Dry Cassava Research Articles

Resíduos e subprodutos agroindustriais e grãos como substratos para produção do fungo entomapatogênico Lecanicillium lecanii

Lecanicillium lecanii é um fungo promissor no controle biológico de pragas e para sua utilização em campo é necessária a produção de conídios em grande quantidade. Este trabalho objetivou selecionar meios de cultura líquidos feitos com resíduos ou subprodutos agroindustriais e meios sólidos pela mistura de grãos e derivados, visando à produção dos isolados JAB 02 e JAB 45 do fungo. Como substratos líquidos utilizaram-se, em diferentes concentrações, água do cozimento do arroz e da prensa da mandioca, soro de queijo, milhocina®, melaço, vinhaça e leite de levedura da indústria da cana, avaliando-se a esporulação e biomassa. Como substratos sólidos, combinaram-se, em diferentes proporções, trigo grosso, farelos de trigo e de soja com quirela de milho, lentilha e sorgo para JAB 02, e com painço, trigo em grão e lentilha para JAB 45, avaliando-se a produção e viabilidade de conídios. O meio contendo 4% de milhocina® favoreceu a produção de ambos os isolados. Para JAB 02, proporcionaram melhores resultados os meios com 85% de água da prensa da mandioca, 5,5% de melaço e 100% de soro de queijo, além de misturas entre trigo grosso e farelo de trigo com lentilha (70:30%) e trigo grosso e farelo de trigo com sorgo (85:15%). Os meios com 100% da água da prensa da mandioca e 85% de soro de queijo, e as misturas entre farelo de trigo e painço (85:15%), trigo grosso e lentilha (55:45%) e farelo de trigo com trigo em grão e com lentilha (70:30%) favoreceram a produção de JAB 45.

Potential uses of local feed resources for ruminants

Energy and protein sources are of prime importance for ruminants as they stimulate microorganisms in the rumen and enhance the productive functions of the animals. Cassava roots in the form of dry cassava chips or pellets as energy sources and dried cassava leaves and cassava hay as protein sources have been used successfully in ruminant rations. These uses of cassava could provide year-round feed which results in a high yield and good quality of milk and contribute to a more lucrative dairy and beef cattle enterprise, especially for small-holder dairy farming systems. There are many other available feed resources in the tropics of potential use in ruminant feeding and particularly in the development of food-feed-systems that are not only beneficial for human and animals but also for the environment.

Digestibilidade e características ruminais de dietas com diferentes níveis de concentrado para bubalinos e bovinos

Avaliaram-se a influência do fornecimento de 23, 43 e 63% de concentrado em dietas com milho moído e resíduo desidratado de mandioca como fonte de amido sobre o consumo, os coeficientes de digestibilidade total e parcial dos nutrientes, a concentração de amônia, o pH ruminal e a eficiência microbiana. Utilizaram-se três bovinos holandeses (Bos taurus) e três búfalos Murrah (Bubalus bubalis) com 473±54 kg e 400±33 kg de peso corporal (PC), respectivamente, canulados no rúmen e duodeno. Os fluxos duodenais e fecais foram estimados utilizando-se óxido crômico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi com dois quadrados latinos 3 x 3 e arranjo fatorial 3 x 2. A ingestão média de MS foi inferior nos bubalinos (1,40% do PC) em comparação aos bovinos (1,63% do PC). As ingestões máximas de PB (10,09 g/kg PC0,75 nos bovinos e 8,36 g/kg PC0,75 nos bubalinos) foram obtidas com 44,4% de concentrado e as de amido (32,83 g/kg PC0,75 para os bovinos e 28,38 g/kg PC0,75 para os búfalos), com 61,7% de concentrado. Os coeficientes de digestibiliade total e as digestibilidades ruminal (DR) e intestinal (DI) dos nutrientes, à exceção do amido e da PB, não diferiram entre os tratamentos e as espécies utilizadas. O maior coeficiente de digestibilidade total (95,7 vs 85,8%) e ruminal (87,4 vs 81,9%) do amido foram observados nos bovinos. A digestibilidade ruminal do amido aumentou linearmente com os níveis de concentrado. A menor digestibilidade ruminal (13,2 vs 27,5%) e a maior digestibilidade intestinal da PB (86,8 vs 72,5%) foram observadas nos bovinos. O pH ruminal nos bubalinos (6,7) foi superior ao dos bovinos (6,3). Nos búfalos, a concentração de amônia ruminal diferiu com os níveis de concentrado, o que não ocorreu com os bovinos. A eficiência microbiana, no entanto, não diferiu entre as espécies e os níveis de concentrado.

