Assessment Of Drinking Water Quality Research Articles

Drinking-water Quality Assessment in Selective Schools from the Mount Lebanon

The present study aims to assess and compare the quality of drinking water according to WHO Standards and then illustrate the resulting diseases. Eight samples have been taken from selective different schools in the Mount Lebanon Region. The laboratory tests of the collected samples were performed to determine various physical (e.g., temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, etc.), chemical (Ca+2, Cl-, Fe, Mg2+, NO3, Na+, SO2-4), and microbial such as E. coli, coliform, and non-coliform. Several techniques were used for the analysis including Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Flame Photometer, and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). The resulting water quality was compared with the standard limits. Each school has different defects according to specific contamination that existed. To save local residents and according to the results of this study, regular monitoring for water quality was proposed; besides more water filtration plants should be installed to provide safe drinking for children’s health.

Assessment of drinking-water quality in the Dibamba watershed (Douala-Cameroon

Background: Residents of Douala including Dibamba watershed collect water from various points to fulfill their freshwater needs. However, it is known that many microorganisms, including parasites, bacteria, viruses, and even alga, are present in water where they form a complex ecosystem. These microorganisms are held responsible for most of the contamination in drinking water and related diseases that threaten health of many individuals. Objectives: This study aims to determine the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of drinking water used by city dwellers in the Dibamba watershed. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in different communities living in the watershed. A total of 58 drinking water samples were randomly collected from a variety of water resources. The analyses were performed for temperature, Ph, and conductivity; and for bacterial parameters, namely, to trace the presence of organisms and opportunistic pathogens indicative of fecal contamination. Results: Water used for consumption purposes have an acidic pH, low dissolved oxygen content, and shows high levels of microorganisms, testifying water pollution due to domestic wastewater discharged without any prior treatment, and coming from domestic, livestock and agricultural activities carried out in the watershed. These contaminated waters contain pathogenic species (Shigella, Salmonella, E.Coli, etc.) suspected of being the cause of waterborne infectious diseases in the watershed.. Conclusion: The results of our study show that 95% of tested drinking water samples are of low microbiological quality. They neither fulfill requirements of World Health Organization standards, nor fit for human consumption. Therefore, Decision-makers and Stake holders should implement practical actions to facilitate access to safe and sufficient drinking water in the watershed.

Characterization of Na and K Level in Ujjaini River Water in Amethi, UP, India

Abstract: Ujjaini River is the main source of water for aquatic life and household things related to human beings. The traditional living drinking water quality assessment can evaluate wholly the impact of river water quality on human body. Drinking water safety is an important part in water scientific field. In the presented study a number of water samples were collected from selected sites of Ujjaini River in Amethi, UP India in the month of August-2020. The collected water samples were carried out to the laboratory to analyze the Na and K level to check the suitability of water for drinking and cooking purposes, by using standard procedures. People usually identify River water pollution when people start getting sick while drinking it, once discovered River water pollution needs to be addressed, both to clean the contaminated water and to prevent its spread. At result it was found that these parameters were present in permissible limits according to the BIS and WHO standards yet we should check the quality of River water time to time. People can help to prevent the River water pollution by disposing of hazardous materials like oil, paints, unused prescriptions and solvents responsible in a facility which is certified to handle such materials.

Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Springs in Gokand Valley District Buner Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Background: The quality of spring water in Gokand Valley, District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is a matter of public health importance due to its use as a primary source of drinking water. This study was initiated in response to concerns about potential environmental and anthropogenic contaminations that could affect the water quality. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the drinking water quality from six different springs in Gokand Valley, assessing their compliance with the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pakistan Standard and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA). Methods: Conducted from October 2019 to October 2020, the study involved the collection and subsequent chemical analysis of water samples from six springs in the valley. The parameters analyzed included Total Hardness as CaCO₃, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chloride as Cl, Sulphate as SO₄, pH, Sodium as Na, Nitrite as NO₂, Total Alkalinity as CaCO₃, Calcium as CaCO₃, Magnesium as MgCO₃, Potassium as K, and Conductivity. Results: The results indicated a variation in water quality across the springs. Total Hardness as CaCO₃ ranged from 96.45 mg/L to 286.36 mg/L, and TDS values varied between 132.33 mg/L and 367.33 mg/L. Chloride levels were found to be between 5.36 mg/L and 14.28 mg/L. Sulphate concentrations ranged from 9.54 mg/L to 17.96 mg/L. The pH levels of all samples were close to neutral, ranging from 6.98 to 7.30. Sodium levels varied from 5.67 mg/L to 17.47 mg/L. Nitrite was not detected in any of the samples. Total Alkalinity as CaCO₃ ranged from 93.66 mg/L to 240.39 mg/L, Calcium as CaCO₃ from 53.73 mg/L to 200.68 mg/L, Magnesium as MgCO₃ from 41.42 mg/L to 109.40 mg/L, Potassium as K from 1.30 mg/L to 3.50 mg/L, and Conductivity values varied from 210.00 µS/cm to 596.67 µS/cm. Conclusion: The study concludes that the water from the six springs in Gokand Valley generally meets the WHO and PSQCA standards for drinking water. This finding underscores the importance of these natural springs as a viable source of potable water for the local population. However, continuous monitoring is recommended to ensure sustained water quality in the face of potential environmental changes and anthropogenic activities.

