Assessment Of Drinking Water Quality Research Articles

Drinking water quality assessment according to water quality index and health risk assessment: а case study of Pedro Vicente Maldonado canton, Ecuador

The effluent water quality of a treatment plant in a canton of Ecuador according to water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment was investigated in this study. The quality of the influent and effluent water of the treatment plant was monitored monthly from January 2017 to December 2019. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters, such as temperature, pH, turbidity, color, suspended solids, electrical conductivity, free chlorine, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia nitrogen, sulfates, fluorides, manganese, iron, fecal coliforms and total coliforms were determined. To evaluate the impacts of studied water on human health, health risk assessment for non-cancerogenic elements, including hazard index (HI) and risk of olfactory-reflex effects for organoleptic indicators were performed in accordance with Russian and foreign guidelines. Water quality parameter results were compared with WHO drinking water standards, revealing that the influent was contaminated microbiologically and other parameters such as color, turbidity, and iron were also above the limit values. The WQI results showed that water after purification is suitable for drinking (I class - excellent). Hazard Index (HI) results showed that the non-carcinogenic substances studied had a low risk for both adults and children (1). Additionally, the risk of olfactory-reflex effect was characterized as acceptable for all the collected purified water samples.

Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in Mogadishu, Somalia

The drinking water quality assessment in Mogadishu, the capital and most populous city of Somalia was evaluated in this study. The data were obtained in the year 2019 and subjected to laboratory tests in the Mumtaz Engineering service. Hydro chemical analyses were conducted on twelve samples from six different regions located in Mogadishu with graphical representation of the minimum, maximum and average values of all parameters measured. Coupled with this is the calculation of the Water Quality Index (WQI) for the six regions. One of the main findings of the study revealed that the groundwater from all the regions except for region one is not fit to drink. When a comparison was made across all regions, four regions had a very high TDS above the WHO limit, while two regions had a high EC above the WHO limit. This study recommended that there is a need for proper handling and management of groundwater in the regions with a high concentration of evaluated parameters to avoid bioaccumulation in human tissues through in-take of polluted waters.

Quality assessment and prediction of municipal drinking water using water quality index and artificial neural network: A case study of Wuhan, central China, from 2013 to 2019

The sanitary security of drinking water is closely related to human health, but its quality assessment mainly focused on limited types of indicators and relatively restricted time span. The current study was aimed to evaluate the long-term spatial-temporal distribution of municipal drinking water quality and explore the origin of water contamination based on multiple water indicators of 137 finished water samples and 863 tap water samples from Wuhan city, China. Water quality indexes (WQIs) were calculated to integrate the measured indicators. WQIs of the finished water samples ranged from 0.24 to 0.92, with the qualification rate and excellent rate of 100 % and 96.4 %, respectively, while those of the tap water samples ranged from 0.09 to 3.20, with the qualification rate of 99.9 %, and excellent rate of 95.5 %. Artificial neural network model was constructed based on the time series of WQIs from 2013 to 2019 to predict the water quality thereafter. The predicted WQIs of finished and tap water in 2020 and 2021 qualified on the whole, with the excellent rate of 87.5 % and 92.9 %, respectively. Except for three samples exceeding the limits of free chlorine residual, chloroform and fluoride, respectively, the majority of indicators reached the threshold values for drinking. Our study suggested that municipal drinking water quality in Wuhan was generally stable and in line with the national hygiene standards. Moreover, principal component analysis illustrated that the main potential sources of drinking water contamination were inorganic salts and organic matters, followed by pollution from distribution systems, the use of aluminum-containing coagulants and turbidity involved in water treatment, which need more attention.

Spatial and Seasonal Drinking Water Quality Assessment in a Sub-Saharan Country (Guinea-Bissau)

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1 calls for universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water. Worldwide, about 2.2 billion people live without access to safe water, and millions of people suffer from waterborne pathogens each year, representing the most pressing situation in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the drinking water quality dynamics across an endemic cholera sub-Saharan country (Guinea-Bissau), and understand its implications for public health. Microbiological and physical–chemical quality parameters of 252 major water sources spread all over the country were seasonally surveyed. These comprised hand-dug shallow wells and boreholes, fitted with a bucket or a pump to retrieve water. The results showed that the majority of water sources available to the population were grossly polluted with faecal material (80%), being unsuitable for consumption, with significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels during the wet season. Hand-dug wells revealed the highest contamination levels. The chemical contamination was less relevant, although 83% of the water sources were acidic (pH < 6.5). This study highlights the potential health risk associated with the lack of potable drinking water, reinforcing the evidence for water monitoring, and the need to improve WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) infrastructure and water management in West African countries. In addition, the authors suggest easy-to-implement interventions that can have a dramatic impact in the water quality, assisting to reduce the associated waterborne diseases rise.

