Assessment Of Drinking Water Quality Research Articles

Assessment of Bottled Drinking Water Quality in Baghdad Local Market by Some Chemical and Biological Parameters

Assessment of Bottled Drinking Water Quality in Baghdad Local Market by Some Chemical and Biological Parameters

Assessment of Bottled Drinking Water Quality in Baghdad Local Market by Some Chemical and Biological Parameters

The aim of this work is to study different parameters of bottled drinking water that affect the health of people of Baghdad city. To perform this target, seventeen bottled samples were collected from local markets which were different bottles size and trade markets. The samples were analyzed physical, chemical and biological factors that influence water quality of the bottled water. The physical and chemical tests of bottled water showed that the mean value of pH ranged from 6.96-8.5, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 8-166 ppm, Total Hardness (TH) 22-178 ppm, Calcium (Ca++) 0.0-35 ppm, Magnesium (Mg++) 0.0-30 ppm, Chloride (Cl-) 0.0-27 ppm, sodium (Na+) 0.0-25 ppm, potassium (K+) 0.0-4.5 ppm, Electrical Conductivity (Ec) 16-332 µs/cm. All samples were within the permissible limits for Iraqi criteria and standards for bottled water. The biological parameters include: total plate count, total coliform, fecal coliform, E.coli and yeast& fungi. The failure percentages of samples were 23.5, 11.7, 11.7, 11.7 and 11.7% respectively.

Hydrochemical characteristic and water quality assessment for drinking and agricultural purposes in District Jacobabad, Lower Indus Plain, Pakistan

Undeniably water is of utmost importance while considering basic necessities. This investigation emphasized on the hydrochemical evaluation and drinking water quality assessment in District Jacobabad located in lower Indus plain, Pakistan. Certainly world's largest irrigation system emerged from Indus Basin, which is underlain by well transmissive aquifer resulting in higher water table. Water supply schemes with their water sources from ground water and surface water provide piped water for drinking purpose to the community. Water samples were collected from all the forty eight supply schemes of which thirty two were found nonfunctional. Analytical parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan Water Quality Standards but adversely substantial samples were found nonpotable. Alkalinity, bicarbonate and nitrate met the standard safe limits while values for EC, TDS, hardness, cations and anions exceeded the limits in numerous samples. SPSS and ArcGIS softwares were used for statistical analysis and spatial distribution of parameters. Hydrochemical facies were developed and suitability assessment of water resources was examined for agricultural use. The ground water type was classified as Na-HCO3 type with high salinity and it required treatment prior to irrigation. The proposed research exhibited the probable drinking water contamination sources and it demanded instant actions to further protect the valuable drinking water resources in District Jacobabad. Keywords: water quality assessment, water supply schemes, drinking and agriculture, arsenic, ArcGIS, Pakistan DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181102.2747 Citation: Shahab A, Qi S H, Zaheer M, Rashid A, Talib M A, Ashraf U. Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment for drinking and agricultural purposes in District Jacobabad, Lower Indus Plain, Pakistan. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(2): 115–121.

Drinking water quality assessment in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve

Drinking water quality assessment in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve

Electrochemical Detection of Ultratrace (Picomolar) Levels of Hg2+ Using a Silver Nanoparticle-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode.

Ultratrace levels of Hg2+ have been quantified by undertaking linear sweep voltammetry with a silver nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon electrode (AgNP-GCE) in aqueous solutions containing Hg2+. This is achieved by monitoring the change in the silver stripping peak with Hg2+ concentration resulting from the galvanic displacement of silver by mercury: Ag(np) + 1/2Hg2+(aq) → Ag+(aq) + 1/2Hg(l). This facile and reproducible detection method exhibits an excellent linear dynamic range of 100.0 pM to 10.0 nM Hg2+ concentration with R2 = 0.982. The limit of detection (LoD) based on 3σ is 28 pM Hg2+, while the lowest detectable level for quantification purposes is 100.0 pM. This method is appropriate for routine environmental monitoring and drinking water quality assessment since the guideline value set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for inorganic mercury in drinking water is 0.002 mg L-1 (10 nM).

