Dry Organic Matter Research Articles

The Utilization level of Corn Cob Fermented by MOIYL on Dry Matter and Organic Matter Digestibility on Local Rabbit

The study aims to evaluated the value of dry matter and organic matter digestibility of feed containing corn cob fermented by MOIYL on local rabbit. Research conducted at Desa Bandar Klippa Deli Serdang, North Sumatera Province, in January – March 2018. The study used 20 local rabbit with initial weight 404,4 gram ± 9,14 and design experiment used completely randomized design (CDR), which consists of 4 treatments and five replications. The treatment consisted of ration P0= unfermented ,P1=10%, P2= 20, and P3= 30%. Variable measured were consumption of dry matter and organic matter, digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. The Results showed that fermented of corn cob with probiotics MOIYL provide a significant effect (P<0,01) increasing corn cob fermented by MOIYL to the level 30% increase dry matter and organic matter digestibility. The conclusion of this study is corn cob fermantation by probiotics MOIYL till the level 30% can increase the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter on local rabbit.

IN-VITRO DIGESTIBILITY, VOLLATYLE FATTY ACID, AND AMMONIA OF CORN STRAW SILAGE WITH DIFFERENT STORAGE PERIODE

The study aimed to determine invitro digestibility, volattyle fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia (NH3) of corn straw silage with different storage periode. The experiments use a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and each treatment was repeated five times, so there are 20 experimental units. The fourth treatments are W1 = storage time of 14 days, W2 = storage time of 21 days, W3 = storage time of 28 days, and W4 = storage time of 35 days. The parameters observed in this study in-vitro digestibility including dry matter and organic matter digestibility, VFA, and NH3. Results of the experiment showed that dry matter digestibility showed significant differences, otherwise organic matter digestibility, VFA, and NH3 were not significantly different, and there was a tendency to decrease the value of dry matter and organic matter digestibility, VFA, and NH3 with longer duration of storage of corn straw silage. It can be concluded that dry matter, organic matter digestibility VFA, and NH3, are not significant different.
 Keywords: corn straw, silage, storage periode, invitro digestibility, VFA, NH3

Anaerobic treatment of deinking sludge: Methane production and organic matter degradation

Deinking sludge (DS) is a residue from the waste paper recycling industry. It is a by-product originating from the deinking process which is designed to remove inks and other impurities from waste papers to recover usable fibers. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of anaerobic digestion (AD) of DS in order to produce methane (CH4) by degrading organic matter. DS differs clearly from common AD substrates due to its specific composition. The focus was laid on comparing various inocula in order to find appropriate microbial consortia. Three inocula from different origins were investigated. After sludge and inocula characterization, batch AD at a mesophilic (37 °C) condition was performed for 21 days to determine biogas and CH4 potentials as well as sludge biodegradability in comparison to cellulose. The highest average CH4 yield achieved in the 21 days of the batch experiment was 167 NmL/g organic dry matter (oDM). However, the CH4 potentials from all experiments did not have a wide range (average 160 NmL/g oDM; standard deviation ±5.0 NmL/g oDM). The highest organic matter degradation achieved was 31%. It can be stated that conventional AD inocula are usable to degrade DS, but that a significant part of the oDM was anaerobically not degradable. The overall CH4 yields were lower compared to top AD substrates such as energy crops, but in a similar range like residue-based AD substrates such as manure. Since actual DS management is cost-intensive and affecting the profitability of waste paper industry significantly, AD as a management option with an energetically valuable output is a very promising option.

