Use Of Veterinary Drugs Research Articles

Sorption behaviors of antimicrobial and antiparasitic veterinary drugs on subtropical soils

Brazil is one of the world's largest producers of animal protein, requiring the large-scale use of veterinary drugs. The administration of antimicrobials and antiparasitics is a common practice. However, there is a lack of information on how these drugs impact the environment. Antimicrobials are capable of altering the soil microbial population and are responsible for the development of multidrug-resistant microbial strains. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the fate and transport of these compounds in the environment, and one parameter used for this purpose is the soil-water partition coefficient. In this work, an assessment was made of the soil sorption behaviors of 18 drugs from seven different families, including antimicrobials (sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, amphenicols, and macrolides) and antiparasitic drugs (milbemycin, avermectins, and benzimidazoles). Seven subtropical soils of different textural classes were tested. The Freundlich sorption coefficients, expressed as μg1−1/n (cm3)1/n g−1, were in the following ranges: 0.45 to 19 (sulfonamides), 72 to 2410 (fluoroquinolones), 9 to 58 (thiabendazole), 0.03 to 0.48 (florfenicol), 105 to 424 (moxidectin), 14 to 184 (avermectins), and 1.5 to 74 (macrolides). The results showed that the drugs belonging to the same family, with chemical structures in common, presented similar behaviors regarding sorption and desorption, for the different soils tested and are generally in agreement with soils from temperate regions. The data set obtained in this work give an overview of the fate of the veterinary drugs in Brazilian subtropical soils with different textures and composition and can be very helpful for exposure risk assessments.

Fagotherapy of cows mastitis as an alternative to antibiotics in the system of obtaining environmentally safe milk

The global market for environmentally friendly food products has been developing rapidly in recent decades and is becoming an alternative to the consumption of harmful, environmentally hazardous products. The prohibition of the use of chemically-synthesized traditional veterinary drugs or antibiotics for prophylactic purposes is one of the requirements for conducting an organic dairy farm. The purpose of the work is to review literature on the possible use of bacteriophages for the treatment of mastitis of cows with the aim of obtaining ecologically safe milk. Mastitis is among the most common diseases of cows. The particular importance in the onset of the disease is the microbial factor. A wide range of microorganisms that can cause mastitis, and the significant spread of these bacteria, make complete eradication of mastitis unlikely. Drugs are used for the treatment of mastitis, which in most cases contain antimicrobial substances such as antibiotics, sulfanilamides, nitrofurans etc. Despite the great success in treating antibiotics, there are a number of negative side effects, including the emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. An obvious alternative to the use of antibacterial drugs in the treatment of cows mastitis is the use of highly effective ecologically safe drugs based on raw materials of plant, mineral and animal origin. Currently, considerable experience in the successful use of phages for the treatment of bacterial infections has been accumulated in foreign and domestic medical and scientific practice. The use of bacteriophages in compliance with generally accepted principles can achieve a significant therapeutic result. The antibacterial effect of bacteriophage drugs is due to the introduction of the phage genome into a bacterial cell, followed by its reproduction and lysis of the infected cell. Phages released into the environment as a result of lysis bacteria re-infect and lysis of other bacterial cells, acting until the complete destruction of pathogenic bacteria in the inflammatory site. Bacteriophages have several advantages: specificity of action, absence of inhibition of normal microflora and allergic reaction. In addition, a weighty argument in favor of expediency of clinical use of bacteriophages is almost complete absence of side effects, and, consequently, contraindications.

Building the foundation for veterinary register-based epidemiology: A systematic approach to data quality assessment and validation.

Epidemiological studies often use data from registers. Data quality is of vital importance for the quality of the research. The aim of this study was to suggest a structured workflow to assess the quality of veterinary national registers. As an example of how to use the workflow, the quality of the following three registers was assessed: the Central Husbandry Register (CHR), the database for movement of pigs (DMP) and the national Danish register of drugs for veterinary use (VetStat). A systematic quantitative assessment was performed, with calculation the proportion of farms and observations with "poor quality" of data. "Poor" quality was defined for each measure (variable) either as a mismatch between and/or within registers, registrations of numbers outside the expected range, or unbalanced in- and outgoing movements. Interviews were conducted to make a complementary qualitative assessment. The proportion of farms and observations within each quality measure varied. This study highlights the importance of systematic quality assessment of register data and suggests a systematic approach for such assessments and validations without the use of primary data.

