Dry Capsules Research Articles

Development of a continuous reactor for emulsion-based microencapsulation of hexyl acetate with a polyuria shell

Microencapsulation is almost exclusively performed in batch processes. With today’s chemistry increasingly performed in flow reactors, this work aims to realise a continuous reactor setup for the encapsulation of an ester with a polyuria (PU) shell. The generation of an emulsion template is performed in a recirculation loop driven by a pump and equipped with static mixers, screen type and Kenics®. Calorimetric measurements are performed to characterise the energy dissipation rate inside the loop. The curing step is performed in a coiled tube reactor with two geometric configurations. Number based capsule size distributions are derived from micrograph analysis. Results indicate that the recycle pump is the main contributor to determine the capsule size distribution. A continuous setup is achieved for PU microcapsules containing hexyl acetate with a production rate of 198 g/h dry capsules, and a mean capsule diameter of 13.3 µm with a core content of 54 wt%.

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis among Yield Component Traits of Ethiopian Korerima [Aframomum Corrorima (Braun) P. C. M. Jansen] Genotypes at Tepi, Ethiopia

An experiment was conducted in research fields to study Phenotypic and genotypic correlation co-efficient of quantitative characters and character association of korerima. Twenty-five korerima germplasm of diverse sources were used to assess the character association and contribution of characters towards capsule/seed yield. Path coefficient analyses were carried out for selected genotypes and to find out the direct and indirect effect of component characters on capsule/seed yield. Analysis of phenotypic and genotypic correlation co-efficient of quantitative characters and partitioning of genotypic correlation to pure seed revealed positive and significant correlation both at genotypic and phenotypic levels with number of capsule bearing suckers per plant, number of capsules per plant, dry capsules weight, number of seeds per capsule, total seeds weight per capsule, dry capsule yield per plot and dry capsule yield ha -1 . Number of seeds per capsule, total seed weight per plot, dry capsule yield per plot and dry capsule yield had high and positive direct effects on pure seed yield, however, number of capsule bearing sackers per plant, dry capsule weight and number of capsule per plant had negative direct effects on pure seed yield at genotypic level. The result indicated that the positive and significant correlation of number of capsule bearing suckers per plant, dry capsule weight, total seed weight per plot, dry capsule yield per plot and dry capsule yield kg ha -1 with pure seed yield per plot were due to the high direct effect of the characters. Data of this study might be useful for quantitative assessment of the variation in yield and yield components, their interrelationship, and direct and indirect effects of different characters on seed yield of korerima. Keywords: Correlation, Direct Effect, Indirect Effect, Path Coefficien, Aframomum corrorima , Korerima DOI : 10.7176/JBAH/9-9-06 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

Phytochemical variations among four distinct varieties of Indian cardamom Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton prestigiously called as Indian cardamom and is mostly cultivated in south India at higher altitudes ranging from 900 to 1400 msl. The chemical composition of dry capsules essential oil of the four distinct varieties was chemo-profiled by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results revealed a higher concentration of major monoterpene 1, 8-Cineole ranging between 28.94% and 34.91% in PV 1 and PV 2 varieties respectively. Other monoterpenes like α-Pinene, Sabinene, Linalool, α-Terpineol and Nerol were present considerable quantities in all of the four cardamom varieties. Two sesquiterpenic constituents namely, ç-Elemene and 1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol (Nerolidol) were identified in all varieties. Three ester constituents were also obtained in PV 1 in which α-Terpinyl acetate (26.68%) exhibited as a major ester constituent followed by Ocimenyl acetate (0.80%) and E5-Dodecenyl acetate (0.30%). This is the first published report on the phytochemical concentration of recent varieties of Indian cardamom.

Linum usitatissimum: Anti-bacterial Activity, Chromatography, Bioactive Compounds, Applications: A Review

Flax is a food and fiber crop cultivated in cooler regions of the world. The flowers are pure pale blue, 15–25 mm in diameter, with five petals. The fruit is a round, dry capsule 5–9 mm in diameter, containing several glossy brown seeds shaped like an apple pip, 4–7 mm long. Flax is grown for its oil, used as a nutritional supplement, and as an ingredient in many wood-finishing products. Flax is also grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. Flax fibers are used to make linen. The Latin species name usitatissimum means "most useful. The oil is applied externally to treat joint and muscle pains, non-healing wounds, skin disorders. Flaxseed oil also helps in speeding up the healing of skin lesions and has proved very effective for everything acne, psoriasis, eczema, and sunburn. Omega-3 fatty acids offer protection against heart disease by getting to the membrane of body cells and acting as guards that admit only healthy substances and bar damaging ones.