POTENSI PRODUKSI HIJAUAN DAN KOMPOSISI KIMIA RUMPUT SUDAN (Sorghum sudanense) SEBAGAI SUMBER HIJAUAN PAKAN LOKAL DI WILAYAH PAPUA

This paper aims to provide an overview of the potential forage production, nutrients and antinutrients chemical composition, and the potential development of Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense) in eastern part of Indonesia, particularly in the Papua island as a local forage ruminant. Local forage is very potential to be developed in Papua island, because it adapts to dry land and drought resistant, capable of growing back, and is very responsive to fertilizer and irrigation, as well as can be growth either in lowland and highland. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatments have significant effect to dry matter and organic matter productions of Sudan grass with their level dosage recommendations are 300 kg N/ha, 300 kg P/ha, and 150 kg P/ha, respectively.
 Keywords: sudan grass, fertilizer, forage production, nutrient and antinutrition

The Digestion of Waste from Vegetables and Maize Processing

This study was carried out in order to find a possible use for waste produced during the processing of vegetables and maize. Anaerobic fermentation is a suitable way to handle this wet and easily biodegradable organic material. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of waste corn kernels, peas, crushed corn kernels, French beans, mixed vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, peas and carrot), corn leaf and corn husk on anaerobic fermentation. Anaerobic fermentation tests was carried out in batch fermenters (5 dm3) for 21 days at 42 °C. During this period the quantity and quality of biogas produced were monitored. The following substrate parameters were determined: dry matter content, organic dry matter content, nutrients content (protein, fat, fibre, starch, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre) and elemental composition. The hypothesis predicting the inhibitory impact of substrates on the anaerobic process was not confirmed. Biogas production after 21 days of hydraulic retention time ranged from 0.6773 m3/kg of organic dry matter (peas) to 1.1108 m3/kg of organic dry matter (mixed vegetables). All substrates had the final concentration of methane in the biogas ranged from 59.43 to 65.97%vol. The hypothesis about the impact of pre-treatment of substrates (crushing) on the quantity of the biogas produced was confirmed. The biogas production from the crushed corn kernel was significantly higher than the biogas production from substrates with a similar composition of nutrients (corn kernel, peas). Vegetables and maize waste produced during processing is a suitable substrate for anaerobic fermentation.

Characteristics of water sludge from Cracow Water Treatment Plants – case study

During water treatment a large amount of sludge is created – in the form of sewage and sediments. The largest amounts of sludge are produced during coagulation, ozonation and backwashing rapid filters. The quality and quantity of treated water, the type and dose of used coagulants are factors affecting the quantity, composition and properties of the sludge. Sludge produced during processing of drinking water is important problem and their quantity has been increasing. The study focuses on characteristics of water treatment sludge from four water treatment plants in Cracow. It includes theoretical and experimental part. The first part is based on analysis of literature and information obtained from MPWiK [3]. The second experimental part, concerns the analysis of dry matter, organic dry matter, capillary suction time and visual parameters: the color and consistency of the sludge. Result shows that every sludge contains organic matter. The highest concentrations of organic compounds and the largest diversity has been observed in the sludge collected in the Water Treatment Plant Raba, reaching even up to 70% of organic compounds in the dry mass of sludge.

Silage of the agro-industrial co-product of babassu palm heart processing in sheep feed

ABSTRACT: The inner bark or less tender sheath generated from industrial manufacture of canned babassu palm (Attalea speciosa) heart is inadequate for human consumption, often being discarded inappropriately and giving rise to environmental pollution. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess the intake and digestibility in sheep fed on silage of the agro-industrial co-product of babassu palm (ICBP)enriched with different additives, or on sugarcane silage. Fifteen Santa Inês sheep were distributed in a completely randomized design, consisting of five treatments and three replicates. The treatments comprised babassu palm silage enriched with broken maize (BM), broken rice (BR), cassava scrapings (CS), coffee husk combined with maize kernel (CC), and sugarcane silage (SC), all supplemented with concentrate, at a voluminous:concentrate ratio of 65:35. Silages based on ICBP and SC had similar intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC). Increasing the additive fraction in ICBP silages favored the digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NFC, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Our results indicated that silage based on additive-enriched ICBP can be used in the diet of ruminants, especially those based on broken maize and cassava scrapings that provide superior nutritional quality compared to the other silages assessed.