Perceived Risk, Expected Benefits and Pig Farmers' Behaviors of Veterinary Drug Usage.

To guarantee the pork quality and safety and the steady development of the pig-breeding industry in China, it is important to control veterinary drugs usage in the pig farming sector. In order to develop an effective intervention that control veterinary drug usage, it is important to perform an in-depth analysis of those factors that can affect the standardized use of veterinary drugs in the pig-breeding process. In this paper, hierarchical regression analysis is used to examine how perceived risk, expected benefits, and self-efficacy influence on the standardized use of veterinary drugs. Data were collected using a multi-stage sampling method from four provinces in China. The results show that expected benefit and self-efficacy have positive impacts on the standardized use of veterinary drugs. Self-efficacy significantly moderated the positive relationships between expected benefits and the negative relationships between perceived risk and standardized use of veterinary drugs.

Organic Feed: A Bottleneck for the Development of the Livestock Sector and Its Transition to Sustainability?

There is a current need to increase global livestock production in line with consumers’ preferences for more sustainable and ‘natural’ products. Organic farming is considered among the potential production systems and market strategies that could be employed to cope with this change. Animal nutrition is key, as it greatly influences feed efficiency, animal health, and sustainability. Under situations where animal health care is technically more challenging, due to limitations in the use of veterinary drugs (such as in organic farming), the importance of feed is even higher. However, the there is a lack of commercially available permitted feed ingredients and the range of feed additives on the market is limited. This is partially due to the fact that organic regulations are mainly followed to ensure that pure organic methods are used, instead of trying attain the core goal of complying with organic principles and contributing to the sustainability of the sector. For example, improved animal health and animal welfare through the use of non-organically certified feed additives is needed. This lack of availability, along with difficulties for the feed industry to become organic, affects the development of sustainability in the livestock sector (which should be the final objective of organic farming) in both already organic livestock/feed companies and those still producing under the conventional system. In this context, the presented work may be interesting to producers and policymakers, as it is aimed at providing a critical view of the relationship between the market and the needs of the livestock sector, the sustainability challenge, and organic farming regulations as applied to animal nutrition.

An investigation on the predominant diseases, its diagnosis, and commonly used drugs in the poultry farms in the North-Eastern regions of Algeria.

Aim:An investigation was carried out to assess the occurrence of diseases, its method of diagnosis, and commonly used drugs in poultry farms in North-Eastern regions of Algeria.Materials and Methods:A total of 265 veterinary doctors were surveyed to obtain information on the dominant diseases, its frequency of occurrence, method of diagnosis, and commonly used drugs in poultry farms.Results:A study revealed that about 68% of bacterial diseases are due to colibacillosis, mycoplasmosis, and salmonellosis, 22% of viral diseases are due to Newcastle, Gumboro, and infectious bronchitis, and 10% others including coccidiosis and ascites syndrome. The study also showed that about 57% of cases were diagnosed by clinical signs, 36% by necropsy findings, and the remaining 7% through therapeutic and laboratory analysis. Antibiotics, a predominance of the anarchic veterinary drugs, were massively used to control the diseases. Hence, there is a need for strict regulations on the use of veterinary drugs to guarantee food safety.Conclusion:These results remain non-exhaustive but contribute strongly to determine the status of health of the birds in the region.

A Simple Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Method for on-Site Screening of Tetracycline Residue in Whole Milk.

Therapeutic and subtherapeutic use of veterinary drugs has increased the risk of residue contamination in animal food products. Antibiotics such as tetracycline are used for mastitis treatment of lactating cows. Milk expressed from treated cows before the withdrawal period has elapsed may contain tetracycline residue. This study developed a simple surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) method for on-site screening of tetracycline residue in milk and water. Six batches of silver colloid nanoparticles were prepared for surface enhancement measurement. Milk-tetracycline and water-tetracycline solutions were prepared at seven concentration levels (1000, 500, 100, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 ppm) and spiked with silver colloid nanoparticles. A 785 nm Raman spectroscopic system was used for spectral measurement. Tetracycline vibrational modes were observed at 1285, 1317 and 1632 cm−1 in water-tetracycline solutions and 1322 and 1621 cm−1 (shifted from 1317 and 1632 cm−1, respectively) in milk-tetracycline solutions. Tetracycline residue concentration as low as 0.01 ppm was detected in both the solutions. The peak intensities at 1285 and 1322 cm−1 were used to estimate the tetracycline concentrations in water and milk with correlation coefficients of 0.92 for water and 0.88 for milk. Results indicate that this SERS method is a potential tool that can be used on-site at field production for qualitative and quantitative detection of tetracycline residues.

