Drip Irrigation Method Research Articles

Impact of Irrigation Method on Root Rot and Wilt Diseases in Tomato Under Net Greenhouse in the State of Qatar.

The study involved the relationship among two irrigation methods; Subsurface Buried Diffuser (SBD) and Conventional Drip irrigation (DI) and their impact on the survival of healthy tomato plant . Tomato plant irrigated with SBD and DI methods were subjected to survey of root or shoot systems fungal diseases and infected vs. healthy Tomato plant survival incidence percentage were recorded. Surveyed tomato plant showing, root rot and wilt symptoms were subjected to isolation trails for the purpose of isolation of the causal organisms. Rhizospheric samples of different healthy and diseased plants were collected at flowering growth stage for determining the frequency occurrence of different fungi associated with the root region of healthy and infected roots of tomato plants under both irrigation methods. It was observed that the Tomato plants irrigated under DI method were more prone to fungal infection than that of SBD method. Pathogenic fungi that contributed in reducing the survival of tomato plant were high in rhizospheric soil irrigated with DI irrigation Method as compared to SBD irrigation method. The root fungal pathogens isolated from rhizospheric soil were Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus spp., and Pythium spp., which recorded in high frequency comparing with other microorganisms. The genus Fusarium represented in highest records followed by the genus Rhizoctonia and Pythium respectively at all assayed samples.

A review of N2O emissions affected in farmland ecosystem

N2O is an important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Agricultural production is the largest source of N2O emissions. The influencing factors of N2O emission from farmland ecosystem, such as soil moisture, soil temperature, soil oxidation-reduction potential, pH of soil, fertilization management and soil texture are summarized, which are closely related to irrigation management. The soil moisture content of drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and other water-saving irrigation methods is different. The research on N2O emission from the world’s water-saving irrigation mode has great potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Future work on N2O emissions should carry out the studies on the regulation of greenhouse gas emission by water saving irrigation in different ecological conditions.

Kinerja Irigasi Tetes Tipe Emiter Aries Pada Tanaman Pisang Cavendhis Di Pt Nusantara Tropical Farm

This research was conducted in PT Nusantara Tropical Farm ( PT NTF) at Jepara, Margosakti, Labuhan Ratu, East Lampung District. The plants which were cultivated in PT NTF such as Cavendish banana, pineapple, crystal guava, and naga fruit. The irrigation being used to irrigated cavendish banana is drip irrigation method with Aries emitter type. Watering method of drip irrigation system that used for Cavendish banana is cross watering and block watering methods. The goals of this research were to determine the performance of drip irrigation line for Cavendish banana by using both kinds of watering method. The performance indicator of irrigation system included the conveyance efficiency, the uniformity coefficient, the length time irrigation, and the amount of fuel consumption for diesel machine of a pump. The result of this research showed that the value of the conveyance efficiency of drip irrigation with cross watering method was 90,2% and 80,0% for block watering method. The uniformity coefficient on cross watering method was 87,55% and 97,10% for block watering method. The amount of fuel consumption for 10,46 ha area with cross watering method was 29,49 l and 40,52 l for 10,2 ha area with block watering method.

The system of fertilizers of zucchini in the conditions of drip irrigation in the cultivation on light-chestnut solonetz soils in the Astrakhan region

The noticeable growth in the production of vegetable products is due, first of all, to the increase in acreage, the use of highquality high-yielding varieties of seeds, the use of energy-saving agricultural technologies, scientifically based doses of mineral fertilizers and plant growth regulators. In the presented article the scientific substantiation of the developed technological scheme of cultivation of zucchini is given, the most high-yielding hybrids meeting the requirements of resource-saving technology of cultivation at the drip irrigation method are allocated. The results obtained in the study on cultivation of vegetable marrows on the background of the introduction of different norms of mineral fertilizers in combination with foliar (leaf) treatments revealed that the most positive effect was observed on the variant N110P105K75+Megavol and N110P105K75+VITASEM.