Microbiological assessment for potable water

Drinking water quality assessment in Kathmandu valley has always been crucial with reference to public health importance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of drinking water with respect to physiochemical and microbiological parameters. A total of 63 random water samples were collected from different sources like stone spout, tap, well, boring, hand pumps and jar from different wards of Kageshwori Manohara Municipality, Kathmandu. The study was carried out for 6 months from January to July, 2019. The pH of the samples was in the range of 6.5-7.2, temperature 5-19 °C, chloride 0-96.56 mg/L, nitrate 0-5.4 mg/L and iron 0-1.1 mg/L. The physicochemical parameters including pH, temperature, chloride, nitrate of the samples were found to lie within the WHO guideline value except iron where 4 (6.34%) samples including 2 tap, 1 boring and 1 well exceeded WHO guideline. The bacteriological analysis of water samples revealed the presence of total coliform in 35 (55.56%) out of 63 samples, among which 8 (12.69%) were found to have faecal coliform. Furthermore, Salmonella spp. was isolated from 1 out of 63 samples. However, all the samples were free of Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. It was found that most of the water samples were non potable as total and faecal coliform exceeded the WHO guideline value of drinking water.

Amplification of Environmental Appraisal Coordination at General Hospital Lahore and its Implications to Evaluate Management Review

Quality standards have been a significant achievement for organizations worldwide. Environmental standardsshould be established in hospitals by coding ISO14001. Hospital water pollution can cause health issues in nearby urbanareas and settlements. The study was aimed to estimate, characterize, use, and response to water quality parameters onamplification of environmental coordination at General Hospital Lahore (GHL), and their implications for evaluation inmanagement reviewing. For these purposes, the drinking water samples were collected from different locations in thestudy area. All these samples were analyzed for different water quality parameters namely, pH, TDS, turbidity, andchloride, and compared with national environmental quality standards (NEQS). All the results and management processeswere also compared with ISO 14001:2015, which indicated the weakness in the general administration framework andEnvironmental Management System (EMS). The results show that pH 8.6, TDS 1100 mg/l, turbidity 5.5 NTU, andchloride 260 mg/l were exceeding the maximum permissible limits. The present study recommended that GHL watershould be treated before its use/ disposal. In the end, an EMS (a policy with protocol) manual was developed for continualimprovement of water use. Drinking water quality assessment and EMS framework offer assistance to oversee the waterquality and environment in health centers. Drinking water quality management under the guidelines of the environmentmanagement system manual developed in this study will greatly help to manage the environment, particularly waterpollution in local hospitals of Pakistan.

An Analytical Physicochemical and Bacteriological Drinking Water Quality Assessment - University of Eastern Philippines - Main Campus

Water is one of the most important commodity, which is essentially required for the survival of all types of life, including sustenance of ecosystems and bio-diversities. Human wellbeing hinges around availability of sufficient qualitative and quantitative water affordability for a quality life. People need to live and survive that’s why they must be aware of water quality parameters that are required for quality water. Water quality is determined by assessing its biological, chemical, and physical characteristics. In this study, a water quality assessment was carried out at the University of Eastern Philippines water system; which included a water refilling station, traditional water pumps, and the Alma Beach. The water samples, after the collection, were tested to identify the color, odor, pH, salinity, temperature, calcium content, magnesium content, sodium content, potassium content, and coliform count. After evaluation, all water samples conformed to the set standard by the PNSDW. However, the bacterial analysis showed that there is a sampling site that is not allowable for human consumption. In another area, the water quality assessment result for the Alma beach revealed that it is safe for recreational purposes and other recreational sports. But this does not mean that we should lay down our back, this calls for proper sanitary and environmental compliance regularly for the water systems in the university.

Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Metro Bus Stations of Islamabad and Rawalpindi

Water is the most wonderful substance. Almost 70% of our planet consists of water. The human body comprises almost 60% of water. Safe and clean water is necessary for all purposes in daily life which include different practices like washing, drinking, cooking, and personal cleanliness (Frances and Brack, 2018). Water is known as a universal solvent because it can dissolve a large proportion of natural or man-made substances (Balasubramanian, 2015). Fecal contaminated water is the main reason for waterborne disease. With quick urbanization, the chemical feature of water quality has contributed to increasing concerns as toxic chemicals industrial effluents pose a high hazard to life (Alurralde et al., 1998). Pakistan has been blessed with water resources, but unfortunately over the years, industrial development, overpopulation, and rapid growth have decelerated the water resources (Daud et al., 2017). Different studies show that the majority of the supplies of potable water are polluted (Aziz, 2005). Pakistan ranks 80 out of 122 nations, and both ground and surface drinking water sources are polluted throughout the country with toxic metals, microbes, and pesticides (Nabeela et al., 2014). Even currently some rural areas in Pakistan have no availability of fresh and clean water for regular use (Shahid et al., 2014). The quality of drinking water in Pakistan is reducing day by day due to the waste and pollutants released by the industries. Channeled water also gets contaminated because the network of the pipeline is not planned and laid poorly (Imran et al., 2018).

Drinking water quality assessment based on statistical analysis and three water quality indices (MWQI, IWQI and EWQI): a case study

Drinking water quality assessment based on statistical analysis and three water quality indices (MWQI, IWQI and EWQI): a case study

Drinking Water Quality Assessment from the Source to End User, the Case of Omo Kuraz Sugar Factory, Ethiopia

The aim of the study was to evaluate the water quality status from the source to end user in Omo Kuraz Sugar Factory -1. In the study, both primary and secondary sources of data were used to conduct the research. Stratified random sampling technique was adopted to select the sample needed for bacteriological analysis of the water quality. Samples were collected in rainy season for three times started from July 22 2019 to September 26 2019. Thirteen samples were collected at all representative sampling points at each time. The physicochemical parameters namely, pH, Temperature, Total dissolved solid, Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, Nitrate, Phosphate, Sulfate, Chloride, Total hardness, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Fluoride, Total alkalinity, Iron and Cupper. Total coliform as Bacteriological parameter was analyzed. The water quality index (WQI) - calculation was done using weighted arithmetic water quality index method. The result of physiochemical parameters, temperature (28.22°C), electrical conductivity (1331.37mg/l) and fluoride (1.89mg/l) were above the maximum permissible limit set by WHO and Ethiopian for drinking water. The results of remaining physiochemical parameters are fall within the desirable permissible limit for human consumption. The computed WQI values ranged 51.4 (source) to 69.6 (village-1) and all sampling points are ranked to poor water quality. The results of bacteriological analyses have shown that 50% of samples in the distribution systems were at medium risk, 16.7% of samples were at low risk and 33% of samples including the source were at zero risk. The study can conclude that the quality of drinking water source can be deteriorated in the water distribution system. Therefore, the current quality of water and distribution system needs to be improved or to be developed new better quality source in order to come up with current quality problem.

Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water in a Rural Tertiary Healthcare Institute of Haryana: A Record-based Descriptive Study

Introduction: Of all natural resources, water is one of the most essential and precious resources. It forms 70% of our body weight and acts as a necessary vehicle for all metabolic processes in the body. Water is exposed to various contaminants animal wastes, human wastes, etc. which affect the biological quality of water. So, water quality monitoring becomes an essential component for formulating measures and addressing the issues to safeguard public health. Aim: To assess the bacteriological quality of drinking water in a rural tertiary healthcare institute in Haryana. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, record-based, retrospective study was conducted in Bhagat Phool Singh Government Medical College for Women Khanpur, Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India (rural tertiary healthcare institute), from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2018. The water samples were collected, transported, and analysed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality assessment and the Indian Council Medical Research (ICMR). Incomplete records with respect to inadequate samples and reporting issue were excluded from the study. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Results: Out of a total of 422 tested water samples 244 (58%) were found satisfactory while 178 (42%) unsatisfactory i.e. unfit for human consumption. From March to mid-June (summer season) 56 (31%) and from mid-June to mid-September (rainy season) 74 (42%) of water samples were found unsatisfactory while, 63 (26%) water samples were observed fit for human consumption in mid-September to mid-December (postmonsoon season) and 76 (31%) in mid-December to February season (winter season). Seasonal variations were recorded for water quality reporting. Conclusion: Comprehensive planning and feasible approach are to be followed prior to hot weather and rainy season for the provision of safe and potable drinking water