Hydrochemical characteristics and quality assessment of groundwater from shallow wells in Gboloko Area, central Nigeria

Physiochemical assessment of shallow groundwater in Gboloko area was carried out to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Eighteen (18) groundwater samples were collected from different rural communities’ wells and subjected field measurements of physical parameters followed by chemical analyses using ICP-MS, ICP-ES, Calorimetry and Turbimetry methods. The results show that pH of the groundwater ranged from 5.1 to 8.6 (mean 6.6) which indicates the groundwater is slightly acidic and slightly alkaline. EC and TDS varied from 60 to1367mg/L (mean 277.4mg/L) and 53 to 995mg/L (mean 206.5mg/L) respectively. The concentration of major cations were in the order of Ca 2+ >Na + > Mg 2+ > K + while that of anion were in the order of HCO 3 - >Cl - > SO­­ 4 - > NO 3 - .Five hydrochemical facies were delineated from Piper plot; they are CaHCO 3, CaNaHCO 3 , CaMgCl, CaCl, and NaHCO­ 3 water type. CaHCO 3 water is the dominant facies which represents water of recharge zone while CaNaHCO3 and CaCl are the least. The presence of NaHCO3 CaNaHCO3, and CaMgCl water type shows hydrochemical processes such as ion exchange and linear mixing. The drinking water quality assessment indicates the values for all the hydrochemical parameters are within the maximum permissible standard by WHO, 2006 except for two locations where nitrate concentrations are above the guideline value. The nitrate contamination observed at those locations may be attributed to leachates from domestic wastes and agricultural activities. Although nitrate contamination was expected to be rampant in groundwater of the area Irrigation water quality indices showed that the groundwater is ranged from mostly suitable to unsuitable.

English

Fecal contamination of drinking water is a major problem in rural communities of Ethiopia, where surface water sources like rivers, wells, and lakes are used for drinking. In spite of these problems, few data exist on the microbiological safety of water sources in these settings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological safety of drinking water from the sources and households in selected communities of Shashemane rural district, Ethiopia. A descriptive analytic study was used to examine the bacteriological quality of drinking water from sources and household containers. Data on water collection and storage practices were collected using structured questionnaires. Water samples were collected according to the WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality assessment from surface and ground water sources which are used directly for drinking purpose in the community. Water samples were examined for total coliforms and fecal coliforms using the most probable number methods. The detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae were assessed by biochemical tests. Total coliforms were detected in higher proportion in all water source samples. Fecal coliform contamination was detected in all water sources, except in hand pipes. E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella species were detected in water samples from river and wells. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli and Salmonella spp. were also detected in water samples from households. The bacteriological load of the sampled water from source and households was found to be higher than the maximum value set for drinking water. Therefore, enabling the community access to potable water through encouraging construction of toilets, creating proper domestic and animal waste disposal system and rendering health education and sanitation practices for the community is recommended. Key words: Diarrhea, drinking water, Ethiopia, fecal coliforms, Shashemane, total coliforms.

Quality assessment of the non-carbonated bottled drinking water marketed in Bangladesh and comparison with tap water

The perception of choosing bottled water over tap water for drinking is based on the expectation that it will be of superior quality, more palatable and free from health hazards. The quality of bottled drinking water of 14 different brands as sold in Bangladesh market are evaluated in the current work in terms of the physical and aggregate properties, non-metal inorganic constituents, metal concentrations and microbial contents. The experimental values are compared with the information printed on the labels and regulatory recommendations from the national and international authorities. The experimental values for physical and aggregate properties and non-metal inorganic constituents are either lower or within the range of regulatory limits (p < 0.05). The heterotrophic plate count and total coliform count confirms that the bottled waters are microbiologically safe. A total of 24 elements are checked and the content of Al, which is an aesthetic hazard, is found higher than the permissible range, while the concentration of Pb, which is a potentially toxic element, is not significantly different (p < 0.05) from the guideline values. The data printed on the bottle labels are inconsistent and not informative enough and does not correspond to the real scenario of constituents in the packaged water. A comparison to the tap water quality confirms that the bottled waters possess better quality regarding aesthetic considerations, microbial hazards, and Pb contaminations. The experimental data of the bottled waters are further compared with the mineral water classification system. The characteristics are matched with the very low or low mineral content category with a hint of saline character and very soft water-hardness in most, followed by a suitability for low-sodium diets.