Drinking Water Quality Assessment Using a Fuzzy Inference System Method: A Case Study of Rome (Italy).

Drinking water quality assessment is a major issue today, as it is crucial to supply safe drinking water to ensure the well-being of society. Predicting drinking water quality helps strengthen water management and fight water pollution; technologies and practices for drinking water quality assessment are continuously improving; artificial intelligence methods prove their efficiency in this domain. This research effort seeks a hierarchical fuzzy model for predicting drinking water quality in Rome (Italy). The Mamdani fuzzy inference system is applied with different defuzzification methods. The proposed model includes three fuzzy intermediate models and one fuzzy final model. Each model consists of three input parameters and 27 fuzzy rules. A water quality assessment model is developed with a dataset that considers nine parameters (alkalinity, hardness, pH, Ca, Mg, fluoride, sulphate, nitrates, and iron). These nine parameters of drinking water are anticipated to be within the acceptable limits set to protect human health. Fuzzy-logic-based methods have been demonstrated to be appropriate to address uncertainty and subjectivity in drinking water quality assessment; they are an effective method for managing complicated, uncertain water systems and predicting drinking water quality. The proposed method can provide an effective solution for complex systems; this method can be modified easily to improve performance.

Scientific substantiation to updating drinking water quality monitoring programs

Introduction. The results of systematic drinking water quality laboratory tests are the most informative sources. Recommendations on the managing of drinking water quality monitoring were developed in 2020. 
 The purpose of the study was to substantiate methodological approaches to updating drinking water quality monitoring programs.
 Materials and methods. The results of drinking water quality laboratory tests in the Murmansk region, conducted in 2021 in accordance with the monitoring program, were used. The results were analyzed for compliance with the recommendations of the drinking water quality monitoring program. An assessment of the compliance of the results of laboratory studies with hygienic standards and public health risk.
 Results. In Monchegorsk, the drinking water quality was studied at nine control points according to sanitary-chemical, microbiological, and parasitological indicators. The multiplicity of studies per year ranged from 1 to 12 studies. The quality of drinking water in Monchegorsk corresponded to hygienic standards, with the exception of single excesses in the content of chlorine residual free and colour.
 Limitations. When conducting the study, the results of the monitoring were used only for 2021, the results of drinking water quality production control were not taken into account.
 Conclusion. To carry out an objective drinking water quality assessment, it is necessary to update the existing programs of monitoring its quality in the settlements of the Murmansk region carried out within the framework of the social hygienic monitoring (SHM). The authors propose an algorithm for updating monitoring programs

The Business Model as a technique for problem identification and scoping: a case study of Brazilian drinking water quality assessment sector

Abstract In this case study, a Business Model Canvas (BMC) was used as a technique for problem identification and scoping for the introduction of a new technology or methodology for water quality assessment. Therefore, information about the Brazilian water supply sector was used for the application of a BMC based on technological innovations for coliform analysis. The innovations proposed in the study include faster results, internet connection, and portability. To populate the model, data regarding the drinking water quality from Brazil were used from public data banks and reports. Also, a group of accountable representatives from diverse water supply systems and water quality laboratories reported their experience with the new coliform analysis and their perception of its technological improvement. The major gaps identified in this study were simplicity and faster results. These may be associated with technological improvements such as portability and internet connection. It was possible to conclude that the segment is diverse, and the BMC highlighted that value might differ for different niches. The results emphasized that the application of a BMC may be more than a business tool. It can also be used by developers or scientists to understand and improve both technology concepts and applications.

Spatial variation in groundwater quality and health risk assessment for fluoride and nitrate in Chhotanagpur Plateau, India.

