Abstract
During water treatment a large amount of sludge is created – in the form of sewage and sediments. The largest amounts of sludge are produced during coagulation, ozonation and backwashing rapid filters. The quality and quantity of treated water, the type and dose of used coagulants are factors affecting the quantity, composition and properties of the sludge. Sludge produced during processing of drinking water is important problem and their quantity has been increasing. The study focuses on characteristics of water treatment sludge from four water treatment plants in Cracow. It includes theoretical and experimental part. The first part is based on analysis of literature and information obtained from MPWiK [3]. The second experimental part, concerns the analysis of dry matter, organic dry matter, capillary suction time and visual parameters: the color and consistency of the sludge. Result shows that every sludge contains organic matter. The highest concentrations of organic compounds and the largest diversity has been observed in the sludge collected in the Water Treatment Plant Raba, reaching even up to 70% of organic compounds in the dry mass of sludge.
Highlights
Water treatment plants, apart from the main product – a potable water, generate some by-products such as e.g. hydrated sediments formed during the coagulation, sedimentation and ion exchange processes
The sludge produced during a water treatment processes can be polluted with heavy metals; treatment a surface water may generate waste with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), pesticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons and polyelectrolytes dosed during water treatment
Sludge resulting from a surface water treatment is definitely more biologically contaminated sludge resulting from a groundwater treatment; the former contains a large number of bacteria, viruses and intestinal parasitic cysts
Summary
Apart from the main product – a potable water, generate some by-products (waste) such as e.g. hydrated sediments formed during the coagulation, sedimentation and ion exchange processes. The sludge produced during a water treatment processes (water sludge) can be polluted with heavy metals; treatment a surface water may generate waste with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), pesticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons and polyelectrolytes dosed during water treatment These compounds are considered hazardous and have to be monitored [2]. According to the Act of December 14, 2012 on waste (Journal of Laws of 2013, No 0, item 21, article 22, chapter 5), sludge is considered a hazardous waste and the waste management costs are borne by the original producer or by the holder It means that the sludge cannot be utilized, as it was before, without any treatment and its characteristics should be closely monitored. It is the waste characteristic and leaching of pollutants that are the basic criteria that help to define: class of waste, the method of a final sludge handling, the process design and efficient operation
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