the category of water quality according to the components of the salt composition in the pre-war period was 6.1, which is less than in 2022 (6.5); according to tropho-saprobiological indicators (environmental and sanitary) - the pre-war period is 4.3, which is less compared to 2022 (5.0); according to specific indicators - in the pre-war period it is less and is 4.7 compared to 2022, when this index was 5.0. All defined surface water quality classes correspond to the degree of pollution "dirty" or "very dirty" and the state "poor" or "very poor". During the studied period, there is a steady trend towards a gradual increase in hardness, dry residue, sulfates, and chlorides in surface water. The level of pH, BOD5, dissolved oxygen fluctuates within the normal range with minor deviations.

Stabilization of shapes and dimensions of compressed wood using chemical and physical methods

Descriptions of methods and results of experiments on the preservation of geometry and dimensional parameters of compressed wood using chemical and physical methods are given. Wide ranges of substances were used as chemical stabilizers in urea aqueous solution (plasticizer during pressing). Wood treatment with ultrasound, liquid nitrogen and pulsed magnetic field was used as physical methods. Urotropine, urea-formaldehyde oligomer, phenol-formaldehyde resin, butyric anhydride and physical methods (liquid nitrogen and pulsed magnetic field), as well as ultrasound can be applied to increase form stability of pressed wood to the level of swelling in water and water absorption of natural wood (respectively, 15-20% and 30-45%). Cashew nut shell liquid is recommended to obtain stable pressed wood. The liquid, with a content of 6-12% (by dry residue) relative to the mass of dry wood during heat treatment in the temperature range of 150-155°C for 8 hours, gives limiting volume swelling 7-8% and limiting water absorption 14-18%. Fully stable compressed wood was obtained after exhaustive acetylation with acetic anhydride and subsequent maximum impregnation with phenol alcohols (more than 70% of content) and thermocatalytic curing. However, this method cannot be recommended due to high toxicity and material weakness.

Spatial and temporal assessment of surface water quality in municipal water bodies of the city of Tyumen

The purpose of the study is a spatio-temporal assessment of the quality of surface water for water bodies of municipal importance in Tyumen in the current conditions of urban economy. A grouping of 16 municipal ponds and waterlogged quarries was carried out according to the results of the water quality assessment. The period of water sampling for the study: 2018–2021; spring, summer and autumn dates of each year of study, a total of 12 observation dates. Analyzed indicators: biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD5), chemical oxygen consumption (COD), dry residue, General, Zn, Na, chloride-anions. The results of the study: all municipal reservoirs of Tyumen during the study had repeatedly exceeding the established values of the maximum permissible concentrations for water bodies of fishery significance in three or more indicators. Most municipal facilities are included in the group of highly hazardous reservoirs, characterized by fixing the excess of the MPC value in water for several indicators, including the heavy metal Zn. The group of reservoirs of the background concentration of pollutants includes the watered quarry “Willow”, in which exceedances were recorded for BOD5, COD and Fe, which is typical for Tyumen natural conditions. The waterlogged quarry “Chistye” and the pond “On Dambovskaya” are classified as extremely dangerous reservoirs, they are characterized by the presence of exceeding the values of the MPC in the water for all indicators, with the exception of the dry residue. The waterlogged quarry “Maisky” is classified as a group of extremely dangerous degraded reservoirs, since during the analyzed time period it recorded exceedances of the MPC values in the water for all indicators. On the example of bottom sediments of the pond “Yuzhny”, a partial section of the ratio of pollutant content at 2 sampling points within the boundaries of the municipal reservoir is shown. Based on the results of the study, recommendations are given for the city authorities to conduct a differentiated approach to the organization of water use for water bodies from different groups.