Avaliação da substituição do milho pelo resíduo seco da extração da fécula de mandioca sobre o desempenho de novilhas mestiças em confinamento

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição total do milho pelo resíduo seco de mandioca sobre o desempenho de novilhas mestiças terminadas em confinamento. Foram utilizadas 30 novilhas mestiças com idade aproximada de 21 meses e peso vivo médio de 325 kg, agrupadas em dois lotes experimentais e alojadas em duas baias. Os dois lotes foram submetidos a um período pré-experimental de 49 dias, no qual receberam silagem de sorgo, à vontade, e concentrado à base de farelo de soja, milho e uréia (19,67% de proteína), na proporção de 1,05% do peso corporal. Nesta fase, apresentaram ganho médio diário (GMD) de 1,08 kg semelhante para os lotes. Em seguida, iniciou-se o período experimental (57 dias), com os animais pesando, em média, 378 kg. Um lote foi mantido sob a mesma dieta, enquanto o outro passou a receber o concentrado experimental, no qual o milho foi substituído pelo resíduo (18,12% de proteína), na proporção de 1,18% do peso corporal, e silagem à vontade. O GMD dos animais diferiu entre as dietas, com 0,97 kg para os animais da dieta controle e 0,78 kg para aqueles que consumiram o concentrado com o resíduo seco. O desempenho, a ingestão voluntária de matéria seca e a conversão alimentar foram inferiores para os animais que consumiram o concentrado com resíduo seco. A substituição do milho pelo resíduo seco de mandioca reduziu o desempenho, a ingestão e a conversão alimentar.

Características de carcaça de novilhas mestiças confinadas, submetidas a dietas com milho ou resíduo seco de fecularia de mandioca

The aim of this work was the replacement evaluation of corn by dry by-product of cassava starch extraction on carcass traits of crossbreed heifers in feedlot. Thirty crossbred heifers aged 21 months were used. In pre-experimental period (49 days) the heifers were fed with soybean meal and corn concentrate (19.67% CP). In the experimental period (57 days) 15 heifers were fed with the previous diet and the other 15 were fed with by-product of cassava and sorghum silage. Subcutaneous fat was thicker (P Longissimus dorsi area (70.91 vs 63.17 cm2) and the muscle percentage (69.83 vs 66.29%) were highen (p < 0.05) for the heifers that consumed the diet with dry cassava by-products than the others with corn diet. The replacement of corn by dry cassava by-products influenced carcass traits

Effect of Dry Cassava Chip Storage on Yield and Functional Properties of Extracted Starch

AbstractDry cassava chips of variety CMR35‐22‐196 and KU50 were stored at 5 and 30°C up to a period of 8 months. The yield and functional properties of the starches extracted from the chips after 2 months of storage were compared with those of starches extracted from fresh roots and freshly dried chips. Starch yield from dry chips was reduced by up to 5% after 8 months of storage. Functional properties of the starches exhibited a declining trend with increasing storage period of the chips. Peak viscosity and swelling power decreased by up to 30% and 5 g/g, respectively. Paste clarity dropped by up to 30% and syneresis of the gels increased by up to 10% after 8 months storage. A high storage temperature (30°C) was found to increase the changes in functional properties of the starches. The changes in the functional properties, however, were not so severe to negatively affect the application of the dry‐chip starches. All the properties remained within the generally recognized ranges of cassava starches. The use of dry chips for extraction of starch could thus overcome the problems of seasonal glut and closure of factories in low season.

Supplementation of Dry Brewer's Grain to Lower Quality Forage Diet for Growing Lambs in Southeast Nigeria

Twenty yearling lambs of Southeast Nigeria dwarf, liveweight (18±1.9 kg) were grouped into 5 treatments. Dry brewer's grain was substituted for maize offal in the experiment diets namely A to E at 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% respectively, as supplement to low quality, dry season cassava leaf top and Andropogan gayanus hay at 1:1 ratio that lasted for 56 days. After which 5 of the lambs (average bodyweight=24.3±1.5 kg) were transferred to metabolism crates to determine the digestibility and nitrogen/protein balance studies. While the mean group intakes were (945.9, 996.1, 1,040.5, 1,148.5 and 1,037.7 g conc. DM/day), the growth rates were (115.1, 124.1, 152.5, 168.5 and 123.1 g liveweight gain/day), respectively. There was a recorded decline in both intake (p>0.05) and growth rate (p 0.05) together with the organic matter intake. The urine nitrogen output was also significant (p>0.05). The work further revealed that, at a certain critical level of intake, dry brewer's grain is able to support growth rates measurable to or better than those noted when feeding maize offal to lambs, and went on to prove dry brewer's grain as an attractive supplementary feed for the drier months of the year, in the Southeast of Nigeria. (Asian- Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol 16, No. 3 : 384-388)