Depletion study, withdrawal period calculation and bioaccumulation of sulfamethazine in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) treated with medicated feed

The residue depletion of sulfamethazine (SMZ) was evaluated in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after 11 days of administration of medicated feed containing SMZ, at the dose of 422 mg/kg body weight (bw). The determination of SMZ in feed and tilapia fillet was carried out using the QuEChERS approach for sample preparation, and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS) for quantitation, respectively. Both methods were validated based on international and Brazilian guidelines and shown to be suitable for the intended purposes. The withdrawal period to reach the maximum residue level (MRL) of 100 μg/kg, according to the European Union (EU) legislative framework to all substances belonging to the sulfonamide (SA) group (EU, 2010), was 10 days (260 °C-day). After treatment, the maximum level of SMZ accumulation in the tilapia muscle was 1.6 mg/kg. SMZ was shown to be quickly excreted by tilapia. Thus, considering the acceptable daily intake of SMZ established by the Codex Commission (0–0.05 mg/kg bw), and a factor of 5 times the upper amount of fish consumption in Brazil (38 kg/year), this study showed that there is a low risk of adverse effects to consumers. This study offers subsidies not only for the establishment of public policies with regard to the use of veterinary drugs currently not allowed in a country by their legal legislative framework for fish farming, but also to fish producers for the proper handling to ensure safe fish fillets.

ОБЩИЕ ПРИНЦИПЫ ДОКЛИНИЧЕСКОЙ ОЦЕНКИ АНТИГЕЛЬМИНТНЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ ДЛЯ ВЕТЕРИНАРНОГО ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ

Helminthiases of animals represent a serious problem for livestock production, especially for farms with high concentration of livestock, cause to livestock production the significant economic damage determined by death of animals, depression of efficiency, rejection of the organs struck with parasites and deterioration of production. Solutions of problems of a chemotherapy and prophylaxis of helminthiases of animals are assumed by existence of anthelmintic agents which high efficiency and safety is proved according to modern demands. For this purpose a certain order of scientific research at various levels, the most important of which is preclinical assessment of efficiency and safety on the basis of the international standards and ensuring comparable quality of results of researches, has to be carried out. Preclinical studies are conducted, as a rule, on adequate laboratory models of animals that allows to solve a series of important theoretical and practical questions, to tap new effective and safe substances and to offer for approbation in clinical conditions optimum doses and schemes of use of anthelmintic drugs for veterinary use.

Bacillus mycoides: An Emerging Pathogen of Ulcerative Disease in Farmed Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides

Ulcerative disease causes significant economic losses in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides production. Yet information reported on Bacillus mycoides as a pathogen for largemouth bass is scarce. In this study, a virulent strain, temporarily named LYS1, was isolated from diseased M. salmoides suffering from ulcerative disease, identified phenotypically and molecularly as B. mycoides. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to examine isolate LYS1 and compare it to other known isolates. In addition, isolate LYS1 appears to be susceptible to aminoglycosides and quinolones drugs for veterinary use in aquaculture as seen when screened against a range of common antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of B. mycoides as a pathogen of ulcerative disease in farmed largemouth bass

Network on veterinary medicines initiated by the European Federation For Pharmaceutical Sciences.

The European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences (EUFEPS) was founded 25years ago by more than 20 national pharmaceutical societies and faculty members. As a pan-European organization, it brings together pharmaceutical societies as well as academic, industrial and regulatory scientists engaged in drug research and development, drug regulation and education of professionals working in these fields. EUFEPS represents pharmaceutical sciences in Europe and is recognized as such by both the European Commission and the European Medicines Agency. EUFEPS cooperates with the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and other European organizations and maintains global connections with agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration and the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists. EUFEPS has established specified networks forming the basis of its activities. The creation of a Network on Veterinary Medicines is prompted by the manifold problems resulting from the use of veterinary drugs and its inherent interconnections with human medicine, environmental and public health. A long-term goal of this initiative was to expand the spectrum of available therapeutics for use in animals, including the development of innovative delivery systems.

