Drawa National Park Research Articles

Turystyka i edukacja historyczna na przykładzie udostępniania Fortyfikacji Pozycji Pomorskiej „Wał Pomorski” w Drawieńskim Parku Narodowym

The Pomeranian Trail „Pomeranian Embankment” runs through the Drawa National Park. It is a place of individual and organized historical and natural tours. This form of learning has enormous educational and upbringing potential. A trip to places submerged in the natural environment, always has a connection in the natural conditions. This article presents the advantages of historical tours taking place surrounded by nature. The need and importance of paths in the process of upbringing and shaping patriotic attitudes was indicated. Approximate natural conditions, educational and tourist activities of the Drawa National Park. The location of the Pomeranian fortifications was largely due to geographical conditions. When designing the fortifications of the Pomeranian Position, the existing layout of the Drawska Forest was used. Both natural and anthropogenic factors influenced their course.

Variability of <i>Puccinia komarovii</i> var. <i>komarovii</i> isolates from <i>Impatiens parviflora</i> DC. and its occurrence in the Drawa and Wigry National Parks in Poland

Small balsam (<i>Impatiens parviflora</i> DC.), an invasive plant native to central Asia, is currently one of the most extensive invasive plants in Central Europe, including Poland. Its expansion may affect populations of native species, such as touch-me-not balsam (Impatiens noli-tangere). It is particularly dangerous in legally protected areas, where the possibilities of eradicating it are very limited. There is some hope for stopping its expansion by using pathogens as a biological weapon. In this case, useful may be host-specific rust fungus <i>Puccinia komarovii</i> var. <i>komarovii</i>. Our three-year observations of I. parviflora infection severity by <i>P. komarovii</i> var. <i>komarovii</i> carried out in Poland in Drawa National Park (DNP) and Wigry National Park (WNP) showed the higher incidence of rust on leaves in DNP, where the median blade infestation for two years was 51% of leaf coverage. In contrast, for three years in WNP, the median blade infestation amounted to only 25%. The most severe symptoms occurred during the summer months. However the percentage of leaf coverage by pathogen exhibited fluctuations depending on the year, implying an influence of environmental conditions that stabilized the infection each season. Molecular analyses, in addition to confirming the infection of the tested plants by <i>P. komarovii</i> var.<i> komarovii</i>, enabled the characterization of its population based on comparative analysis of ITS and LSU sequences. Clear differences were found between the studied isolates and <i>P. komarovii</i> from <i>I. glanduliferae</i> and <i>I. brachycentra</i>. There was no diversity among our isolates, but they differed from the sequences of Polish isolates originating from <i>I. parviflora</i> available in GenBank, which indicates some diversity of rust in a relatively small area. It probably results from sexual reproduction and may enable rapid adaptation of the pathogen to the region or host plant, or it may indicate certain “entry points” to Poland, where the isolates arrived from their native place of occurrence.

Temperate forest understory vegetation shifts after 40 years of conservation

Understanding how vegetation composition and diversity respond to global changes is crucial for effective ecosystem management and conservation. This study evaluated shifts in understory vegetation after 40 years of conservation within Drawa National Park (NW Poland), to check which plant communities changed the most, and whether vegetation shifts reflect global change symptoms (climate change and pollution) or natural forest dynamics. Using ordination and generalized mixed-effects linear models, we assessed changes in alpha diversity metrics, accounting for taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic aspects within 170 quasi-permanent plots, surveyed in 1973–85 and resurveyed in 2015–19. We found an overall homogenization of forest vegetation and specific shift patterns in certain forest associations. In coniferous and nutrient-poor broadleaved forests, the overall number of species increased due to the replacement of functionally distinct or specialized species with more ubiquitous species that could exploit increased resource availability. In riparian forests and alder carrs we found either shifts from riparian forest to alder carrs or to mesic broadleaved forests. The most stable communities were fertile broadleaved forests. Our study quantified shifts in taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity after 40 years of conservation and provides important insights into the shifts in vegetation composition in temperate forest communities. In coniferous and nutrient-poor broadleaved forests we found an increase in species richness and replacement of functionally distinct or specialized species by ubiquitous species, indicating increased resource availability. Shifts between wet broadleaved forests and transition into mesic forests suggest water limitation, which can be related to climate change. The most stable were fertile broadleaved forests fluctuating due to natural stand dynamics. The findings highlight the need for ongoing monitoring and management of ecological systems to preserve their diversity and functionality in the face of global changes.

The first report of Xenillus salamoni Mahunka 1996 (Acari: Oribatida) in Poland, with the key to European Xenillus

During ecological studies carried out in the Drawa National Park, an oribatid mite species, Xenillus salamoni Mahunka 1996 (Liacaridae), new for Poland was found. This species is known only from Hungary and from the Central Alps and it is considered as xerophilous and a forest taxon. Additionally, a key to the identification of European Xenillus species was prepared.