Effect of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) Supplementation on Nutrient Intake, Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation Pattern in Barbari Goats

Present study was conducted to examine the effect of spirulina (Spirulina platensis) supplementation on nutrient intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation pattern in growing Barbari goats. Eighteen male Barbari goats were divided into three groups, G1 (Control), G2 and G3 (treatment) of six animals each in completely randomized design. All the animals were fed with complete pellet feed having Bengal gram straw and concentrate mixture in 60:40 ratio. In G1 no spirulina was supplemented while in G2 and G3 spirulina was supplemented at 0.25 and 0.50% of DM, respectively. Experimental feeding durations was 90 days. After 60 days of experimental feeding, a metabolism trial of six days collection period was conducted to determine nutrients balance. Rumen liquor samples were collected from each animal at the end of experimental feeding 4h post feeding. The digestibility (%) of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract and total carbohydrate was similar among groups. The digestibility (%) of different fibre fractions (neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose and hemi cellulose) was similar in groups. Animals of control and treatment groups were in positive nitrogen balance. Concentration of total volatile fatty acids (mmol/dL SRL) in rumen fluid was statistically similar in goats of G1 (20.75), G2 (24.93) and G3 (20.37). No significant difference in total volatile fatty acid fractions was observed between control and treatment groups. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in total nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen between control and treatment groups. TCA-precipitable nitrogen showed no significant difference among groups. Ammonia nitrogen (mg/dL SRL) showed significant difference in between control and treatment groups, highest for G1 (29.16) and lowest for G3 (16.80). From present study, it can be concluded that supplementation of spirulina @ 0.25 and 0.50 of DMI had no effect on intake, digestibility of nutrients but reduced the rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration.

In vitro evaluation of novel crude extracts produced by actinobacteria for modulation of ruminal fermentation

ABSTRACT We evaluated the inclusion of two crude extracts produced by Streptomyces genus on in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD; IVOMD), cumulative gas production, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and methane (CH4) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three blocks and four treatments: AMC (1.2 mg/25 mL ruminal inoculum), Caat (1.2 mg/25 mL ruminal inoculum), negative control (no inclusion of extracts), and positive control (sodium monensin, 1.7 mg/25 mL ruminal inoculum). Ruminal [...]

The Effect of Adding Corn Silage at Different Ratios to Orange and Tangerine Wastes on Biogas Production Efficiency

In this study, biogas production efficiencies of mixtures obtained by adding corn silage (CS) to citrus industrial wastes at different ratios were determined. Orange (OJPW) and tangerine processing juice wastes (TJPW) (crusts and shells) were selected as materials in the study. 25%, 50%, 75% of CS was added to these selected wastes. Changes in the obtained mixture chemical properties (dry matter, dry organic matter, crude ash, crude protein, crude oil, Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)), biogas production and methane content in the biogas were investigated. The results of the study showed that the highest crude protein content was found in 100% TJPW (10%), raw fat percentage in 100% TJPW (5.14%), dry matter content in 100% CS (93.56%), ADF in 100% CS (22.74%) and the NDF in a mixture of 25% OJPW + 75% CS (45.08%). The highest methane production was determined for a mixture of 100% TJPW and 50% TJPW + 50% OJPW (0.46 m3 kg-1 ODM). Also the highest biogas production was determined in a mixture of 50% OJPW + 50% TJPW (0.90 m3 kg-1 ODM). The mixing of CS in TJPW and OJPW reduced significantly the production of methane and biogas in the mixture. As a result of the statistical analysis, significant differences (P≤0.05) were found in both methane and biogas production of agricultural wastes.

Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, protein and energy of native Peruvian feedstuffs in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Trout production is a growing activity in recent years but requires new alternative sources of feed to be sustainable over time. The objective of this research was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) of kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus L), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), sacha inchi, (Plukenetia volubilis L) and jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) meal in juvenile rainbow trout. The experimental diets were composed of a 70% basal diet and 30% of any raw materials. The ADC was determined by the indirect method using insoluble ash as a non-digestible marker. Jumbo squid, sacha inchi and quinoa showed the highest values of ADC (%) of DM (84.5, 73.5 and 69.7), OM (89.1, 78.4 and 72.9), CP (93.2, 98.0 and 90.3), and DE (4.57, 4.15 and 2.95 Mcal/kg DM), respectively. The ADC values for kañiwa, kiwicha and bean were significantly lower. In conclusion, quinoa meal and jumbo squid meal have an acceptable digestibility but sacha inchi meal is a potential alternative for rainbow trout feeding in the future.

Effects of supplementing low-quality hay with groundnut foliage and cassava tops on feed intake, apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation in crossbred cattle

Four adult crossbred cattle, fitted with rumen fistula in the dorsal sac, were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design to study the effects of supplementing sun-dried groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) foliage (DGF) and sun-dried cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) tops (DCT) on feed intake, apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation. All animals were fed a basal diet of rice straw ad libitum and para grass (Brachiaria mutica) at 1% of liveweight (LW). The four experimental diets were as follows: (1) control, basal diet without supplement; (2) DGF, basal diet + DGF; (3) DCT, basal diet + DCT; and (4) DGF+DCT, basal diet + DGF + DCT. The supplementary feeds were fed to the level of 2 g crude protein (CP)/kg LW in Diets 2 and 3 and 1 g CP/kg LW of each feed in Diet 4. The results indicated that total intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter and CP increased with DGF and DGF+DCT diets, while neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake was highest in the DGF diet. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter, CP and NDF were improved in DGF and DGF+DCT treatments. However, the diet with DCT supplement had lowest CP and NDF digestibility. Ruminal NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids increased in all diets with supplements, but ruminal pH, volatile fatty acid profile and in sacco losses of DM, CP and NDF of sun-dried para grass in the rumen did not differ among the treatments.

Analysis of dynamics for 15 vegetation indices based on Sentinel-2A image data for the test sites of winter wheat crop different on the state from each other within the forest-steep zone in Ukraine

Dynamics of 15 vegetation indices estimated from the Sentinel-2A images within two test sites with the area of 1 ha for the production crops of two winter wheat cultivars (Bohdana and Skagen) are analyzed for winter dormancy and spring-early summer in 2016. The decrease of total nitrogen content in dry matter of the plant organs, which are formed the reflecting surface of the vegetation cover from the booting stage to milk one is consistent with the behavior of the Green NDVI (740, 560) for the both test sites of winter wheat cover. Dynamics of the other 14 indices have been analyzed under the conditions of the deterioration of phytosanitary situation for the winter wheat crop of Bohdana cultivar.

Ensiling of tall fescue for biogas production: Effect of storage time, additives and mechanical pretreatment

In this work, ensiling of Festuca arundinacea (Tall Fescue, TF) prior to biogas production was studied and the effect of storage time, additives (pilot-scale trial) and mechanical pretreatment (full-scale trials) were investigated. In the pilot-scale test, TF was ensiled by adding two biological additives and stored for up to 9 months. In the full-scale test, two 7 ton TF piles (unchopped and chopped) were ensiled for 3 months. Both the ultimate CH4 potential and silage products were measured to evaluate the effect of ensiling. Results show that ensiling of TF resulted in well-preserved silages with low pH for most of the variants stored for up to nine months. The biological additives contained both hetero- and homo-fermentative lactic acid bacteria and enzymes showed a positive effect on both organic dry matter (ODM) preservation and biogas production. Full-scale ensiling presented silage quality with higher ODM losses if the grass is not cut prior to the ensiling process. In general, ensiling is an appropriate storage method for TF, allowing it to be used as a long-term feedstock for biogas plants.