Drinking Water Quality Assessment Using WQI in Bhokardan Area of Jalna District, Maharashtra State

The quality of surface and ground water resources is deteriorating with time due to numerous natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. As surface and ground water is major source of drinking water in rural area in the study area, made essential to monitor its quality regularly. Water Quality Index (WQI) show a significant role and a useful tool for evaluating the overall quality of water aimed for drinking purpose. This method converts the complex and large data on water quality trends to a single value which can be easily understandable to the common public, local governing bodies and policymakers. In the present research work an attempt was made to check suitability of surface and ground water for drinking purpose using Water Quality Index method. The water quality was estimated by analyzing selected physico-chemical parameters which play significant role in determining water quality such as pH, Alkalinity, Electrical Conductivity, Fluoride, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Potassium, Total Hardness, E. Coli, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Total 32 surface and 35 ground water samples were collected from different selected locations in the study area during pre and post-monsoon seasons respectively. The overall results revealed that almost all the surface water sources from the Bhokardan area, Jalna District, India was found unsuitable for drinking purposes. The application of WQI method to evaluate sequential variations in surface as well as ground water quality was therefore found suitable and effective tool for monitoring and proper management of drinking water resources.

Assessment of Implementation Efficiency of the System Approach to Ensuring Safety of Public Drinking and Recreational Water Use on the Example of the Voronezh Region

Background. Implementation of the Federal Clean Water Project within the National Housing and Urban Environment Project was based on the results of numerous health studies conducted within the framework of functioning of the interdepartmental system of public health monitoring and introduction of the risk-based approach into sanitary and epidemiological surveillance. In this regard, there was a need to develop a comprehensive approach to securing safety of drinking and recreational water use and assessing efficiency of implemented solutions. Objective. To assess efficiency of implementation of a system approach to ensuring safety of public drinking and recreational water use on the example of the Voronezh Region. Materials and methods. The study included laboratory testing of water quality in places of recreational water usage, drinking water quality assessment followed by a health risk assessment, a comprehensive evaluation of the extent of sanitary and epidemiological problems in drinking water supply systems, an online questionnaire-based survey of regional residents on tap water quality, a correlation analysis to establish the relationship between population health and water quality, and experimental studies to assess migration of organic compounds from polymer containers into bottled drinking water. Results. Challenges of recreational water use are associated with poor quality of surface water in terms of chemical (ammonium ion, nitrates, phosphates, and biochemical oxygen demand) and microbiological water quality parameters. Priority indices of drinking water quality in centralized water supply systems include the contents of nitrates, fluorine, boron, and iron, which are unacceptable in terms of non-carcinogenic risk (HQ > 1). In disadvantaged areas, water quality in centralized drinking water supply systems is considered “extremely poor”. The online survey demonstrated that the majority of the population (30.7 %) prefers to use water filter jugs to treat tap water. We observed significant correlations between the quality of tap and surface waters and disease incidence rates in the population. We also obtained new data on migration of organic compounds from polymer containers intended for drinking water storage and bottling in case of storage temperature excursions. Conclusion. Our findings served as the basis for the proposed algorithm of implementing a system approach to securing safety of recreational and drinking water use and for evaluating the effectiveness of implemented solutions.

Drinking water quality assessment of river Ganga in West Bengal, India through integrated statistical and GIS techniques.