MICROENCAPSULACIÓN DE COMPUESTOS BIOACTIVOS DE EXTRACTOS OLEOSOS DE HOJAS DE AGUACATE

Microencapsulation of natural biocompounds is a growing field leading to its incorporation into food formulations. The use of vegetable oils as alternative solvents to extract biocompounds is considered a green process. Although avocado leaves are underexploited they are still rich in naturally-occuring biocompounds. Therefore, we propose the use of edible vegetable oils as green solvents to extract biocompounds from avocado leaves and preserve them by means of spray-drying microencapsulation. Spray drying allowed an encapsulation efficiency of 50% of the avocado leaves pigments extracted with edible oils. The emulsions prepared were heterogeneous and with low cohesiveness which was observed through de polidispersity index (0.52 - 0.87) and the Z-potential (-35.9 to -38.0) respectively. Microcapsules Haussner ratio values (1.49 – 1.61) showed the cohesiveness of the powders, this was confirmed by microscopy techniques, obtaining high particles area values (177.4 – 4460.5 µm2). Corn oil extracts showed higher carotenoids (>10%), chlorophyll a (approximately 5%) and chlorophyll b (>40%) content as compared with safflower oil extracts. However, the higher hygroscopicity values of the corn oil microcapsules (15.70 – 18.34 g water/ 100 g dry capsules) caused changes in their appearance turning its color from white to pale yellow.

Linum usitatissimum: Anti-bacterial Activity, Chromatography, Bioactive Compounds, Applications: A Review

Flax is a food and fiber crop cultivated in cooler regions of the world. The flowers are pure pale blue, 15–25 mm in diameter, with five petals. The fruit is a round, dry capsule 5–9 mm in diameter, containing several glossy brown seeds shaped like an apple pip, 4–7 mm long. Flax is grown for its oil, used as a nutritional supplement, and as an ingredient in many wood-finishing products. Flax is also grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. Flax fibers are used to make linen. The Latin species name usitatissimum means “most useful. The oil is applied externally to treat joint and muscle pains, non-healing wounds, skin disorders. Flaxseed oil also helps in speeding up the healing of skin lesions and has proved very effective for everything acne, psoriasis, eczema, and sunburn. Omega-3 fatty acids offer protection against heart disease by getting to the membrane of body cells and acting as guards that admit only healthy substances and bar damaging ones.

Oil encapsulation in core–shell alginate capsules by inverse gelation. I: dripping methodology

The production of capsules by inverse gelation consists of adding dropwise oil containing calcium dispersion into an alginate bath. A dripping technique to produce capsules from oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions was proposed by Abang. However, little is known about the oil encapsulation using water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. This work aims to develop a new method of W/O emulsions encapsulation by inverse gelation. The success of the W/O emulsion encapsulation is due to three factors: 1) use of an emulsion with moderate stability (50 min); 2) production of an emulsion with at least 90 g/L of CaCl2 and 3) addition of ethanol (20% v/v) into the alginate bath. Both wet and dry capsules were obtained with a spherical shape with diameters of 7 and 3.6 mm, respectively. All volume of oil was encapsulated and the oil loading in the wet and dry capsules was of 23 and 68% v/v, respectively.

Design and Evaluation of Geared Rollers for a Roselle Harvester

Roselle calyces, which are the consumable commercial part of the plant, are mainly hand-harvested in Mexico. Harvesting machines use an electric or gasoline motor to turn rollers that pull in branches full of roselle flowers; electric motors are cleaner and reduce calyx pollution. Water squeezed from the branches as they pass through the harvester reduces traction on the rubber-coated rollers. Geared rollers with Nylamid teeth were designed, manufactured, and installed in a roselle harvester so that water extracted from the branches could run off through the roller grooves. Four 23-tooth Nylamid rollers were evaluated for an increase in harvest productivity over 18-tooth rollers. Productivity reached 64.8 kg h -1 for variety Nayarit and 62.9 kg h -1 for variety Sudan. Calyx quality during harvest was better with 23-tooth rollers, with no calyx damage for variety Nayarit. Varieties White Sudan and Colima 5 detached perfectly dry capsules from calyces using 23-tooth rollers. The force exerted by the rollers to pull the branch was measured and reached 323 N for 3.7 cm thick branches. Branch water loss accounted for 2 to 4 g depending on branch thickness.