Raw water quality assessment for the treatment of drinking water

Changes in the quality of raw water can significantly affect the treatments necessary for drinking water. Generally, raw water quality assessments are carried out to classify the pollution level of raw waters and cannot be used directly as a control for drinking water treatments. In order to improve the adaptability of drinking water treatments and to stabilize the overall quality of treated water, a raw water quality assessment technique that is specifically related to drinking water treatments is developed in this study. First, a drinking water treatment-oriented raw water quality assessment standard is proposed, based on historical environmental information and an analysis of operational data from drinking water treatments. A raw water quality assessment model is then set up to assess the raw water quality in real time. Finally, the results from this assessment are used to compute feedforward compensation for real-time control of the chemical dosing process, including both alum and ozone in the drinking water treatment. In this way, drinking water treatment can be adjusted according to the temporal changes in raw water quality, thereby stabilizing the quality of treated waters. Experimental implementation of this technique has been carried out in the chemical dosing process control systems of a drinking water treatment plant in China, and the results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the raw water quality assessment method proposed herein. This development will be helpful in satisfying the basic requirement of safe drinking water under a worsening global water environment.

Groundwater Quality Evaluation and Health Risk Assessment in the Yinchuan Region, Northwest China

Groundwater is an important resource for domestic and irrigation purposes in the Yinchuan Region, northwest China. However, the groundwater quality in this area is degrading because of human activities, and this adversely affects human health. In an effort to quantitatively describe the pollution status of groundwater and its influence on human health, comprehensive water quality index was used for drinking water quality assessment, and salinity–alkalinity method was applied to evaluate the irrigation water quality. Furthermore, the human health risk of the drinking groundwater has been evaluated with the model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The results reveal that most of groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation except a few with high salinity and alkalinity. However, over 70 % of the phreatic water samples and nearly half of the confined water samples do not conform to the drinking water quality standard, and many parameters such as total dissolved solids, total hardness, and Na+ and SO4 2− exceed their limits. Noncarcinogenic risks of all collected water samples are relatively negligible. While carcinogenic risks in nearly 30 % of phreatic water samples and over 20 % of confined water samples surpass the acceptable level recommended by ICRP (5 × 10−5 per year), Cr6+ is the main influencing factor on the risk. In addition, the study shows that the severe groundwater pollution in the study area is conjunctively caused by industry and agricultural activities. Therefore, effective measures must be implemented to prevent further deterioration of water quality and reduce the health risks for local residents.

Drinking water quality assessment of Iyinna Spring, Umuariaga, Ikwuano Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria

Water samples were collected from Iyinna Spring in Umuariaga, Ikwuano Local Government Area (LGA), Abia State, Nigeria from three stations between January and March 2015 to evaluate its portability. The samples were compared with Nigeria Drinking Water Quality Standard and World Health Organization (WHO) guideline for drinking water. The following parameters: pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrate, sulphate, hardness and chloride were evaluated. The study showed that four of the parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and nitrate) were significantly different among the stations while the others were not. The values of the parameters recorded were as follows: pH (4.35–5.56), electrical conductivity (30.0–68.0 μS/cm), total dissolved solids (15.0–34.0 mg/L), total suspended solids (0.001–4.0 mg/L), nitrate (11.6–24.0 mg/L), sulphate (2.30–8.17 mg/L), hardness (240.2–500.4 mg/L) and chloride (9.54–32.0 mg/L). All the parameters recorded were within acceptable limits except pH and hardness. High hardness values have no health implication but high acidity has rendered the water quality of Iyinna spring unfit for drinking. Water of Iyinna spring is therefore not portable for human. Keywords: Physico-chemical parameters, water quality, Iyinna Spring Nigeria

Drinking water quality assessment and its effects on residents health in Wondo genet campus, Ethiopia