An estimation of the accuracy of the topoclimate range based on the land surface temperature with reference to a case study of the Drawa National Park, Poland

Topoclimate depends on specifically local-scale climatic features caused by the interrelations between topography, water, soil, and land cover. The main purpose of this study is to identify, characterize, and delimit the range of topoclimate types at the Drawa National Park (DPN) and to estimate their accuracy while taking into consideration the thermal conditions of the land surface. Based on a set of digital maps, and with the use of the heat-balance Paszyński method, seven types of topoclimate were distinguished. Next, with the use of Landsat 8 and Terra satellite images, the DPN’s land surface temperature (LST) was calculated. The estimation of LST using the distinguished types of topoclimate allowed for determining their degree of quantity diversification as well as assessing the differences between those types. The obtained LST values indicated statistically significant differences between the medians of LST values for almost all of the distinguished topoclimate types, thereby confirming the suitability of the applied topoclimate determination procedure.

Study on geographical differences in American mink diets reveals variations in isotopic composition of potential mink prey

Invasive alien predators pose a threat to native fauna and the studies of their feeding habits are crucial to understanding their impact on prey populations. Diet of the American mink Neovison vison, an invasive species in Europe, is relatively well studied based on scat analysis, however, the use of other methods of diet analysis enables a better overview of this issue. We analyzed the isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen in the livers, which reflects the diet from about 30–40 days (scat analysis provides information on the diet over 1–2 days only) of the American mink from four national parks in Poland and in the muscles of three types of mink prey (root voles, common frogs, and roach) in order to estimate their contribution to the mink diet. Mink in Biebrza and Narew National Parks fed mainly on frogs and fish, in Drawa National Park on voles and fish, and in Warta Mouth National Park almost exclusively on fish—as shown by Bayesian mixing models calculated for three selected groups of prey. There was no isotopic evidence for differences between the diets of male and female mink. In all groups of prey, we found surprisingly high differences between individuals of the same species from different study sites in the isotopic composition of both δ13C (up to 3‰) and δ15N (up to 6‰). Based on a detailed literature review, we predict that the main reasons for these variations are differences in abiotic environment, food availability, and trophic position. We also indicate a lack of data on trophic discrimination in fish and amphibians, which makes it hard to assess the influence of differences in trophic position on isotopic variations. We suggest caution to authors who plan to study geographical variations in diet of animals using stable isotope analysis without acknowledging that taxonomically and ecologically similar prey can differ in isotopic composition between studied areas.

The identification of fungal species in dead wood of oak

Background. The wood of dead, dying and living trees is a very important element of the forest ecosystem. The existence of many species of fungi is closely related to the presence of dead wood in the stand. The fungi community is a group of different species occurring in a certain time and space. The species composition of such a community is not constant and changes with the passage of wood into successive stages of decay. The impact on the formation of the fungi communities has a primary species composition occurring on and in the wood. The first wood is populated by species capable of decomposing fresh wood, then penetrating the structure of wood already violated, and in the final stage, settling on wood that is heavily decayed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the species composition of fungal communities on pedunculate oak Qu- ercus robur L. wood. The material was downloaded from the area of the Drawa National Park (from 15°45’ to 16°45’E, from 53°00’ to 53°15’N) and divided into three stages of wood decomposition. Methods. The detection of fungi was done, using the method of molecular biology. The use of molecular methods was based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloning and sequencing by method described by Method of Sanger. The resulting sequence was compared with the reference sequence from the NCBI database. Results. The species composition of communities differed between various stages of decomposition. The most numerous was represented by Ascomycota. When analyzing the first stage of decomposition, 25 clones were obtained which represented three taxa. In the second stage 32 clones were obtained which represented 5 taxa. In the case of the third stage of decomposition, a positive result was not achieved. The taxonomy common in and with the II degree of decomposition was Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. The differences in the spe- cies composition between the species that settle the individual decomposition levels indicate the succession of species during the decomposition of wood. Except for species associated with wood degradation, these observed species have no significance for forest management.