An attempt has been made to assess the water quality status of the lower stretch of river Ganga flowing through West Bengal for drinking using integrated techniques. For this study, 11 parameters at 10 locations from Beharampur to Diamond Harbour over nine years (2011-2019) were considered. The eastern stretch of Ganga showed a variation of Water Quality Index (WQI) from 55 to 416 and Synthetic Pollution Index (SPI) from 0.59 to 3.68 in nine years. The result was endorsed through a fair correlation between WQI and SPI (r2 > 0.95). The map interpolated through GIS revealed that the entire river stretch in the year 2011, 2012, and 2019 and location near to ocean during the entire period of nine years were severely polluted (WQI > 100 or SPI > 1). Turbidity and boron concentration mainly contribute to the high scores of indices. Further, the origin of these ions was estimated through multivariate statistical techniques. It was affirmed that the origin of boron is mainly attributed to seawater influx, that of fluoride to anthropogenic sources, and other parameters originated through geogenic as well as human activities. Based on the research, a few possible water treatment mechanisms are suggested to render the water fit for drinking.

Drinking water quality assessment from water dispensers in an educational institution

Abstract Water dispensers are commonly used in educational institutions in developing countries. Assessment of factors influencing drinking water quality from this source is important due to its potential to cause waterborne diseases and other health risks. This study aimed to assess microbial contamination and the factors affecting drinking water quality from water dispensers at Walailak University, Southern Thailand. Drinking water samples from 60 water dispensers of different type-brands were collected and tested for physicochemical and microbiological parameters by following WHO Drinking Water Quality guidelines. Also evaluated by questionnaires were hygienic standards and maintenance of water dispensers. The physicochemical analysis of all water samples did not exceed the reference values of the drinking water standard; the hardness value in only 13.3% of samples was slightly higher than the reference limit. The microbiological results indicated that total coliform and fecal coliform bacteria were found in 16.67% and 8.33% of total samples, respectively. Escherichia coli was not detected in any of the water samples. The assessment of factors influencing drinking water quality, location and pathogen source around water dispensers, hygienic environment, and maintenance of water dispensers had a significant effect on drinking water quality.

Indexing methods and chemometric analysis of selected metals and metalloids for drinking water quality assessment in Upper Silesia region, Poland

ABSTRACT The research focused on the determination of selected metals in tap water from Upper Silesia region (Poland) and the assessment of risk for consumers. The heavy metal pollution index and metal index were used to characterise the potential risk of heavy metals in drinking water. ICP-MS and ICP-OES have been used to measure the concentrations of Co, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Zn and Sr. Chemometric analysis of the resulted data was accomplished using principal component analysis and cluster analysis, emphasising both similarities between the composition of the analysed samples and outliers. It was suggested that chemometric analysis can be used as a decision tool for necessary corrective action in the water distribution network, since it emphasises in a fast and intuitive way the samples with unusual chemical composition for a given context. To the best of our knowledge, such research in this area has not yet been carried out.

MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING WATER FOR SAFE WATER SUPPLY IN RURAL HARYANA TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Background-The aim of our study is to determine the drinking water quality monitoring and assessment of safe water supply in tertiary care hospital. Water samples which are collected from different sites of Adesh Medical College and Hospital, Shahabad, Haryana were processed. Material and methods- Most Probable Number (MPN) test was done to detect the coliform bacteria in drinking water, samples were collected from different sites of AMCH, bacterial isolate was identied by culture, colony morphology, Gram's staining and biochemical characterization of bacteria. Results- Out of 40 samples of drinking water 7(17.5%) were positive in which coliform bacteria were present, while 33(82.5%) were negative. In which 1(14.2%) of the total water samples were contaminated with mix growth organism, 1(14.2%) harbored Klebsiella sp., while 5(87.5%) among 7 water samples were highly contaminated with E.coli species. Out of 7 positive samples, 4(57.1%) water sample were satisfactory, 1(14.2%) were unsatisfactory sample and 2 (28.5%) were suspicious samples. Conclusion- On the basis of the results obtained, the quality analysis revealed that most of water samples were satisfactory and were not contaminated with coliforms and various pathogenic bacteria. The water cooler samples showing positive results have E.coli while less of Klebsiella species. Therefore, we suggest that all the water sources of drinking water should be properly sanitized, continuously monitored and bacterial load should be estimated on daily basis.

Efficiency of Treatment Plant and Drinking Water Quality Assessment from Source to Household, Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia.