Water is a vital resource for human survival. Safe drinking water is a basic need for good health, and it is also a basic right of humans. The aim of this study was to analysis drinking water quality and its effect on communities residents of Wondo Genet. The mean turbidity value obtained for Wondo Genet Campus is (0.98 NTU), and the average temperature was approximately 28.49 °C. The mean total dissolved solids concentration was found to be 118.19 mg/l, and EC value in Wondo Genet Campus was 192.14 μS/cm. The chloride mean value of this drinking water was 53.7 mg/l, and concentration of sulfate mean value was 0.33 mg/l. In the study areas magnesium ranges from 10.42–17.05 mg/l and the mean value of magnesium in water is 13.67 mg/l. The concentration of calcium ranges from 2.16–7.31 mg/l with an average value of 5.0 mg/l. In study areas, an average value of sodium was 31.23 mg/1and potassium is with an average value of 23.14 mg/1. Water samples collected from Wondo Genet Campus were analyzed for total coliform bacteria and ranged from 1 to 4/100 ml with an average value of 0.78 colony/100 ml. On the basis of findings, it was concluded that drinking water of the study areas was that all physico–chemical parameters. All the Campus drinking water sampling sites were consistent with World Health Organization standard for drinking water (WHO).

Assessment of Drinking and Irrigation Water Quality of Surface Water Resources of South-West Kashmir, India

Surface water samples have been collected from various streams of SW Kashmir and analyzed for major ions and trace elements to determine the mechanisms controlling the surface water chemistry and suitability of water for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes. The order of cations is Ca > Mg > Na > K and anions is HCO3 > Cl > SO4 > NO3. As per the Gibb’s diagram, the major ion chemistry of surface water is controlled by rock-water interaction. The evolution of surface water into Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type of Piper trilinear plot is due to easy dissolution of carbonate minerals and less time for water-rock interaction. Surface water samples are characterized by one main trend of Ca-Mg-HCO3 i.e., carbonate dissolution of Langelier-Ludwig diagram. The major ions and trace elements in the water samples are well below the standards prescribed by WHO and BIS for drinking purposes. Based on EC and TDS classification, the water is fresh, good for irrigation and desirable for drinking purposes. The water samples fall between soft to hard categories of hardness classification with 16.66% belonging to soft, 50% to moderately hard and 33.33% to hard categories. The suitability of water for irrigation was evaluated based on the quality parameters and plots of water like Magnesium Content, Sodium Percent, Wilcox diagram, US Salinity hazard plot and Doneen’s plot. According to the values of these parameters the surface water of the study area was found suitable for irrigation and the water can be used for irrigating most of the crops and majority of the soils.

Physicochemical and microbiological characterisation for drinking water quality assessment in Southeast Coahuila, Mexico

Ten wells in northern Mexico were analysed for 47 water quality constituents to determine the seasonal drinking water quality variations and their suitability for human consumption. Parameters examined include 25 major/trace elements analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Total dissolved solids, sodium and sulphate concentrations were above the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values in 30% of wells during the first and/or the second sampling season. Additionally, only 30% of drinking water samples were found biologically unfit for drinking purpose because total and fecal coliforms were above the guideline values. The drinking water quality index of this area ranked from 'good' to 'excellent'. However, considering that some parameters are above the WHO guideline values, we recommended a monitoring program for biological and chemical pollution of drinking water in order to reach a possible solution knowing the human and ecological risks involved.

Role of mafic and ultramafic rocks in drinking water quality and its potential health risk assessment, Northern Pakistan.

This study investigates the drinking water (groundwater and surface water) quality and potential risk assessment along mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Swat district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provence, Pakistan. For this purpose, 82 groundwater and 33 surface water samples were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters. Results showed that the majority of the physico-chemical parameters were found to be within the drinking water guidelines set by the World Health Organization. However, major cationic metals such as magnesium (Mg), and trace metals (TM) including iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) showed exceeded concentrations in 13%, 4%, 2%, 20%, 20% and 55% of water samples, respectively. Health risk assessment revealed that the non-carcinogenic effects or hazard quotient values through the oral ingestion pathway of water consumption for the TM (viz., Fe, Cr and Mn) were found to be greater than 1, could result in chronic risk to the exposed population. Results of statistical analyses revealed that mafic and ultramafic rocks are the main sources of metal contamination in drinking water, especially Ni and Cr. Both Ni and Cr have toxic health effects and therefore this study suggests that contaminated sites should be avoided or treated for drinking and domestic purposes.