Foonchewia coriacea, a new combination to replaceF. guangdongensis(Rubiaceae)

Examination of both specimens and literature has shown that Mycetia coriacea (based on Adenosacme coriacea; Rubiaceae) has apically dehiscent dry capsules, quite different from the indehiscent berries of other species of the genus Mycetia. In various characters including the fruits, the species is found to be identical with the newly described species Foonchewia guangdongensis, the only species of the genus Foonchewia and the tribe Foonchewieae. Therefore, the new combination Foonchewia coriacea is here proposed to replace F. guangdongensis.

Key innovations and climatic niche divergence as drivers of diversification in subtropical Gentianinae in southeastern and eastern Asia.

Geological and climatic changes associated with the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) have been suggested as drivers for biological diversification locally and in neighboring regions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the niche evolution of Tripterospermum (Gentianaceae) and related Asian genera through time. We conducted Species Distribution Modeling using Maximum Entropy Modeling (MaxEnt). Furthermore, we performed stochastic character mapping and produced disparity-through-time plots, and examined putative key innovations using the binary state speciation and extinction approach (BISSE). Kuepferia and Sinogentiana prefer the coolest and driest habitat, having rather conserved niches. Despite a tendency for niche evolution, Crawfurdia and Metagentiana are probably restricted to a narrow distribution range because of their poor dispersal ability. In contrast, Tripterospermum has the broadest niche and occurs under the warmest and wettest conditions. A higher degree of niche evolution and a more efficient dispersal mechanism allowed this genus to diversify more and occupy a broader distribution range. The QTP genera producing dry capsules, whether displaying niche conservatism (Kuepferia and Sinogentiana) or a tendency for niche evolution (Crawfurdia and Metagentiana), are less species-rich and have a more restricted distribution than Tripterospermum (stronger niche evolution and berry-like fruits). The evolution of berry-like fruits corresponds to increased speciation rates, and could therefore be viewed as a key innovation. In contrast to the majority of studies on plants occurring around the QTP, we find that speciation was probably mediated by niche breadth and dispersal ability rather than geophysical changes.

Towards improving the accuracy of opium yield estimates with remote sensing

Yearly estimates of illicit opium production are key metrics for assessing the effectiveness of the counter-narcotics policy in Afghanistan. Poor security often prevents access to sample locations and puts pressure on field surveyors, resulting in biased sampling and errors in data recording. Supportive methods using aerial digital photography for improving yield estimates were investigated in the UK in 2004, 2005, and 2010. There were good empirical relationships between normalized difference vegetation index and poppy yield indicators (mature capsule volume and dry capsule yield) for individual fields. The results suggested a good generalized relationship across all sampled fields and years (R2 > 0.70) during the 3–4 week period including poppy flowering. Regression estimates using this relationship with the imagery counteracted bias in the sample estimate of yield, reduced sample error, and enabled the production of detailed maps showing the poppy yield distribution. The application of this approach using very-high-resolution satellite imagery was investigated in the context of the annual opium survey in Afghanistan. Initial results indicated the potential for bias correction of yield estimates using a smaller and targeted collection of ground observations as an alternative to random sampling.

Lightweight, highly compressible, noncrystalline cellulose capsules.

We demonstrate how to prepare extraordinarily deformable, gas-filled, spherical capsules from nonmodified cellulose. These capsules have a low nominal density, ranging from 7.6 to 14.2 kg/m(3), and can be deformed elastically to 70% deformation at 50% relative humidity. No compressive strain-at-break could be detected for these dry cellulose capsules, since they did not rupture even when compressed into a disk with pockets of highly compressed air. A quantitative constitutive model for the large deformation compression of these capsules is derived, including their high-frequency mechanical response and their low-frequency force relaxation, where the latter is governed by the gas barrier properties of the dry capsule. Mechanical testing corroborated these models with good accuracy. Force relaxation measurements at a constant compression rendered an estimate for the gas permeability of air through the capsule wall, calculated to 0.4 mL μm/m(2) days kPa at 50% relative humidity. These properties taken together open up a large application area for the capsules, and they could most likely be used for applications in compressible, lightweight materials and also constitute excellent model materials for adsorption and adhesion studies.