Microscopic fungi on Schoenoplectus lacustris in Płociczno and Płociowe lakes in Drawa National Park (northwest Poland)

In the period 2009–2011, the micromycetes causing symptoms on the leaves of <em>Schoenoplectus lacustris</em> (SL) from Płociczno and Płociowe lakes in Drawa National Park (DNP) were investigated. A total of 39 taxa of microscopic fungi and chromistan fungi were found. The taxonomic structure of the mycobiota was dominated by anamorphs of Ascomycota. In each year of the study, the SL fungal species richness was higher in Płociowe Lake than in Płociczno Lake. In all the years of study in both lakes, the fungal community on SL was composed of the following six dominant species: <em>Alternaria alternata</em>, <em>Cladosporium herbarum</em>, <em>Fusarium incarnatum</em>, <em>F. sacchari</em>, <em>Gibberella avenacea</em>, and <em>Pleospora scirpicola</em>. The species occurring exclusively in Płociczno Lake were <em>Papulaspora immersa</em>, <em>Puccinia scirpi</em>, and <em>Trichothecium roseum</em>, and those found only in Płociowe Lake were <em>Acremoniella atra</em>, <em>Alternaria atra</em>, <em>Aspergillus niger</em>, <em>A. versicolor</em>, <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em>, <em>Gonatobotrys simplex</em>, <em>Massariosphaeria scirpina</em>, <em>Microascus brevicaulis</em>, <em>Penicillium chrysogenum</em>, and <em>Stagonospora aquatica</em>. Only one confirmation of the occurrence of <em>Puccinia scirpi</em> and the lack of other specialized obligate parasites indicate the good health of SL in DNP. The facultative parasites, inter alia, <em>Boeremia exigua</em>, <em>Chaetomium globosum</em>, <em>Fusarium culmorum</em>, <em>F. incarnatum</em>, <em>F. sacchari</em>, <em>Gibberella avenacea</em>, and <em>Stagonospora aquatica</em> that are present on plants as part of the natural process of apoptosis may influence the health of SL.

The Genus Woronichinia (Cyanobacteria) in Natural Lakes of Drawa National Park (Poland)

Abstract Woronichinia Elenkin is a cyanobacteria genus characteristic of lentic ecosystems. The type species, W. naegeliana (Unger) Elenkin, often blooms in the plankton of eutrophic reservoirs but this genus also contains species sensitive to high nutrient concentrations. The study analyzed the diversity and biomass of Woronichinia in lakes in a national park, isolated from the direct impact of human activity. The lakes were in various trophic states resulting from gradual and natural changes of trophy. Trophy was assessed with the use of the trophic diatom index, according to the classification we proposed for natural lakes. The relationship between the biomass and the trophic state of lakes was investigated with the use of multivariate unconstrained analysis with supplementary variables. Five species of Woronichinia were identified in all trophic types of lakes except for two oligotrophic ones: W. compacta (Lemmerm.) Komárek & Hindák, W. delicatula (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, W. karelica Komárek & Komárk.-Legn., W. obtusa Joosten and W. naegeliana (Unger) Elenkin. The occurrence and biomass of the species were related to the trophic state of the lakes. The absence of Woronichinia in two oligotrophic lakes could be due to the high concentration of humic compounds in the sediments. The low nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio characteristic of the oligo-mesotrophic lakes resulted in increased species diversity. The lakes’ isolation from human activity fostered the development of rare and sensitive species such as W. delicatula and W. karelica.

Geochemical assessment of lake sediments in protected areas in Poland – a search for reference condition

<p>This paper presents the results of an assessment of macro- and microelements in the sediments of lakes laying within protected areas in Poland – the Drawa National Park, the Wel Landscape Park and the Górzno-Lidzbark Landscape Park. In each lake two grab sediment sample were collected: one in the littoral zone and the other in the deepest part of the lake basin. Sediment samples analysed for their content of inorganic carbon (IC) and the loss on ignition (LOI at 550°C) and, according to these parameters classified into three sediment types. Micro elements were detected with SEM-EDX system and the bioavailability of Zn, Cu, and Fe was evaluated after an extraction with DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) solution. The most diverse chemical composition of the sediments was observed in the lakes of the Wel Landscape Park Lacustrine sediments were characterized by the heterogeneous content of organic matter (from 11.70 to 52.89%), calcium carbonate (from 0.0 to 42.73%) and mineral fractions (from 38.24 to 79.46%). They consisted of three different types of gyttja (fine grain-size, clayey-calcareous, clayey). The highest content of trace elements was determined in fine grain-size gyttja, which results from their current sorption properties, as well as alimentation by river waters flowing into the lakes. <br />The sediments contained relatively low concentrations of the analysed elements, which was reflected in the low values of the contamination factor (CF), the contamination degree (C<sub>deg</sub>), the geo-accumulation index (I<sub>geo</sub>) and the enrichment factor (EF). Values of the I<sub>geo</sub> point out also that these lake sediments were not contaminated by heavy metals. The total content of zinc and copper in some analyzed sediments was higher than the content assumed as acceptable for protected areas. The contribution of bioavailable forms of Zn and Cu ranges from 2.3 to 29.1% for Zn, and from 4.6 to 18.4% for Cu. The type of sediment, and the surface area largely determined the lake sediment chemical composition, while land-use in the catchments had a minor effect. This applies to both lakes of different parks and lakes within each of the parks.</p>

Genetic Variation in the ND1 Gene and D-loop in Protected and Commercially Exploited European Cisco (Coregonus albula L.) Populations.