Identificación de Residuales Químicos de Oxitetraciclina, OTC, en la Carne Fresca Bovina obtenida en Plantas de Beneficio Categorías Nacional y Autoconsumo, destinada para consumo humano en el Departamento de Córdoba.

Con esta investigación se identificó la presencia de antibióticos de oxitetracilina, OTC en la carne fresca bovina, comercializada en el departamento de Córdoba. Para esto se obtuvo ochenta y uno (81) muestras de músculo diafragmático recolectadas en forma aleatoria en tres frigoríficos del departamento, dos categoría autoconsumo ubicados en los municipios de Lórica (Coproexcal) y Montelíbano (Incarsan) y uno de categoría nacional localizado en el municipio de Cereté (Frigocer - Expocol), abarcando gran parte de la población de Córdoba. Estas muestras se analizaron utilizando el método de cromatografía liquida de alta eficiencia HPLC para identificar los residuos de oxitetraciclina en la carne bovina, estos resultados se compararon con los parámetros máximos permitidos en la legislación colombiana (resolución 1382/2013) y el Codex alimentarius.Se encontró que el 4.94% (n= 4) de las muestras analizadas presentaron niveles detectables de oxitetraciclina sin embargo no exceden los límites aceptables para su comercialización a nivel nacional. El sexo y la edad de los animales de los que se obtuvieron las muestras con detección de OTC, son factores determinantes en los resultados obtenidos.

Enhancing antimicrobial stewardship by strengthening the veterinary drug regulatory framework.

Antimicrobial resistance is a major and growing public health threat. Recently, Health Canada introduced multiple regulatory changes to strengthen the oversight of antimicrobial drugs for veterinary use. These changes aim specifically at increasing control over importation of veterinary drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredients, mandatory reporting of antimicrobial sales data from manufacturers, importers and compounders and facilitating access to low risk veterinary health products. Additional policy changes under existing authorities are also being made to enhance veterinary supervision of antimicrobial use and to remove production claims for food animals from labels of medically important antimicrobial drugs. These important interlinked initiatives are aimed towards enhancing antimicrobial stewardship in Canada to preserve the effectiveness of existing antimicrobials and to protect the health of Canadians.

Overexpression of biologically safe Rorippa indica defensin enhances aphid tolerance in Brassica juncea.

Transgenic mustard plants ( Brassica juncea ) expressing non-allergenic and biologically safe RiD peptide show higher tolerance against Lipaphis erysimi. Rorippa indica defensin (RiD) has previously been reported as a novel insecticidal protein derived from a wild crucifer Rorippa indica. RiD was found to have an effective insecticidal property against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi. In the present study, RiD was highly upregulated in R. indica during aphid infestation initiating a defense system mediated by jasmonic acid (JA), but not by salicylic acid (SA)/abscisic acid (ABA). RiD has also been assessed for biosafety according to the FAO/WHO guideline (allergenicity of genetically modified foods; Food And Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2001) and Codex Alimentarius Guideline (Guidelines for the design and implementation of national regulatory food safety assurance programme associated with the use of veterinary drugs in food producing animals. Codex Alimentarius Commission. GL, pp 71-2009, 2009). The purified protein was used to sensitize BALB/c mice and they showed normal histopathology of lung and no elevated IgE level in their sera. As the protein was found to be biologically safe and non-allergenic, it was used to develop transgenic Brassica juncea plants with enhanced aphid tolerance, which is one of the most important oilseed crops and is mostly affected by the devastating pest-L. erysimi. The transgene integration was monitored by Southern hybridization, and the positive B. juncea lines were further analyzed by Western blot, ELISA, immunohistolocalization assays and in planta insect bioassay. Transgenic plants expressing RiD conferred a higher level of tolerance against L. erysimi. All these results demonstrated that RiD is a novel, biologically safe, effective insecticidal agent and B. juncea plants expressing RiD are important components of integrated pest management.