Introduction Access to safe drinking water is essential to health, and it is a basic human right. However, drinking water treatment plant efficiency and its water quality are not well investigated in low-income countries including Ethiopia. Methods A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 75 water samples. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22 to generate descriptive statistics, and one-way ANOVA was used to test statistically significant difference. Results Physicochemical qualities of the water samples from tap water sources were found to be pH (6.88 ± 0.05), turbidity (5.15 ± 0.006 NTU), electrical conductivity (170.6 ± 0.1 μS/cm), residual chlorine (0.19 ± 0.003 mg/L), and fluoride (1.17 ± 0.009 mg/L). The removal efficiency of turbidity, total hardness, and nitrate was found to be 94.4%, 52.3%, and 88.7%, respectively. Removal efficiency of the treatment plant for total coliforms up to 91.6% (15 ± 0.26 CFU/100 mL in tap water) and faecal coliforms up to 99% (1.51 ± 0.03 CFU/100 mL in tap water) was recorded. Parameters of pH, temperature, and faecal coliform were statistically significant different at p < 0.05 in tap water source. The overall efficiency of the treatment plant (68.5%) and the water quality index (76) were recorded. Conclusion Based on the results, some of the investigated parameters of water quality (turbidity, residual chlorine, total coliform, and faecal coliform) were found to be not within the permissible limits of WHO guideline values for drinking water quality. The water quality index of the water samples was categorized under good water quality. To adequately treat drinking water and improve the treatment plant, adequate preliminary treatments like screening to reduce the incoming organic loading, proper chlorination of the drinking water system, and frequent monitoring and maintenance of the treatment plant system are required.

Groundwater vulnerability assessment using water quality index (WQI) under geographic information system (GIS) framework in parts of Uttar Pradesh, India

Groundwater resources are affected in principle by three major activities. First is excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural areas. The second is untreated/partially treated wastewater to the soil/water and the third one is excessive pumping and improper management of aquifers. Due to large-scale urban growth which has triggered domestic effluents and on the other hand industrial development activities has resulted in the generation of a copious volume of industrial effluents directly and indirectly contaminate the groundwater. In a drinking water quality assessment, the decision-making based on water quality data is a crucial issue because several parameters compromise its quality. There has been considerable advancement in the field of water quality assessment particularly based on the principle of the water quality index (WQI) using modified concepts. The study area which includes part of Varanasi and Sant Ravidas Nagar districts are centers for urban growth along with industrial setup in Uttar Pradesh, India. Water quality index (WQI) is an index reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters which is considered for calculation. 50 numbers of groundwater samples were collected from various locations in the study area as per the standard protocol prescribed by the American Public Health Association (APHA). Twenty-two water quality parameters have been considered for the calculation of water quality index viz. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), nitrates (NO3−), bicarbonate (HCO3−), chlorides (Cl−), sulphates (SO4−), fluorides (F−), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). The Bureau of Indian Standard has been considered to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes and the calculation of the water quality index (WQI). Correlation study among various physicochemical properties also reflects certain significant negative relationships. The current study shows that 50% of the collected water samples are non-suitable for the drinking water category and the rest is falling under the good, moderate, poor, very poor as per the Water Quality Index (WQI) classification. The present study is quite helpful for the proper planning and management of available water resources for drinking purposes.

Health risk assessment in different age-group due to nitrate, fluoride, nitrite and geo-chemical parameters in drinking water in Ahmadpur East, Punjab, Pakistan

The main objective of this study was to estimate the drinking water quality and public health assessment due to nitrate, nitrite and fluoride contaminations in Ahmadpur East, Punjab, Pakistan. Thirty-six drinking water samples were collected in the study area. Concentrations of geo-chemical parameters (pH, TDS and EC), nitrate, nitrite and fluoride were examined. The mean values of concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and fluoride were found 0.4197, 0.006 and 0.67 mg/L, respectively. Mean values of potential of hydrogen (pH), total dissolved solid (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) were found 7.28, 630 ppm and 1257 μS/cm, respectively. Health risk assessment was estimated by chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and Total Health Index (THI) due to fluoride, nitrate and nitrite for infants, children, teenagers and adults. The CDI and HQ of fluoride estimated greater permissible limit in different age groups than nitrite and nitrate in urban region of the study area. THI in infant and children determined higher than other age groups in the urban region. The infant and children suffer higher health risk than other age groups due to fluoride, nitrate and nitrite. There is need to monitor the drinking water quality on repetitive and habitual basis. Reverse osmosis membrane filtration and adsorption technique should be adopted on domestic level to reduce the contaminations of drinking water.