The evaluation of groundwater quality is vital to assess the risk to human health. The present study assesses groundwater quality for drinking purposes and human health risks due to ingestion of fluoride and nitrate through drinking water in Chhotanagpur Plateau, India, using geoinformation techniques. For drinking water quality assessment, analyzed parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards, and water quality index (WQI) was used. Results reveal that most of the samples come within the desired limit suggested by WHO. In a few samples, conductivity, hardness, chloride, sulfate, and calcium are higher than the desirable limit, whereas fluoride and nitrate are beyond the permissible limit in 70% and 27% of the samples, respectively. WQI highlights that poor to very poor water is present in 25% of the samples. Anthropogenic activities have played a critical role in deteriorating groundwater quality, resulting in harmful impacts on human health. To assess non-carcinogenic health risks, the hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) were computed. THI ranges from 0.01 to 7.46, 0.01 to 7.05, and 0.01 to 9.05 for males, females, and children, respectively. THI is greater than the allowable limit in 84%, 78%, and 89% of the samples for males, females, and children, respectively, indicating high risk to human health, particularly children. The study advocates properwater management strategies. Knowledge of spatial variation and anomalous concentration is vital for groundwater management as well as health risk assessment. The findings of this study will be helpful to government officials, policy planners, and local communities.

Drinking Water Quality Assessment in the Suhareka Municipality

Drinking Water Quality Assessment in the Suhareka Municipality

In vitro bioassays for monitoring drinking water quality of tap water, domestic filtration and bottled water

BackgroundLocation-specific patterns of regulated and non-regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were detected in tap water samples of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. However, it remains unclear if the detected DBPs together with undetected DPBs and organic micropollutants can lead to mixture effects in drinking water.ObjectiveTo evaluate the neurotoxicity, oxidative stress response and cytotoxicity of 42 tap water samples, 6 treated with activated carbon filters, 5 with reverse osmosis and 9 bottled waters. To compare the measured effects of the extracts with the mixture effects predicted from the detected concentrations and the relative effect potencies of the detected DBPs using the mixture model of concentration addition.MethodsMixtures of organic chemicals in water samples were enriched by solid phase extraction and tested for cytotoxicity and neurite outgrowth inhibition in the neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y and for cytotoxicity and oxidative stress response in the AREc32 assay.ResultsUnenriched water did not trigger neurotoxicity or cytotoxicity. After up to 500-fold enrichment, few extracts showed cytotoxicity. Disinfected water showed low neurotoxicity at 20- to 300-fold enrichment and oxidative stress response at 8- to 140-fold enrichment. Non-regulated non-volatile DBPs, particularly (brominated) haloacetonitriles dominated the predicted mixture effects of the detected chemicals and predicted effects agreed with the measured effects. By hierarchical clustering we identified strong geographical patterns in the types of DPBs and their association with effects. Activated carbon filters did not show a consistent reduction of effects but domestic reverse osmosis filters decreased the effect to that of bottled water.Impact statementBioassays are an important complement to chemical analysis of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. Comparison of the measured oxidative stress response and mixture effects predicted from the detected chemicals and their relative effect potencies allowed the identification of the forcing agents for the mixture effects, which differed by location but were mainly non-regulated DBPs. This study demonstrates the relevance of non-regulated DBPs from a toxicological perspective. In vitro bioassays, in particular reporter gene assays for oxidative stress response that integrate different reactive toxicity pathways including genotoxicity, may therefore serve as sum parameters for drinking water quality assessment.

Drinking Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring in Morena District, Madhya Pradesh, India

Over extraction of ground water through borehole caused to reduction of water quality in city areas. An assessment of drinking water quality was undertaken at selected sites in the district of Morena, Madhya Pradesh, India. Some of the selected water parameters were observed at the time of sampling while other selected parameters were observed in laboratory. Water sample were collected in polyethylene coated wide mouth bottle in early hours of the day and sent to laboratory as soon as possible for further analysis. The areas selected have access to drinking water from borehole only located in their respective areas. Standard methods were followed for the analysis of selected water parameters. Basic water quality measures such as pH, EC, TDS, Cl, Total Hardness, Calcium, magnesium, etc. were varied, with high levels in certain regions of the study area. The majority of the samples are drinkable water; however some had high TDS, Ca and Mg, indicating the possibility of contamination. Presented study revealed that some of the water parameters are beyond permissible limit of world health organization (WHO). Study clearly indicated that proper monitoring should be applied at a regular interval in study area.