Parasitismo de Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross &amp; Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) sobre Dinoderus minutus (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

A utilização de ácaros como agentes de controle biológico de pragas de produtos armazenados tem sido pouco estudada, apesar de estes artrópodes serem freqüentemente encontrados na massa de grãos. Assim, o experimento foi conduzido com a finalidade de avaliar o parasitismo do agente de controle biológico Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) em populações de Dinoderus minutus (Fabr.). As unidades experimentais consistiram de frascos de vidro de capacidade de 1,7 L, contendo 100 g de mandioca seca em pedaços, infestados com 20 adultos deste coleóptero. Três dias após a infestação foram inoculadas quatro fêmeas fisogástricas de A. lacunatus, sendo os tratamentos realizados em quatro repetições. Foi observado que o ácaro apresenta potencial biótico maior que o do hospedeiro D. minutus. Pela porcentagem de ovos parasitados ficou demonstrada a eficiência de A. lacunatus como agente de controle biológico de D. minutus, o que ocasionou uma redução significativa das populações deste coleóptero. Foi observado, ainda, que as perdas de peso da mandioca ocasionadas pelos insetos também foram reduzidas na presença do ácaro. Até esta data, A. lacunatus tinha sido encontrado parasitando apenas ovos de R. dominica. Portanto, esse novo relato pode indicar sua utilização em programas de manejo integrado de pragas em ambientes de armazenamento.

Incidence of cassava root rot in the central region of Ghana

A survey of the incidence of Cassava root rot in the Central Region of Ghana was conducted from August to November, 1995. The main objective of the survey was to evaluate the economic importance of cassava root rot diseases in cassava production. All the twelve districts in the region were covered by the survey. From each district twenty cassava farmers were randomly selected out of forty farmers and they were interviewed using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to find out the knowledge of farmers on the cassava root rot. The results indicated that 68.4% of cassava farmers in the region were aware of the occurrence of cassava root rot on their farms while 31.6 had not encountered it. The survey revealed that both soft and dry cassava root rot were well established in the Central Region except in one district, Dunkwa-On-Offin. The average incidence of soft cassava root rot in the various zones studied were: coastal districts (Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem, Mfantsiman, Awutu-Efutu-Senya and Gomoa) 36%; the penultimate coastal districts (Abura-Asiefu -Kwaman Kese, Ajumako-Enyan-Esiam and Agona Swedru) 30%; mid-region districts (Assin Foso and Asikuma-Odoben-Brakera), 21% and Forest District (Upper Denkyira and Lower Denkyira), 15%. For the dry root rot the incidences by zones at dry root rot were: Coastal District, 47%; the penultimate coastal districts, 18%. Mid-region districts, 13% and Forest Districts 27%. Six fungi were found to be associated with cassava root rot in the Central Region. They were Fusarium sp (white and dark colony types), Cunninghamella sp. Mortierella exigua Linnem, Glioclachum fimbricatum Gilman and Abbott, and Polyporus sulphureus Bull. Ex Fr. JOURNAL OF THE GHANA SCIENCE ASSOCIATION Volume 1 Number 1, July (1998) pp. 40-49

Small holder lamb fattening based on crop residues and agro-industrial by-products in northern Ghana

In an on-farm study involving four sedentary mixed-farming communities in the Savelugu-Nanton District, a total of 29 intact rams (DjallonkeW Sahelian) were fattened on two diets formulated from rice straw (urea-treated), pigeon pea waste, dry cassava peels and whole cottonseed. In Diet 1, cassava peels constituted the basal ingredient while in Diet 2, pigeon pea waste was major. Total daily dry matter (DM) intakes by rams were 958.0 and 852.3 g/head for Diet 1 and 2 respectively. Both diets supported appreciable body weight gain. Diet 1 appeared superior and ensured a significantly (P

Nigerian indigenous fermented foods: their traditional process operation, inherent problems, improvements and current status