Quantifying Water Productivity Using Seed Priming and Micro Irrigation in Wheat

Field studies were conducted during the four Rabi seasons (2011-12 to 2014-15) to investigate the impact of seed priming and micro irrigation on crop establishment, growth, productivity, and water productivity in wheat under different moisture regimes. Results indicated that sprouted seed (5830 kg ha-1) and primed seed (5766 kg ha-1) produced significantly higher grain yield in comparison to un-primed seeds (5416 kg ha-1). The germination was quick in the primed and sprouted seeds relative to non-primed seeds resulting in a better crop establishment and higher yield under optimum, sub-optimum and dry soil conditions. Irrigation method treatments viz., check basin, drip, sprinkler and drip + rainport showed that the grain yield was highest in the drip + rainport. Water productivity was highest in drip method of irrigation (1.61 kg m-3 ) followed by drip + rainport method (1.60 kg m-3 ) with a maximum mean productivity of 5539 kg ha-1 . Around 600 m3 ha-1 has been saved using seed priming thus reducing the cultivation cost by 382/ha. Among the micro irrigation techniques, water saved was highest in drip followed by sprinkler and drip + rainport. The study suggests for adoption of drip and seed priming to take advantage of yield enhancement as well as cost reduction through reduced utilisation of water.

Response of Two Potato Varieties to Irrigation Methods in the Dry Mediterranean Area

Abstract Due to water scarcity and dry Mediterranean conditions, improving water use efficiency is a major challenge for sustainable crop production and environment protection. Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years (2010 and 2011) to assess the effects of variety and irrigation method on potato crop, following a 2 × 4 factorial experiment type arranged in a split plot design with two spring potato varieties (Spunta and Marfona), and four irrigation methods (drip irrigation with two modes of dripper spacing/dripper flow: 30 cm at 4 l/h and 60 cm at 8 l/h, sprinkle irrigation, and furrow irrigation), with three replicates. Potato was irrigated when soil moisture in the active root depth was within the range of 75-80% of field capacity as determined by the neutron probe technique. Results did not show any differences between both varieties. Moreover, no differences in marketable yield, total dry matter, and harvest index were found between irrigation methods. However, results showed that sprinkle irrigation significantly enhanced nitrogen use efficiency. Furthermore, both water productivity and irrigation water use efficiency were significantly increased under drip irrigation compared with the other irrigation methods. They were about twice those under furrow irrigation, indicating that the employment of drip irrigation method can effectively address water shortage and sustainable potato production, in the dry Mediterranean region.

Tomato yield, quality and water use efficiency under different drip fertigation strategies

Abstract The advantage of alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation combined with ratio of basal N fertilizer to topdressing N fertilizer via drip fertigation on tomato yield, quality and water use remains unresolved. This study has investigated the influences of three drip irrigation methods, including conventional drip irrigation (CDI), alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation (ADI), and fixed partial root-zone drip irrigation (FDI), and five N treatments (N0-100: 100% of N fertilizers as topdressing, N10-90: 10% as basal fertilizer and 90% as topdressing, N20-80: 20% as basal fertilizer and 80% as topdressing, N30-70: 30% as basal fertilizer and 70% as topdressing, and N40-60: 40% as basal fertilizer and 60% as topdressing. All treatments received the same N rate) on tomato yield, quality and water use efficiency, and then the comprehensive quality and comprehensive benefits of different treatments were respectively evaluated by principal component analysis and TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) to obtain optimal water and N supply mode. Compared to CDI, ADI decreased tomato yield slightly, but increased water use efficiency (WUE) by 7.8%, while FDI reduced tomato yield and maintained WUE. In comparison of the five N treatments, N30-70 had higher tomato yield and lycopene and vitamin C contents and sugar/acid ratio in fruits, but it had lower organic acid content in fruits. Among all treatments, ADI-N30-70 had the optimal tomato comprehensive quality and comprehensive benefit. Therefore, ADI-N30-70 was the optimal water and nitrogen supply mode for tomato production in this study.

Agricultural reuse of municipal wastewater through an integral water reclamation management

The DESERT-prototype, a state-of-the-art compact combination of water treatment technologies based on filtration and solar-based renewable energy, was employed to reclaim water for agricultural irrigation. Water reclaimed through the DESERT-prototype (PW) from a secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, as well as conventional irrigation water (CW) and the secondary effluent (SW) itself, were employed to cultivate baby romaine lettuces in a greenhouse in Murcia (Spain), by means of drip and sprinkler irrigation methods, thus establishing six treatments. Assessments of physicochemical and microbiological quality of irrigation water, as well as agronomic and microbiological quality of crops from all treatments, showed that results associated to PW complied in all cases with relevant standards and guidelines. In contrast, results linked to SW and CW presented certain non-compliance cases of water and crop microbiological quality. These assessments lead to conclude that the DESERT-prototype is an appropriate technology for safe water reclamation oriented to agricultural production, that can be complemented by a proper irrigation method in reaching safety targets.