Geogenic and anthropogenic contamination in river water and groundwater of the lower Cauvery Basin, India

Degradation of water quality is a major challenge in both developed and developing countries since it poses a great risk to ecological health. The Cauvery river is one of the most important rivers of southern India, where the effect of seasonal variation on the quality of river water and its adjoining groundwater on the lower part of the basin has not yet been studied. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate the river water and adjacent groundwater for drinking and irrigational purposes, and also to identify the sources affecting the water quality. About 118 river water and 131 groundwater samples were collected over 4 months from May 2018 to August 2019. The water samples were analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), pH, major and minor ions, and trace elements. The major, minor, and trace elements were then compared with the Bureau of Indian Standards and World Health Organization for drinking water quality assessment. The drinking water quality was assessed, indicating that both river water and groundwater were unsuitable in the coastal regions, especially during dry seasons. Irrigation water quality was also assessed, which indicates that most of the river water and groundwater samples were unsuitable near the coastal region. The quality of river water and groundwater in the lower Cauvery Basin was found to be better during wet periods compared to the dry season. It was observed that the rock–water interactions was the major factor controlling the water quality for groundwater and surface water, followed by anthropogenic activities such as disposal of domestic sewage and effluents into the river, as runoff from irrigated lands. The study emphasizes the development of a finer observational network for water quality, along with stringent monitoring of the disposal of contaminants in the rivers and groundwater.

Digital water: artificial intelligence and soft computing applications for drinking water quality assessment

Digital water: artificial intelligence and soft computing applications for drinking water quality assessment

Secondary data collected from Ifraz-2 Erbil for Drinking Water Quality Assessment

The goal of the current study was to use the Water Quality Index (WQI) to evaluate the overall drinking water quality status in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, by estimating the quality of the Greater Zab River (raw water) and the water treatment plant WTP at Ifraz-2 on the Greater Zab River, a tributary of the Tigris River. Thirteen physicochemical parameters, including turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, chloride, sodium, potassium, nitrate, and sulfate, were evaluated between 2010 and 2021 using the WQI. The calculated WQI for the Greater Zab River's raw water quality ranged from (140.532) to (422.455) and the calculated WQI for WTP (Ifraz-2) ranged from (44.197) to (69.118). Accordingly, the results of Greater Zab River water were categorized as "very poor," "poor," and "unsuitable" for drinking purposes during the studied period (2010–2021). Furthermore, the results of the computed WQI for WTP of (Ifraz-2) are classified as "Excellent" and "Good". According to WQI, the WTP of Ifraz-2 from the current study was of good quality and suitable for consumption by humans. As a result, the efficiency (E%) of the Ifraz-2 WTP was found to be more efficient in 2016 (89.49%) than in other years and suitable for drinking. Except for a few samples, the physicochemical quality of most drinking water samples during the current study was within WHO limits.

Drinking water quality assessment based on index values incorporating WHO guidelines and Bangladesh standards

Drinking water quality is one of the most severe concerns around the globe. This study aimed to assess drinking water quality for a densely populated region, the Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), and the surrounding villages. Fifty samples, including some filtered and boiled groundwater samples, were collected. The widely used arithmetic algorithm, the water quality index (WQI), was used to categorize the groundwater quality as per World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and Bangladesh (BD) standards. Here, the WQI for all samples was calculated based on the concentrations of seventeen parameters (pH, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−, HNO3−, K, PO43−, EC, As, Zn, Mn, Cr, and Fe). The result showed that the water quality varies laterally as well as on the sampling conditions. The calculated WQI values ranged from 16.66 to 253.50 and the average value was 91.9 for the BD standards, whereas the WHO guidelines showed WQI values between 16.74 and 605.0 with an average value of 146.90. Based on the WQI values, water samples were divided into excellent, good, poor, very poor, and unfit categories which varied from BD standards to WHO guidelines for drinking purposes. 14%, 54%, 26%, and 6% of samples fell into excellent, good, poor, and inferior categories respectively as BD standards, while these values were 38%, 22%, 14%, and 14% as WHO guidelines. The result showed that deep tube-wells (>170 ft) and shallow tube-wells (<170 ft) provide mostly good and bad quality drinking water, respectively.