Nigerian indigenous fermented foods (NIFF) are reviewed in this report outlining their traditional status as well as any significant scientific and/or technological steps or modifications introduced towards developing them to the status of modern processed food. The NIFF consist of a wide range of products sourced from cereals (‘burukutu’, ‘pito’, ‘kwunu’, ‘ogi’, ‘otika’), fruits (‘agadagidi’, cacao wine, ‘eketeke’, ‘ugba’), legumes (‘daddawa’, ‘iru’, ‘ogiri’, ‘ogboroti’), tubers (‘abacha’, ‘elubo’, ‘fufu’, ‘gari’, ‘loiloi’, ‘kokobele’), tree sap (‘ogogoro’, palm wine), meat and seafoods (‘afonnama’, ‘azu-okpo’, ‘nsiko’, ‘oporo’), and milk (‘maishanu’, ‘nono’, ‘warankasi’). The problem inherent in the technology of their process operations forms part of the characteristic features of the traditional family and/or ethnic method of fermenting local staples. These were found to result from the following limitations associated with different aspects of indigenous fermentation processes, thus: a production environment which fails to observe good manufacturing practice (GMP) or code of hygiene; lack of knowledge of the culture of the process(es) and their characteristics; absence of any control in that the processing variables like pH, temperature, humidity, and quality of water were then unknown and were unable to be used to regulate the process; lack of awareness of the nutritional and/or toxicological implications of fermentation and its products. Development came up as results of assessing the characteristics of the NIFF systems with a view to improving on the equipment, substrates, culture as well as process control and product quality. These efforts have yielded a reduction in the duration of fermentation, and emergence of products that were free of health risks and which were of consistent quality capable of mass production through the use of mechanized equipment and sterile packages. These include ‘dadawa’ cubes, bottled palm wine, packaged dry cassava flours, ‘gari’, ‘soy-ogi’ and palm oil.

Techno-economic feasibility of ethanol production from fresh cassava tubers in comparison to dry cassava chips

The use of unpeeled and peeled fresh cassava tubers for the production of ethanol indicated that the extent of liquefaction and saccharification is comparable to that of dry chips. However, the fermentation efficiencies were lower by about 13 and 2% with the use of fresh unpeeled and peeled tubers respectively. The use of unpeeled tubers can be ruled out due to viscous mass formation after saccharification and consequent resistance in solid-liquid separation. The viscosity of the hydrolysed slurry of peeled tubers was nearly the double and the recovery of hydrolysate was lower by 5% as compared to those with dry chips. Additional machinery, land and building are also essential for processing fresh tubers in harvest season. These will involve heavy depreciation and financial expenses due to idling over eight months when the plant will have to depend on dry chips. The studies establish that the gain obtainable due to differences in the cost of fresh tubers and dry chips is surpassed by various techno-economic factors.

Benefits to cassava consumers and producers: new market options in Colombia

The Integrated Rural Development Programme has helped farmers on the north coast of Colombia to form groups with the capacity to dry cassava and sell it in an animal feed market as an alternative to the direct sale of fresh cassava in the major urban market of Baranquilla. This has effectively provided a stable floor price for fresh roots. Farmers have responded by increasing production, and derive increased benefits from both fresh and dried markets. Consumers also benefit from reduced and stable fresh root prices. This project has thus avoided the common dilemma of agricultural programmes that increase production, reduce prices paid to the farmers and benefit mainly the urban consumer.

Physical properties of cassava mash

SummarySorption and thermophysical properties (desorption curves, density and specific heat) of native and gelatinized cassava mash and of cassava starch were determined, in order to gain a better understanding of the heat and mass‐transfer phenomena involved in gari cooking and drying.Desorption isotherms of native cassava mash are given at four temperatures from 40 to 90°C; the experimental data were described using the GAB model with a maximum root mean square error (RMS) of 5%.The net desorption enthalpy, calculated from the desorption data, decreases from 902.0 to 80.2 kJ/kg when the moisture content increases from 0.04 to 0.24 kg of water/kg dry matter. Desorption curves are not significantly affected by the degree of gelatinization of the starch, but at constant water activity, native cassava mash has a higher equilibrium moisture content than the other samples.The density of cassava mash increases from 1239 to 1509 kg/m3 when it is dehydrated from 51.8 to 6% (wet basis), and the specific heats of dry cassava starch and dry cassava mash, determined by differential scanning calorimetry, vary linearly over the temperature range ‐20°C to 96°C from 1.128 to 1.760 and from 0.979 to 1.591 kJ/kgxK.

Improvement in the protein content of cassava bySporotrichum pulverulentum in solid state culture

Milled dry cassava roots were supplemented with a mineral salts solution of high ionic strength, and fermented withSporotrichum pulverulentum in solid state culture. The fungus produced 30.4 g of high quality protein per 100 g of dry cassava in 48 h at 45°C, in an aerated bench scale tray fermenter designed for this purpose.