Drip Irrigation System in Cotton Cultivation: One Step Enroute Intended for Sustainable Agriculture

Maharashtra is the leading cotton producing state of India with the area of 40 lakh ha under cotton cultivation and a production of 82 lakh ha But it lags much behind in term of productivity (379 kg per ha), which is far below the national average productivity of. 482 kg per ha. The present study was conducted in Jalgaon, the highest cotton producing and drip using district of Maharashtra, with the objective to estimate the costs and returns faced by farmers in adoption and non-adoption of drip system. The results revealed that at aggregate level total cost of cotton cultivation at farms using drip irrigation method (Cost C3) was estimated to be 66531 per ha whereas the same was estimated to be 66355 per ha on farms using conventional irrigation method. Per hectare net returns over Cost C3 at aggregate level of farms growing cotton with drip irrigation method were estimated to be 36509 per ha while the same, on the farms growing cotton with conventional irrigation method were estimated to be 26907 per ha.

Effect of irrigation scheduling on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) yield and water use efficiency under drip irrigation System

The study was conducted to assess the effect of drip irrigation scheduling on growth and fruit quality of tomato and to determine the benefit-cost (B-C) ratio of tomato under different treatments. Five treatments viz., T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 using drip irrigation method without using fertilizer and chemicals were tested to improve irrigation scheduling in tomato. The experimental setup consisted of screen filter, main, sub mains, laterals, drippers and other accessories required for drip irrigation and fitted in the experimental plot of 0.006 ha land. Total production of 2851.08 q/ha tomato was obtained under various treatments and maximum production of 644.83 q/ha was under treatment T3 (3 hr water applied in time interval of three day) whereas minimum achieved under treatment T5 (control) as 508.25 q/ha out of three treatments such as T1 (1 hr water applied in one day time interval), T2 (2 hr water applied in two day time interval) and T4 (4 hr water applied in four day interval). Highest fruit weight also recorded in T3 treatment as 10.40 kg/plant and lowest 5.20 kg/plant was obtained under T5 treatment. Highest water use efficiency (WUE) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were achieved under T3 as 3.15 q/ha-cm and 8.10, respectively. From the present study, it was concluded that modern irrigation system (drip) should be used as a benchmark for planning and management of available water resource by reducing water losses in large extent.

Responses of unheated greenhouse grown green bean to buried drip tape placement depth and watering levels

Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) is a professional water distribution system for improved crop water use and conserving water. Selecting drip tape installation depths for different crops is the most critical decision with these systems. Hence, the aim of this research was to examine the effects of different SDI depths and water amounts on the yield components and water use characteristics of green bean crop under unheated greenhouse conditions during two crop-growing cycles. Three irrigation methods [Traditional Drip Irrigation (DI), SDI at 10cm soil depth (SDI10) and SDI at 20cm soil depth (SDI20)] and six irrigation water levels (I) based on crop-pan coefficients (I20:Kcp=0.20, I40:Kcp=0.40, I60:Kcp=0.60, I80:Kcp=0.80, I100:Kcp=1.00 and I120:Kcp=1.20) were evaluated. In each growing cycle, adequately watered crops (I100) were accepted as control. The seasonal evapotranspiration changed from 235 to 374mm in autumn and from 270 to 566mm in spring season. Different placement depths of drip tape had significant effects on green bean yields in spring growing cycle. Maximum yield (5.97kgm−2) was obtained in SDI10 irrigation method. Irrigation water levels also significantly (p<0.001) affected green bean yield in both growing cycles. The highest yield (1.66kgm−2 in autumn and 6.81kgm−2 in spring) was obtained in I100 treatment. SDI techniques improved Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (IWUE). The values of WUE and IWUE increased as the watering level was reduced. Maximum yield response factor in DI method in autumn and spring seasons (Ky) was found as 0.96 and 1.66, respectively. General evaluation of the water management, crop yield components and growth variables showed that the SDI10I100 treatment appears to be the most favorable irrigation practice for the green bean grown under greenhouse conditions. Water savings of up to 13% of seasonal irrigation water could be achieved using SDI method.