Analysis of veterinary drug residue monitoring results for commercial livestock products in Taiwan between 2011 and 2015

Antibiotics have been widely used in the treatment of livestock diseases. However, the emergence of issues related to drug resistance prompted governments to enact a series of laws regulating the use of antibiotics in livestock. Following control of the problem of drug resistant bacteria, public attention has shifted to the recurring incidence of human health and safety issues caused by residual veterinary drugs in livestock products. To guarantee the safety and hygiene of meat, milk, and eggs from food-producing animals, governments and relevant agencies established laws and regulations for the use of veterinary drugs. It is, therefore, necessary to monitor the content of residual drugs in livestock products at regular intervals to assess whether the regulations have resulted in the effective management of food product safety, and to prevent and manage sudden problems related to this issue. A 2011–2015 livestock product post-marketing monitoring program launched by the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA) inspected 1487 livestock products. Over the past 5 years, there were 34 samples identified that did not conform to the regulations; these samples included residue drugs such as β-agonists, chloramphenicols, β-lactam antibiotics, sulfa drugs, enrofloxacin, and lincomycin. Inspections of commercial livestock products with the consistent cooperation of agricultural authorities did not detect the drugs that were banned by the government, whereas the detection of other drugs decreased annually with an increase in the post-market monitoring sample size. In the future, the TFDA will continue to monitor the status of residual veterinary drugs in commercial livestock products, adjust the sampling of food products annually according to monitoring results, and closely cooperate with agricultural authorities on source management.

National post-market surveillance assessment of veterinary medicines in Korea during the past decade

BackgroundVeterinary medicines have been widely used for the prevention and treatment of diseases, growth promotion, and to promote feeding efficacy in livestock. As the veterinary medicine industry has steadily grown, it is crucial to set up a baseline for the quality of medicine as well as the insufficiency or excessiveness of the active ingredients in drug products to ensure the compliance, safety and efficacy of these medicines. Thus, the 10 years data of post-marketing quality control study was summarized to determine the rate and extent of non-compliance of these medicines and to establish baseline data for future quality control measures of veterinary medicine.ResultsIn this study, 1650 drugs for veterinary use were collected per year from each city and province in Korea and analysed for the quantity of active ingredients according to the “national post-market surveillance (NPMS) system” over the past decade. The NPMS assessment was performed using liquid and gas chromatography, titration, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, and bioassays. A total of 358 cases were deemed noncompliant, with the average noncompliance rate for all medicine types being 2.0%. The average noncompliance rates for antibiotics, biologics and other chemical drugs except antibiotics (OCD) were 1.1%, 1.2%, and 3.0%, respectively. The first leading cause for noncompliant products was insufficient quantity of major ingredients (283 cases), and the second leading cause was the existence of excess amount of active ingredients (60 cases). Tylosin, spiramycin, ampicillin, tetracyclines and penicillins were most frequently found to be noncompliant among antibiotics. Among the OCD, the noncompliance was found commonly in vitamin A.ConclusionThe overall trend presented gradually decreasing violation rates, suggesting that the quality of veterinary medicines has improved. Consistent application of the NPMS assessment and the establishment of the Korea Veterinary Good Manufacturing Practice (KVGMP) will help to maintain the good quality of medicine.

Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli in husbandry animals: the African perspective

In the last few years, different surveillances have been published in Africa, especially in northern countries, regarding antimicrobial resistance among husbandry animals. Information is still scarce, but the available data show a worrying picture. Although the highest resistance rates have been described against tetracycline, penicillins and sulphonamides, prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) are being increasingly reported. Among ESBLs, the CTX-M-1 group was dominant in most African surveys. Within this group, CTX-M-15 was the main variant both in animals and humans, except in Tunisia where CTX-M-1 was more frequently detected among Escherichia coli from poultry. Certain blaCTX-M-15 -harbouring clones (ST131/B2 or ST405/D) are mainly identified in humans, but they have also been reported in livestock species from Tanzania, Nigeria or Tunisia. Moreover, several reports suggest an inter-host circulation of specific plasmids (e.g. blaCTX-M-1 -carrying IncI1/ST3 in Tunisia, IncY- and Inc-untypeable replicons co-harbouring qnrS1 and blaCTX-M-15 in Tanzania and the worldwide distributed blaCTX-M-15 -carrying IncF-type plasmids). International trade of poultry meat seems to have contributed to the spread of other ESBL variants, such as CTX-M-14, and clones. Furthermore, first descriptions of OXA-48- and OXA-181-producing E.coli have been recently documented in cattle from Egypt, and the emergent plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-1 gene has been also identified in chickens from Algeria, Tunisia and South Africa. These data reflect the urgent need of a larger regulation in the use of veterinary drugs and the implementation of surveillance programmes in order to decelerate the advance of antimicrobial resistance in this continent.