Residue from common bean in substitution of cottonseed cake in diets for sheep

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate intake and digestibility in sheep fed with residue from common bean (0, 33%, 66% and 100%) in substitution of cottonseed cake (in a dry matter basis). Sixteen mongrel male sheep with average body weight of 30 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates. The intakes of dry matter and organic matter expressed in gram/day had a quadratic effect. Substitution of cottonseed cake for residue from common bean caused the digestibility coefficients of the nutritional components to increase linearly (P < 0.05), except for the ether extract and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein. The diets had no effects (P > 0.05) on fecal excretion. On the other hand, dry matter digestibility was quadratically affected (P < 0.05) by diets regardless of the indicator used. The results obtained in this study indicate that residue from common bean can replace up to 66% of cottonseed cake in the concentrate.

Senna spectabilis FRUIT ON HAIR LAMBS FEEDING: DIGESTIBILITY, BLOOD METABOLITES, AND RUMINAL KINETIC

Abstract In recent years sheep, farming has emerged as an alternative production system especially in dry areas. The use of leaves and fruit from some trees has become an alternative for feeding for ruminants; however, studies on these species are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of S. spectabilis fruit meal on in vivo and in vitro digestibility, blood metabolites, and ruminal kinetics in hair lambs. This study was carried out at Las Brisas farm, University of Tolima - Colombia. Twelve male hair lambs with body weight of 20.3 ± 2.5 kg were used. Animals were distributed in an experimental 4x4 Latin square design. The treatments consisted of diets based on Dichanthium spp hay with different inclusion levels of S. spectabilis fruit meal (15, 30, and 45%). A linear increasing effect (P &lt;0.05) was observed for in vivo and in vitro digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein; likewise, plasma urea and ruminal degradability increased as the level of supplementation of S. spectabilis increased. The meal of S. spectabilis improves digestibility, protein intake, and ruminal kinetics in hair lambs; therefore, it is suggested as a promising alternative for ruminants feeding in dry tropic regions.

English

The abundance of poultry litter in most farms in the sub-Saharan Africa is becoming an environmental problem. The objective of this study is to evaluate the proximate value, in-vitro digestibility of dried poultry manure (DPM) and its subsequent effect on growth, pH, and volatile fatty acid production of indigenous goats in Zimbabwe. Eighteen goats were randomly allocated to two treatment diets: grazing veld grass plus ad libitum browsing of Luecaena leucocephala (T1) and 25% dry poultry manure plus 75% maize meal (MM) (T2), in a completely randomised design. Three samples of 2 g each T1 and T2 diets were subjected to standard procedures, for proximate analysis; a two stage Tilley and Terry was used to evaluate dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility of the diets. The results show no significant differences between treatment diets for DM, ether extract (EE) and Ash; however T1 had higher (P 0.05). Diet and sex of animals significantly influenced (P<0.05) the total VFA production. Male animals in T2 exhibited the highest (P<0.05) total VFAs. In conclusion, although there were some nutrient inadequacies (ash, ADF) in poultry manure feed, it can support goat production at a marginal scale and positively influence pH and VFA production. Key words: Goats, digestibility, poultry manure, nutritive value.

Digestibility of Dry Matter and Organic Matter of Fermented Sago Pulp on Local Sheep Male Weaning

This study aims to analyze the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter of fermented sago pulp alternative feed on local sheep male weaning. Research conducted at Karang Rejo village farm, Stabat district, Langkat. This study in Maret 2016-Juny 2017. The design used was completely randomized design (CRD), with four treatments five replications. Each repeat consists of one local sheep male weaning with the average of body weight 8-10 kg. The treatment consisted of P1(consentrat with 50% sago pulp without fermented + forage), P2 (consentrat with 60% sago pulp without fermented + forage), P3 (consentrat with 50% sago pulp fermented + forage), and P4 (consentrat with 60% sago pulp fermented + forage). The variable were studied dry matter consumption, organic matter consumption, dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility. Results of analysis of variance show that the utilization of fermented sago pulp waste had highly significantly different effect (P&lt;0,01) on dry matter consumption of treatment P1, P2, P3 and P4 is 486,38; 548,68; 604,69;and 671,11 (gr/head/day), and organic matter consumption is 469,34; 525,22; 582,42 and 644,40 (gr/head/day). And average of dry matter digestibility waste not significantly different effect (P&gt;0,05) on value dry matter digestibility of treatment P1, P2, P3 and P4 is 79,04; 79,23; 78,59 and 78,23 (%), average of organic matter digestibility is 81,66; 81,43; 80,79 and 80,27 (%). Increasing use of fermented pulp sago increases the value of dry matter consumption and organic matter consumption in local sheep feed. Conclusions of fermented sago pulp can not to increase dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility, but fermented and non-fermented sago pulp can be given to sheep male weaning up to 60%, because the digestibility value of the two ingredients is above 70%.