Economic and Resource Impacts of Drip Method of Irrigation on Okra Cultivation

Drip method of irrigation (DMI) introduced relatively recently in India has proved to save sizeable water and augment productivity of crops. Studies conducted mostly on high-value fruit crops have confirmed the various benefits of DMI. However, not many studies have brought out the economic and resource impacts of drip irrigation including its benefit–cost pattern using survey data in crops like okra (ladies’ fingers) which is an important vegetable crop in India. In this article, we have made an attempt to fill this gap by using farm survey data collected from a water scarce district of Tamil Nadu state. We found from this study that DMI can reduce about 15 per cent of cultivation cost, save about 47 per cent of water resources and electrical energy, and augment about 49 per cent of productivity of okra over the same crop cultivated under conventional flood method of irrigation (FMI). Farmers cultivating okra under DMI are also able to generate an additional farm business income of ₹72,711/acre over the non-drip adopters. The net present worth and benefit-cost ratio estimated using different discount rates corroborate that investment in drip irrigation is economically highly viable for okra crop cultivating farmers.

Economics of Drip Method of Irrigation in Red Chilli Crop Cultivation:An Empirical Study from Tamil Nadu

Considering the fast decline of irrigation potential and increased demand for water from different sectors, many initiatives have been introduced to conserve the scarce water resources in India. One of the methods introduced to save water consumption in agriculture was drip method of irrigation (DMI). It allows the farmers to cultivate the crops without moisture stress even under water scarcity conditions and therefore, DMI is also considered as an useful method for increasing the productivity of crops. Most of the earlier studies have analysed the economics of DMI by taking high value crops such as banana, sugarcane, grapes, etc., which are mostly cultivated by the resourceful farmers. DMI is also highly suitable for vegetable crops, such as red chilli, that are mostly cultivated by small landholders. However, detailed studies are seldom available on this crop using farm level data especially in the Indian context. An attempt is made in this study to fill this gap using farm level data collected from Sivagangai district of Tamil Nadu State. This study shows that farmers can save about 43 per cent of water and increase productivity of red chilli by 39 per cent by adopting drip method of irrigation over the same crop cultivated under conventional flood method of irrigation. The profitability of chilli cultivating farmers under drip method of irrigation is about 205 per cent more than the non-drip adopters. Both NPV and BCR, estimated using the discounted cash flow analysis, show that the drip investment in red chilli cultivation is economically viable even without State's subsidy.

English

English

Effect of Deficit Irrigation Regimes on Yield and Fruit Quality of Olive Trees (cv. Memecik) on the Aegean Coast of Turkey

AbstractIn this study, six different irrigation treatments were applied to an olive orchard using the drip irrigation method. Five of these were arranged according to 25% (S0.25), 50% (S0.50), 75% (S0.75), 100% (S1.00) and 125% (S1.25) of the evaporation in 5 days of a class ‘A’ evaporation pan, and one control (SC) was arranged so as to bring the reducing moisture at a soil depth of 0–90 cm to field capacity. Yield values were not affected by the irrigation treatment (p &gt; 0.05). In contrast, 100‐fruit weight, pulp ratio, hardness moisture, oil, reducing sugar content and bitterness were affected by irrigation (p &lt; 0.05). Generally, an increase in the amount of irrigation water given in the study was accompanied by a fall in ripeness index values, a rise in moisture content, and a reduction in the oil content of fruit. The highest content of reducing sugar was obtained from S0.25, generally being lower with increase in the water applied. The findings show that application of 25% of the evaporation of a class ‘A’ evaporation pan (treatment S0.25) can be recommended for cv. Memecik. Application of this recommendation can achieve a 72% saving in water and make a significant contribution to the conservation of limited water resources. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Economical Analysis of Sprinkler and Drip Irrigated-Dry Bean Production

The present study was conducted in 2016 to compare sprinkler and drip irrigation methods with regard to economic aspects. Fixed sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation were applied in dry bean farming. Full irrigation was practiced. Methods were compared with regard to production costs and gross –net incomes. Current findings revealed that there were not significant differences between sprinkler and drip irrigation in dry bean farming with regard to irrigation costs, total production costs and incomes

Water use and productivity of drip irrigated wheat under variable climatic and soil moisture regimes in North-West, India