CLIMATE CHANGE, FOOD SECURITY, FOOD SAFETY AND NUTRITION (REVIEW ARTICLE).

Climate change can affect food production through the effect of raised temperature, changes in precipitation, extreme weather events, sea level rise and loss or degradation of agricultural land. The vulnerability to the effects of climate change will vary in different regions, among different populations and will vary by gender.Climate change will have its impact on pasture, crops and livestock production; will lower the nutritional value of certain crops; will affect fisheries and aquaculture and will affect food manufacture, logistics and trade.Climate change affects the 4 dimensions of food security: availability, stability access and utilization; the effect on availability will cause an increase of food prices. Human health and nutrition are affected by climate change through the effect on absorption and utilization. Food borne diseases, which are affected by climate change, increase the nutritional need while simultaneously reducing absorption. Food can be contaminated with micro-organisms, animal disease pathogens, fungal toxins, toxic products of harmful algae, chemicals, pesticides and veterinary drugs.Environmental factors can affect abundance of pathogens, their survival and/or their virulence. Morbidity and mortality from diarrhoeal diseases will increase due to contamination of food and water. Through the effects of climate change, the spatial and temporal distribution of disease vectors and animal reservoirs will expand and, consequently, the distribution of vector borne and zoonotic diseases will expand. Climate change will impact emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. It will also encourage infection of crops with toxigenic fungi and the production of mycotoxins, famous among which is aflatoxin which will reach man through ingestion of infected crops. Through its effect on marine environment climate change will enhance the formation of harmful algal blooms and the formation of algal toxins with consequent occurrence of sea-food borne intoxications. Due to the increased use of chemicals, pesticides and veterinary drugs to deal with plant pests and animal diseases, residues of these substances can be present in food in toxic amounts.Attempts for climate change mitigation, and the use of bio-fuels as substitutes for fossil fuels will affect food production and can result in an increase in prices of food crops.

Analysis of sulfonamides, tilmicosin and avermectins residues in typical animal matrices with multi-plug filtration cleanup by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection.

The frequent use of various veterinary drugs could lead to residue bioaccumulation in animal tissues, which could cause dietary risks to human health. In order to quickly analyze the residues, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for detecting Sulfonamides, Tilmicosin and Avermectins (AVMs) residues in animal samples. For sample preparation, modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methods were used. For sample cleanup, n-Hexane delipidation and multi-plug filtration cleanup (m-PFC) method based on primary-secondary amine (PSA) and octadecyl-silica (C18) were used, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. It was validated on 7 animal matrices (bovine, caprine, swine meat and their kidneys, milk) at two fortified concentration levels of 5 and 100μg/kg. The recoveries ranged from 82 to 107% for all analytes with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 15%. Matrix-matched calibrations were performed with coefficients of determination above 0.998 for all analytes within concentration levels of 5-500μg/kg. The developed method was successfully used to analysis veterinary drugs of real animal samples from local markets.

RapidFire Mass Spectrometry with Enhanced Throughput as an Alternative to Liquid-Liquid Salt Assisted Extraction and LC/MS Analysis for Sulfonamides in Honey.

The use of veterinary drugs in honey bees for the prevention of infectious disease is ever increasing due to the spread of colony collapse disorder around the world. The United States Food and Drug Administration is concerned about the presence of these drugs residues in honey as they often lead to health concerns or potential antibiotic resistance. Currently there is a need for a rapid screening method for the detection of veterinary drugs in honey. Herein is a method that utilizes automated solid-phase extraction that is directly coupled to a mass spectrometer for the quantitative screening of 12 different regulated sulfonamides in honey. Identification of the residues was performed using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The acquisition method developed for this analysis can extract with the automated solid-phase extraction system and analyze a single sample on the mass spectrometer in approximately 20 s, with minimal sample preparation. A target testing limit of 10 ng/g in honey for the sulfonamides was used based upon action limits set for other food commodities regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration. A complete method validation procedure was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this quantitative screening method.