An updated and revised description of Timonius grandifolius (Rubiaceae: Guettardeae) and a new character observation for the tribe Guettardeae. Contributions to the Flora of Mt Jaya, XIX

Summary. Dehiscent fleshy fruits are reported for the first time in Rubiaceae tribe Guettardeae based on collec-tions of Timonius grandifolius Valeton from Papua, Indonesian New Guinea. The descriptions for Timonius subgenusPseudobobea (Valeton) S. P. Darwin and T. grandifolius are amended, a distribution map and photographs provided,and a preliminary IUCN conservation assessment given.Key Words. Conservation assessment, dehiscent fruits, Malesia, New Guinea, Pseudobobea, taxonomy. Introduction The genus Timonius Rumph. ex DC., in the tribeGuettardeae, is one of the ‘top 20’ largest genera inthe Rubiaceae (Davis et al. 2009). Its centre of diversityoccurs on the island of New Guinea — of the 183known and accepted species of Timonius, 88 occur inNew Guinea and 81 of these are endemic (Govaerts etal. 2013). The island is one of the most poorlycollected tropical areas in the world, and one of thelargest remaining wilderness areas on the planet(Mittermeier et al. 2003). Over several years the RoyalBotanic Gardens, Kew has undertaken a researchprogramme in the Mt Jaya region of the southerncoastofIndonesianNewGuinea, with severalthousand collections from habitats throughout theentire altitudinal range from sea level to alpine scree(seeJohns etal.2006).Thesecollectionshaveyieldedtwointeresting Timonius specimens with white fleshy fruits,whichdehiscewhenripetoexposeseedsembeddedinabright white pulp (Fig. 1). Originally considered torepresentanewspeciesofTimonius, carefulconsultationofspecimensattheKewherbarium,imagesofspecimensfrom other herbaria and available literature highlightedsignificant overlap in character measurements anddistribution with Timonius grandifolius Valeton.A variety of fruit types are found in the Rubiaceae,the most common being dry capsules or indehiscentfleshy drupes (e.g., see Puff et al. 2005 for acomprehensive survey of genera). Mitragyna Korth.,Uncaria Schreb. and Wendlandia Bartl. ex DC. areexamples of dry, capsular fruited Rubiaceae generaand fleshy, drupaceous genera include Ixora L.,Lasianthus Jack and Psychotria L. Fruits of mostGuettardeae genera are documented as being drupa-ceous, and according to Robbrecht (1988) MachaoniaHumb. & Bonpl. (distributed from Mexico to tropicalSouthAmerica)istheonlygenusinthetribeGuettardeae with dehiscent fruits. Taylor & Gereau(2010) noted that Allenanthus Standl. was also dehis-cent but Govaerts et al. (2013) consider Allenanthus tobe a synonym of Machaonia. The fruits of the Mt JayaTimonius specimens are fleshy and dehiscent, asopposed to dry and capsular in Machaonia, leading usto believe that this is a previously undocumentedcharacter combination for both the genus and thetribe. A similar character state is observed in someGardenia J. Ellis species (tribe Gardenieae) such as G.elata Ridl., G. kabaenensis Y. W. Low, G. longistipula Y. W.Low, G. subcarinata (Corner) Y. W. Low and G. tubiferaWall. (all from South-East Asia). In these species,however, the fleshy fruits dehisce irregularly when ripebut the seeds are embedded in a bright yellow toorange-redpulpratherthanthebrightwhitepulpintheMt Jaya Timonius collections (Low & Wong 2009;WongLLow2013).Species of Timonius are dioecious and have corollalobes which are valvate to sub-imbricate in bud, severalto many locules in the ovary developing into individualone-seeded pyrenes, and drupaceous fruits with per-sistent calyces (Darwin 1994, 2010). Timonius has beensplit into three subgenera — Timonius, Abbotia S. P.Darwin and Pseudobobea (Valeton) S. P. Darwin, withseveral additional species gathered together in an, asyet, unranked species group (Darwin 2010; see alsoDarwin 1993, 1994, 1997).Timonius grandifolius is a member of Timoniussubgenus Pseudobobea (Valeton) S. P. Darwin whichhas been recently revised throughout its range(Darwin 2010). Our observations, however, of fruitdehiscence and the remarkable white colour at