Качественные показатели коровьего молока при применении современного йодсодержащего препарата

The article presents the results of research aimed at studying the effect of a new complex iodinecontaining preparation (developer company “A-BIO”) on the quality indicators of cow's milk. The studies were carried out on the basis of the state farm LLC «Kolhoz Gzhelsky», located in the Moscow region and at the Department of Parasitology and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education MGAVMiB – MVA named after K. I. Scriabin. To study the biological effect of a new iodine-containing drug, 20 clinically healthy cows of the Kholmogory breed of 150 years of age were selected, selected according to the principle of pairs of analogues. The drug was administered orally to cattle at a dose of 30 ml/head every other day for thirty days. As a result of the use of an iodine-containing preparation for cattle, there was no negative effect on the organoleptic parameters (consistency, taste, smell, appearance) and physicochemical parameters of the milk obtained. The amount of fat in the milk of experimental cows increased by 16,12 %, protein – by 1,58 %, dry milk residue – by 18,2 %, dry skimmed milk residue – by 2,7 % compared with control.

Оцінка біоенергетичного потенціалу АПК для забезпечення енергетичної незалежності галузі

The purpose of the study is to assess the bioenergy potential of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine to ensure the energy independence of the industry. The article analyzes the structure of the world-wide supply of primary energy and determines the share of renewable energy sources (hereinafter – RES) in this structure. The expediency of using biomass for the development of bioenergy in Ukraine is substantiated. The classification of the main sources of biomass for energy production is characterized, which, first of all, include primary wood, agricultural waste (dry and wet residues), energy plants, food and industrial waste. The formation of primary agricultural waste in Ukraine is studied, starting from the gross harvest of the main crops and waste coefficients. The theoretical bioenergy potential of primary crop waste in Ukraine in terms of equivalent fuel based on the heat of combustion of waste from the corresponding crops is calculated. The technical bioenergy potential of crop waste has been determined using the coefficients of technical accessibility, the basis of which is the existing technologies for the collection and processing of agricultural waste into energy. An assessment of the economic potential of crop waste for energy production is carried out, the computed technical potential of crop waste and the coefficient of energy use of waste have been taken as the basis for the calculation. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that in Ukraine, the primary waste of such crops as corn for grain, sunflower, wheat, rapeseed and soybeans has the greatest potential for use for energy purposes. The main barriers that hinder the development of bioenergy in Ukraine and slow down the pace of achieving energy independence of the agro-industrial complex are identified. The main ways to overcome the identified barriers are proposed, which should stimulate the use of the bioenergy potential of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine.

Investigation of Processing of Brine of Lake Karaumbet and Barsakelmes for Magnesium Hydroxide

The results of studies on the processing of brine from lakes Karaumbet and Barsakelmes for magnesium hydroxide from sodium and calcium hydroxide solutions purified by distillation liquid, sodium carbonate, and barium chloride are presented. Desulfation of the wound with the distiller’s liquid was carried out at a CaO rate of the distiller’s liquid of 100% sulfate ions. Excess calcium was precipitated with sodium carbonate, and additional purification by sulfate ions was carried out with barium chloride at a rate of 95-98% of stoichiometry. As a result, the residual content of sulfate did not exceed 0.07 % or 0.010 % in terms of calcium sulfate. The optimal technological norms of the process were established - the norm of sodium and calcium hydroxides is 100-105% of the stoichiometry, the temperature is 25°C, and the duration of the process is 120 minutes. At the same time, the filtration rate for the solution is 725.21 kg/m2·h, and for the dry residue 75.80 kg/m2·h. The optimum temperature for the filtration stage is 50–60°C, at which the degree of magnesium precipitation is 97.11–99.41%. The separation of the liquid and solid phases by centrifugation proceeds quite quickly in the first 6 minutes and is 91.86% of the initial amount, after 10 minutes - 95.66%, and after 15 minutes - 97.15. S:L at the same time changes from 1:8 to 1:2 and 1:1, respectively.