Drinking water quality assessment and water quality index of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

One hundred and eighty drinking water samples were collected from five zones of Riyadh governorate including Riyadh main zone, Ulia, Nassim, Shifa, and Badiah zones. The water was collected from the main water network and underground and upper household tanks in each zone. The water quality was found to be acceptable for drinking with respect to chemical characteristics; however, analyses exhibited some microbial contamination. The water quality index (WQI) is a mathematical method used to facilitate water quality explanation. The WQI was calculated using several physico-chemical and microbial parameters. The results showed that more than 88% of Riyadh main zone, 91% of Ulia, 97% of Nassim, 88% of Shifa, and 100% of Badiah waters zones were considered excellent for drinking (class I). The remaining waters were considered unsuitable for drinking (class V) due to microbial contamination.

Kabul

Kabul

Drinking Water Quality Assessment in Selected Barangays in Laoang, Northern Samar, Philippines

Drinking Water Quality Assessment in Selected Barangays in Laoang, Northern Samar, Philippines

Drinking water quality assessment and corrosion mitigation in the hospital water supply system of Chacas Village (Peru)

Rural hospitals in developing countries often lack appropriate water treatments to assure their water needs. In these facilities, due to water different uses and its use with medical equipment, water quality problems can cause very hazardous situations. In particular, corrosion of water distribution systems is a common issue that can cause unwanted changes in water quality and failures of the distribution system’s pipes. These considerations suggest that a complete monitoring program and water treatments to control and guarantee the water quality would be required in each health-care facility. This study assessed the quality of the water at the rural hospital of Chacas (Peru) as measured via specific physical-chemical and microbiological parameters. The results show that the chemical and microbiological qualities of the water generally worsen from catchment to the hospital’s taps. Moreover, this work investigated the effects of a dolomite limestone filter installed to adjust the quality of the water distributed at the hospital and thereby mitigate the water’s corrosiveness. Corrosion indices were calculated to provide useful information on the water’s corrosiveness and positive results were obtained in reducing corrosiveness after the installation of the dolomite filter.

The Application of Toxicogenomics for (Drinking) Water Quality Assessment

Due to anthropogenic activities, freshwater systems worldwide are exposed to thousands of compounds. Monitoring of priority pollutants is important, however, monitoring of all individual compounds would be practically impossible. Moreover, the effects on human health remains mostly unknown since compound toxicity data is often absent. With the release of increasing amounts of new (emerging) chemicals into the environment, new monitoring strategies are required to assess the effects of (drinking water relevant) chemicals on human health. Therefore, sensitive in-vitro bioassays have been developed which focus on specific physiological effects such as endocrine disruption or mutagenicity. The advantages of bioassays are that they directly determine the effect of (an entire mixture of) compounds present in an environmental sample instead of identifying single compounds. These bioassays are able to detect known and unknown compounds as long as they trigger the bioassay response. However, a disadvantage of applying these assays may be that they each focus on a (relatively narrow selection of) specific physiological endpoint and that the human relevance is often obscure. The evolution of new technologies and the recent advances in the knowledge on DNA sequences and organisation (i.e. genomics) have enabled the development of new holistic tools, such as DNA microarrays. This report provides an overview of innovative omic methods and the mechanisms behind certain genomics technologies are explained. The main focus is on the potential application of DNA microarrays that are able to measure the impact of toxic substances on gene expression, i.e. transcription of DNA to mRNA (transcriptomics). Practical information on this method, such as sensitivity, analysis time, responsiveness, specificity, etc. is discussed. An overview is presented of the potential applications of this technology with regard to water quality assessment. In addition, the limitations and challenges that need to be overcome are discussed. The following potential applications for genomics in water quality assessment are foreseen: This title belongs to KWR Watercycle Research Institute Series . ISBN: 9781780406671 (eBook)