Carrier systems for yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis) to enrich instant soups. Release mechanisms under different pH conditions

The high antioxidant properties of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract make it suitable as a natural food additive. Encapsulation of herbal extracts is often necessary to enhance handling and product stability. Release strategies depend on the encapsulation system and the intended use. Calcium alginate capsules, with and without a chitosan layer, containing the yerba mate extract were analyzed, in wet and dried state. Polyphenol release was quantified in gastric (HCl solution, pH = 2) and intestinal (phosphate buffer pH = 7.4) simulated fluids. Most of the encapsulated polyphenols were released in the acidic medium. However, wet capsules with chitosan maintained a higher amount of the active compound before reaching the intestinal medium. Several models were tested to fit kinetic release data; wet and dry capsules showed different release mechanisms in the acidic solution. The dry capsules hydrated, while the wet ones eroded before releasing their content mainly by diffusion. Carrier systems with yerba mate extract were added to instant vegetable soups. Capsules addition increased polyphenols content without modifying the flowability of the soups. The sensory evaluation carried out by a non-trained panel showed no significant differences between enriched and commercial soups.

Extraction, radiolabeling, and biodistribution of thebaine in rats

The goal of this study was to determine the radiopharmaceutical potential of radioiodinated thebaine. Thebaine was extracted from dry capsules of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), purified using high-performance liquid chromatography, and characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The purified thebaine was labeled with 131I using the iodogen method. Normal and receptor-blockage biodistribution studies were performed in male Albino Wistar rats. The results of the tissue distribution studies showed that the uptake of 131I-thebaine in the stomach, large intestine, spinal cord, and prostate was higher than in the other tissues. A greater uptake of radiolabeled thebaine in the rat brain was observed in the midbrain and hypothalamus. We concluded that (1) the labeling yield of 131I-thebaine was high, (2) a large amount of 131I-thebaine remained in the midbrain and hypothalamus, and (3) 131I-thebaine had enough stability for diagnostic scanning.

Effects of process variables on the encapsulation of oil in ca-alginate capsules using an inverse gelation technique

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of process variables on the encapsulation of oil in a calcium alginate membrane using an inverse gelation technique. A dispersion of calcium chloride solution in sunflower oil (water-in-oil emulsion) was added dropwise to the alginate solution. The migration of calcium ions to the alginate solution initiates the formation of a ca-alginate membrane around the emulsion droplets. The membrane thickness of wet capsules and the elastic modulus of dry capsules increased following first-order kinetics with an increasing curing time. An increase in the calcium chloride concentration increased the membrane thickness of wet capsules and the elastic modulus of dry capsules. An increase in the alginate concentration decreased the mean diameter of wet capsules but increased the elastic modulus of dry capsules.

A New Species ofGaultheria(Ericaceae) from Mount Kinabalu, Borneo, Malaysia

We describe Gaultheria paucinervia P. W. Fritsch & C. M. Bush (Ericaceae: Gaultherieae), a new species apparently restricted to the eastern slopes of Mt. Kinabalu in Sabah State, Borneo, Malaysia. This species has been confused with G. borneensis Stapf, but differs in its more erect habit and larger stature, longer nonappressed leaf trichomes, purple (vs. white) fruiting calyx, and lower elevation range, among other features. The two species are furthermore well separated in molecular phylogenetic analyses, with G. paucinervia grouping in a clade of other eastern Asian species sharing whitish green abaxial leaf surfaces, racemose inflorescences, and a fleshy calyx surrounding a dry capsule.