Abstract In North-Western India, wheat is normally irrigated at an IW: CPE of 0.9, with 75 mm depth of irrigation water (conventional irrigation practice, CP) resulting in wastage of water. An effective irrigation strategy is required that will save irrigation water without compromising yield penalty. So, an experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2014–15 and 2015–16 in split plot design, keeping four sowing dates {25th October (D 1 ), 10th November (D 2 ), 25th November (D 3 ) and 10th December (D 4 )} in the main plots and five irrigation schedules {irrigation at 15 (FC 15 ), 25 (FC 25 ), 35 (FC 35 ) and 45 (FC 45 )% depletion of soil moisture from field capacity (FC) and a conventional practice} in sub plots. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of drip irrigation amounts on field water balance, yield and water productivity of wheat. The results revealed that mean grain yield decreased by 8.3 & 8.7, 10.7 & 10.6 and 13.1 & 13.4% from D 1 to D 2 , D 2 to D 3 and D 3 to D 4 during 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively. Pooled grain yield decreased by 29% with delay in sowing from D 1 to D 4. Reduction in ETc was 10% in D 4 as compared to D 1 during 2014-15 and 24% during 2015-16. The highest grain yield was obtained with irrigation applied at 15% depletion from FC. The pooled grain yield decreased by 30%, ETc by 21% and water productivity by 29% in FC 45 as compared to FC 15 . The water saving in drip irrigation during 2014-15 was 62, 70, 77 and 83% in FC 15 , FC 25 , FC 35 and FC 45 respectively as compared to CP. The respective values during 2015-16 were 38, 44, 54 and 60%. The results demonstrate that irrigating wheat at 15% depletion of FC using drip method of irrigation as a novel concept that saves irrigation water in addition to higher grain yield.

Crop evapotranspiration in the Nile Delta under different irrigation methods

ABSTRACTEddy correlation measurements within the Nile Delta allowed the determination of evapotranspiration (E) for seven crops (rice, maize, cotton, sugar beet, berseem, wheat and fava beans) using basin irrigation (BI), furrow irrigation (FI), BI with increased intervals (BIi), FI with increased intervals (FIi), strip irrigation (SI) and drip irrigation (DI). Total E values over the cropping season for rice (BI, BIi) were the highest (>600 mm), while those for sugar beet (DI), maize (SI and DI) and berseem (BIi) were the lowest (<250 mm). The differences were due to a combination of atmospheric demand, soil moisture, the presence of surface standing water, root depth, and the length and timing of the cropping season. The DI and SI methods had the advantage for water saving, while the FIi and BIi methods were effective for crops with shallow root lengths. Estimated annual E was 566–828 mm/year (water-saving irrigation) and 875–1225 mm/year (conventional irrigation).

Biodiesel Production from Sunflower in Greece

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Effects of different irrigation water and nitrogen levels on the water use, rose flower yield and oil yield of Rosa damascena

This study aimed to determine the effects of different irrigation water amounts and nitrogen doses on flower and oil yields and water use in Rosa damascena in Isparta which is located in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Different water and nitrogen doses were applied to the Rosa damascena plant, and the drip irrigation method was used at 10-day intervals. The treatments included four different irrigation water amounts [T0 (kcp0: 0.00), T1 (kcp1: 0.40), T2 (kcp2: 0.80), and T3 (kcp3: 1.20) as crop-pan coefficients] and four different nitrogen doses (N0:0kgha−1,N1: 80kgha−1,N2: 160kgha−1,N3: 240kgha−1, and pure substance). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block factorial design with 3 replicates. The seasonal evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency and yield response factor (ky) varied between 346.2 and 614.7mm, between 4.87 and 13.86kgm−3, between 8.05 and 32.18kgm−3, and between 0.92 and 1.59, respectively. The different irrigation water amounts and nitrogen doses did not have a significant effect on flower yield in 2010, but had a significant effect (P<0.01) in 2011 and 2012. The flower yield ranged from 2339 to 3046kgha−1, 2215 to 6373kgha−1, 2104 to 6616kgha−1 in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Similarly, the effects of different irrigation amounts and nitrogen doses on the rose oil yield were significant in 2011 and 2012 (P<0.01) but not in 2010. The rose oil yield was 1.10–1.66kgha−1, 1.13–3.42kgha−1, 0.72–2.89kgha−1 in 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. The results of this study showed that the increasing irrigation water amounts and nitrogen doses significantly increased the flower yield. Considering yield and water use efficiency, it was concluded that the most efficient irrigation scheduling was T1 and that the most efficient nitrogen doses were N2 and N3.