On improving the system of the management of the drinking water quality under implementation of federal project «Clean water»

Introduction. During the implementation of the federal project “Clean Water”, the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) provides the following directions: control over the implementation of target indicators of the federal project “Clean Water”; improving the efficiency of the control for the drinking water quality; methodological support for the management of the assessment and monitoring for drinking water quality, and informing the population about drinking water quality. The purpose of the study: analysis of the implementation of measures by Rospotrebnadzor to achieve the targets of the federal project “Clean Water” with the subsequent development of proposals for improving the control for drinking water quality. Materials and methods. The study used the forms of federal statistical observation: No. 18, No. 2-20; federal information fund of social and hygienic monitoring data, state report “On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in the Russian Federation in 2021”. The methods of system and content analysis are applied in the work. Results. During the period of the federal project “Clean Water” Rospotrebnadzor has equipped laboratories with modern equipment. Guidelines have been developed and approved for drinking water quality assessment and organizing its monitoring, laboratory control, and conducting a water quality integral assessment. An information system has been developed to inform the population about the drinking water quality. Limitations. The study did not take into account the results of drinking water production control. This is due to the difficulties of collecting information, its standardization and analysis. Conclusion. A system for drinking water quality monitoring in the Russian Federation has been established. Methodological support for drinking water quality monitoring and assessment has been developed, and public information about drinking water quality has been managed. The following questions need to be further addressed: it is necessary to update social and hygienic monitoring programs, organize the receipt and exchange of information on the results of production control of the quality of drinking water, moderate the procedure for assessing the risk to public health.

Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Government, Non-Government and Self-Based Schemes in the Disaster Affected Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Government, Non-Government and Self-Based Schemes in the Disaster Affected Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Drinking water quality assessment according to water quality index and health risk assessment: а case study of Pedro Vicente Maldonado canton, Ecuador

The effluent water quality of a treatment plant in a canton of Ecuador according to water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment was investigated in this study. The quality of the influent and effluent water of the treatment plant was monitored monthly from January 2017 to December 2019. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters, such as temperature, pH, turbidity, color, suspended solids, electrical conductivity, free chlorine, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia nitrogen, sulfates, fluorides, manganese, iron, fecal coliforms and total coliforms were determined. To evaluate the impacts of studied water on human health, health risk assessment for non-cancerogenic elements, including hazard index (HI) and risk of olfactory-reflex effects for organoleptic indicators were performed in accordance with Russian and foreign guidelines. Water quality parameter results were compared with WHO drinking water standards, revealing that the influent was contaminated microbiologically and other parameters such as color, turbidity, and iron were also above the limit values. The WQI results showed that water after purification is suitable for drinking (I class - excellent). Hazard Index (HI) results showed that the non-carcinogenic substances studied had a low risk for both adults and children (1). Additionally, the risk of olfactory-reflex effect was characterized as acceptable for all the collected purified water samples.

Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in Mogadishu, Somalia

The drinking water quality assessment in Mogadishu, the capital and most populous city of Somalia was evaluated in this study. The data were obtained in the year 2019 and subjected to laboratory tests in the Mumtaz Engineering service. Hydro chemical analyses were conducted on twelve samples from six different regions located in Mogadishu with graphical representation of the minimum, maximum and average values of all parameters measured. Coupled with this is the calculation of the Water Quality Index (WQI) for the six regions. One of the main findings of the study revealed that the groundwater from all the regions except for region one is not fit to drink. When a comparison was made across all regions, four regions had a very high TDS above the WHO limit, while two regions had a high EC above the WHO limit. This study recommended that there is a need for proper handling and management of groundwater in the regions with a high concentration of evaluated parameters to avoid bioaccumulation in human tissues through in-take of polluted waters.

Quality assessment and prediction of municipal drinking water using water quality index and artificial neural network: A case study of Wuhan, central China, from 2013 to 2019

The sanitary security of drinking water is closely related to human health, but its quality assessment mainly focused on limited types of indicators and relatively restricted time span. The current study was aimed to evaluate the long-term spatial-temporal distribution of municipal drinking water quality and explore the origin of water contamination based on multiple water indicators of 137 finished water samples and 863 tap water samples from Wuhan city, China. Water quality indexes (WQIs) were calculated to integrate the measured indicators. WQIs of the finished water samples ranged from 0.24 to 0.92, with the qualification rate and excellent rate of 100 % and 96.4 %, respectively, while those of the tap water samples ranged from 0.09 to 3.20, with the qualification rate of 99.9 %, and excellent rate of 95.5 %. Artificial neural network model was constructed based on the time series of WQIs from 2013 to 2019 to predict the water quality thereafter. The predicted WQIs of finished and tap water in 2020 and 2021 qualified on the whole, with the excellent rate of 87.5 % and 92.9 %, respectively. Except for three samples exceeding the limits of free chlorine residual, chloroform and fluoride, respectively, the majority of indicators reached the threshold values for drinking. Our study suggested that municipal drinking water quality in Wuhan was generally stable and in line with the national hygiene standards. Moreover, principal component analysis illustrated that the main potential sources of drinking water contamination were inorganic salts and organic matters, followed by pollution from distribution systems, the use of aluminum-containing coagulants and turbidity involved in water treatment, which need more attention.