Synthesis, radiolabeling and biodistribution of morphine glucuronide (mor-glu)

The aim of this study was to synthesize a glu- curonide conjugated morphine derivative which could be labeled with 131 I, as a radiopharmaceutical, and to inves- tigate its radiopharmaceutical potential using biodistribu- tion studies in male Albino Wistar rats. Morphine was extracted from dry capsules of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). It was conjugated with UDP-glucuronic acid by using UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) enzyme rich microsomes, purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) spec- troscopy and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Normal and receptor blockage biodistribu- tion studies were performed in male Albino Wistar rats. The results of the tissue distribution studies showed that 131 I labeled morphine glucuronide ( 131 I-mor-glu) uptake in the small intestine, large intestine and urinary bladder was higher than in the other tissues of the rats in the blocked receptor and unblocked receptor. A greater uptake of the radio labeled substance was observed in the hypothalamus and mid brain than in the other branches of the rats' brains.

Radiolabeling of Morphine with 131I and Its Biodistribution in Rats

This study was conducted to determine the possible radiopharmaceutical potential of morphin labeled with (131)I. Morphine was extracted from dry capsules of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), purified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The purified compound was labeled with (131)I. Male Albino Wistar rats (18) were used for receptor blockage and unblockage biodistribution studies. Tissue distribution studies showed that radiolabeled morphine had higher uptake in lung, liver, small intestines, large intestines, and stomach than the other tissues. The highest uptake of radiolabeled compounds in rats' brain was found to be in the midbrain and hypothalamus. After receptor blockage with morphine, uptake of (131)I-morphine decreased in the lungs, liver, kidney, testis, prostate, spinal cord, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum, and temporal cortex with respect to receptor unblockage studies of rats. This study concludes that the labeling yield of (131)I-morphine was high, high amount of (131)I-morphine was found in the hypothalamus, and (131)I-morphine has enough stability for diagnostic scanning.

Abstract B209: A self-emulsifying lipid suspension formulation enhances oral bioavailability of MP-470 in a randomized two-way crossover study in healthy male subjects

Abstract Background: MP-470 is an orally bioavailable multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor specifically designed to be a potent inhibitor of mutant c-Kit and PDGFR. MP-470 is also active as an inhibitor of DNA repair following chemotherapy. MP-470 has shown significant synergistic activity with DNA damaging chemotherapy in several xenograft models and in a phase I combination study. Oral bioavailability of this agent is limited by its solubility but not permeability. An in vitro/in vivo iterative approach was utilized preclinically for formulation selection. In the Beagle dog model, the oral bioavailability of MP-470 is enhanced to a maximum of 4–5-fold by formulating it in tocopherols and lipidic surfactants with self-emulsification ability (5%, dry powder vs. 20%, lipid suspension). Results presented herein are from a randomized two-way crossover pharmacokinetic (PK) study evaluating two formulations in healthy human subjects. Methods: Twelve healthy male subjects 18–45 years with a body mass index of 18–35 kg/m2 were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a 100 mg dry powder capsule or 90 mg (3 × 30 mg) lipid suspension capsules in a fasted condition with 240 mL of water. Subjects receiving MP-470 90 mg lipid suspension capsules ingested all three capsules within one minute. The alternate formulation was administered after a 14 day washout. Plasma for PK assessments was collected and evaluated at pre-dose through hour 48 post MP-470 administration. Results: Comparative PK results from twelve subjects are summarized below. Additional information will be summarized in the final presentation. Conclusions: Solubility of the drug in the formulation vehicle alone plays a limited role in bioavailability enhancement; rather the ability of the formulation to keep the drug in solution after dilution in the GI tract seems critical. It is also possible that physiological mechanisms such as active transport or metabolism contribute to the enhanced absorption of MP-470 in the tocopherol-based vehicles. Consistent with preclinical Beagle dog data, the lipid suspension formulation offers an enhanced oral bioavailability over the dry powder formulation in healthy human subjects. The lipid suspension formulation will be utilized in future MP-470 clinical studies. Pharmacokinetic summary - Dry Powder vs. Lipid Suspension Capsules Parameters 100 mg MP-470 Dry Powder Average (CV, n=12) 90 mg MP-470 Lipid Suspension Average (CV, n=12) Average % Increase* (95% CI) Cmax (ng/mL) 23.2 (71%) 132.6 (55%) 635% (420%, 851%) Tmax (h) 4.1 (44%) 1.7 (54%) - AUClast (ng·h/mL) 253 (54%) 488 (40%) 131% (85%, 177%) Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B209.