Pengaruh Penambahan Pollard dan Bekatul dalam Pembuatan Silase Rumput Odot (Pennisetum purpureum, Cv.Mott) Terhadap Kecernaan dan Produksi Gas Secara In Vitro

The purpose of this research was to evaluate pollard and rice bran in dwarf elephant grass silage ( Pennisetum purpureum, cv. Mott) processing on in vitro digestibilty and gas production. The materials were dwarf elephant grass, pollard and rice bran as additives. The research was arranged in randomized block design with 4 treatments and 3 replication based on rumen liquid collection. The treatments were: dwarf elephant grass without additive (T 0 ), dwarf elephant grass + 20% pollard (T 1 ), dwarf elephant grass + 20% rice bran (T 2 ), dwarf elephant grass + 10% pollard + 10% rice bran (T 3 ). Collected data were analyzed by analysis of variance and continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Variables measured were in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD), cumulative gas production (GP) and degradability from GP residue. The result showed that the treatments didn’t significantly effect (P>0.05) on DMD and OMD but highly significant effect (P<0.01) on cumulative GP and degradability. It could be concluded that dwarf elephant grass + 20% pollard (T 1 ) was the best treatment based on DMD (62.34%), OMD (68.18%) and supported by highly number of cumulative GP and degradability. Thus it was suggested to do further research on fiber composition and in vivo assay.

Prevention of clogging in a polyurethane foam packed biotrickling filter treating emissions of 2-butoxyethanol

Biotrickling filter (BTF) tend to accumulate biomass leading to clogging and a subsequent increase in pressure losses and energy demands at high volatile organic compound (VOC) loadings under long-term conditions. Besides higher pressure losses and energy demands, the treatment performance gradually declines due to inhomogeneous gas distribution within the biofilm. Clogging prevention techniques are highly interesting regarding the design of BTFs, high performance levels, energy efficiency and corresponding costs.Squeezing out and backflushing as clogging prevention techniques with optional addition of auxiliary gas injections and chemicals were tested under various conditions. Five BTFs equipped with 17.6 L of different Poret® PPI10 PU foam structures were used to analyze removal efficiencies of both biomass and 2-butoxyethanol as VOC, testing different clogging prevention techniques in comparison to two reference systems without prevention steps. Up to 109.5 g organic dry matter were removed (270 s of gas injection, 0.2 w% sodium hydroxide). With removal efficiencies of 91.7% and 72.8% and corresponding elimination capacities of 36.6 and 56.2 g C·m−3·h−1 the highest performance levels were achieved at specific loadings of 39.9 and 77.1 g C·m−3·h−1 at 12.6 s of empty bed residence time (EBRT), using a PU foam cylinder as package material. Removal efficiencies were evaluated in a pilot system with 2.1 m³ of package volume and 8.9 s of EBRT for treatment of air containing 95% 2-butoxyethanol and 5% styrene according to a waste gas problem in aviation industries. Even though additional installations like a compressor and different valves were necessary, total construction costs, total operational costs and energy costs for the BTF with clogging prevention techniques were reduced by nearly 10%, 20%, and 40% compared to conventional BTFs. Variations in microbial community over time were also tested.