ОЦЕНКА МИНЕРАЛИЗАЦИИ ДРЕНАЖНОГО СТОКА С ОРОШАЕМЫХ УГОДИЙ ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНО ФОНОВОЙ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ В ВОДЕ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОГО ВОДОПРИЕМНИКА С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ФУНКЦИИ ЖЕЛАТЕЛЬНОСТИ ХАРРИНГТОНА

Purpose: development of methodical approach to assessment of drainage runoff mineralization from irrigated lands before discharge into a natural water body using the Harrington desirability function. Materials and methods. The object of study is the drainage water intakes of the Bagaevskaya irrigation system. The subject of the study is methodology and tools for studying the wastewater mineralization. The protocols of measurements of waste and natural water samples for the 2004–2020 irrigation season, statistical reporting data on the actual discharge of substances for the 2008–2012 irrigation season were used for calculations. General scientific methods of cognition, statistical analysis tools and properties of Harrington's desirability function are used. Results and discussion. To convert empirical data, range of values of particular indicators corresponding to the general approaches used in assessing the ecological situation of territories, and the normalization principles of anthropogenic impacts were determined. A map of the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of the desirability of drainage runoff demineralization from collector canals within the Bagaevskaya irrigation system over the observation period was constructed. It was concluded theoretically that to eliminate the negative impact of drainage flow coming from collector canals on water bodies, it is necessary to reduce the dry residue mass by 754 tons over the specified period. Conclusions. The resulting equation makes it possible to determine the degree of desirability of drainage runoff demineralization before its discharge into a water body in terms of Harrington’s desirability function. The use of Harrington method makes it possible to build a “map” of drainage runoff “pollution” distribution within the area of controlled irrigated plots, to assess the need for demineralization and to make a generalized forecast.

IMPROVEMENT OF FLAME RETARDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON-POLYESTER BLEND FABRICS

The fire retardant and antibacterial characteristics of cotton-polyester blend fabric have been improved. A composition has been developed for complex finishing of fabric using a phosphorus-containing substance on a biological basis, which, due to its high phosphorus content, can provide a fire-retardant function to textile material, as well as increase its antimicrobial properties. The thermal characteristics of treated textile materials have been studied and it has been established that the presence of phytic acid at the initial stage of destruction shifts the temperature towards lower values due to the activation of phytic acid degradation before the decomposition of the main substrate. The maximum temperature at which the final destruction of the cotton-polyester fabric occurs shifts to higher temperatures from 507°C for the untreated fabric to 565°C for the treated fabric, and the presence of dry residue increases by more than 2.5 times, which proves an increase in the heat resistance of the textile material. The length of the damaged area in the vertical combustion test was 6.5 cm, and the absence of drop formation of the polyester component was also noted, which eliminates the potential destructive effect due to the possible formation of additional fire areas. An increase in fabric antimicrobial activity is confirmed by a zone of inhibition of 2 – 4 mm around the sample using the diffusion method with gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus pyogenes, as well as a pronounced growth inhibition of microorganisms around fabric samples examined by the method of inoculation of microflora from the environment. Treatment with the studied composition improves washing resistance and does not impair the mechanical properties of the textile material by increasing the degree of crosslinking of the polymer components used in the finishing composition.

Study of chemical properties combination chemical method of wastewater treatment by methods IR-spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction

Complex formation processes of sericin compounds with Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+ salts were studied. The possibility of maximum extraction of sericin was determined when wastewater is purified by the proposed method, and the developed purification method is recommended for amino acid purification of wastewater. By using the coagulants Al2(SO4)3•18H2O and FeCl3•6H2O and flocculant PAA together with the proposed sorbent, the concentration of coagulants in wastewater is 0.75 mg/l, 0.5 mg/l, 0.5 mg/l, and the amount of kaolin bentonite, respectively. An acceptable content of 2.0 g/l has been suggested. When the composition of the dry residue obtained after treatment with a composition consisting of bentonite, kaolin and aluminum sulfate was analyzed using X-ray structural analysis, it was found that the residue contained crystal spheres. The obtained results proved that the diffract grams of dry residue and bentonite samples are almost identical. It was found out in the research that these crystal spheres belong to the mineral contained in bentonite.