The European cisco (Coregonus albula L.) is a species with high environmental requirements. The deterioration of environmental conditions in recent decades has decreased its distribution. Currently the species is conserved by stocking, and the few existing natural populations are at risk of extinction. Therefore, contemporary studies involve not only reporting phenotypic parameters, but also determining the genetic structure of the population. This is an important aspect monitored in the C. albula population, which provides information valuable for proper fishing economy. This study included valuable populations from lakes located in Drawa National Park (DNP) and Wigry National Park (WNP), as well as lakes used for commercial fishing. In order to molecularly characterize the European cisco, the control region and NDl gene were sequenced from 48 individuals from 9 populations from lakes throughout northern Poland. Analysis revealed that populations from two park lakes (Marta, Ostrowieckie) are unique. This was also the case for some sequences originating from Lake Wigry. The mean value of genetic diversity was 0.2% within each region and 0.1-0.3% between the investigated regions. The obtained results demonstrated the necessity to strengthen and protect natural populations of the European cisco, which constitute a valuable element of the European ichthyofauna.

Microscopic fungi on Nymphaeaceae plants of the Lake Płociczno in Drawa National Park (NW Poland)

<p>The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of micromycetes associated with disease symptoms on the leaves and flowers of three plant species, <em>Nymphaea alba</em> (NA), <em>Nymphaea candida</em> (NC), and <em>Nuphar lutea</em> (NL), forming nympheid phytocoenoses on Lake Płociczno in Drawa National Park during the years 2009 to 2012. From all collected plant specimens, an overall number of 38 distinct taxa of fungi and chromistan fungal analogues was isolated. The largest diversity of taxa was found on NL (37 taxa), the lowest was on NC (4 taxa), and NA contained 12 taxa.</p><p>Each year, anamorphic forms of Ascomycota were dominant in the taxonomic structure. For the first time in Poland, <em>Septoria nupharis</em> (NA, NL, NC) and <em>Colletotrichum nymphaeae</em> (NL, NC) were found on their spotted leaves. For both of the mentioned pathogens, <em>Nymphaea candida</em> is a new host plant in Poland. <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, <em>Elongisporangium undulatum</em> (= <em>Pythium undulatum</em>), <em>Epicoccum nigrum</em>, <em>Fusarium incarnatum</em> (= <em>F. semitectum</em>), and <em>Gibberella avenacea</em> (= <em>Fusarium avenaceum</em>) were found each year in the studied phytocoenoses. The confirmation of NA and NL flower infections by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, which leads to gangrene, is an important aspect of the gray mold epidemiology. Until now, the occurrence of smut fungi on nympheids in Drawa National Park was not observed. The taxonomic structure and the predomination of asexual stages of fungi, as well as the similarity coefficients, suggest that the seasonal decomposition of nympheids run naturally and contribute to maintaining the stability of the lake ecosystem.</p>

PROPOZYCJA KSZTAŁTU I ZASTOSOWANIA BAZY DANYCH KRENOLOGICZNYCH JAKO CZĘŚCI INFRASTRUKTURY PRZESTRZENNYCH DANYCH PRZYRODNICZYCH NA PRZYKŁADZIE DRAWIEŃSKIEGO PARKU NARODOWEGO

PROPOSAL OF THE FORM AND USE OF THE SPRINGS DATABASE AS PART OF SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE DRAWA NATIONAL PARK Abstract. The paper presents the springs database that will be part of a large geodatabase of natural environment components in the Drawa National Park (DNP). This geodatabase has been prepared using ArcGIS code. It contains data about natural outflows in the park and its border area. During geodatabases preparation, a particular emphasis was placed on its interoperability with the rest parts of infrastructure of spatial natural resources in the DNP and on the standards for creation of such bases. Moreover, this geodatabase was created with reference to the INSPIRE European Directive in the field of GIS data standards in environmental protection.

Georóżnorodność i walory geoturystyczne Drawieńskiego Parku Narodowego, NW Polska

GEODIVERSITY OF THE DRAWA NATIONAL PARK, NW POLAND Abstract. This article aims to identify and evaluate geodiversity as well as geotouristic attractiveness of the Drawa National Park (DPN), north-western Poland, including evaluation of individual geosites. As a consequence, the most precious geotouristic values of the DPN are presented. The ranking method of basic fields and geosites was used. Criteria of evaluation of the area included as follows: terrain relief, the presence of petrographic objects, hydrographic network, special biological values protected by the law, accessibility for tourists, and cultural and added values. Geosites were evaluated in terms of geological and geomorphological values, added values and practical values. The analysis indicates 125 basic fields of low geodiversity (valuable qualities of natural and cultural heritage occur singly, the area is difficult to access, and there are no added values). Fifty basic fields are indicated by moderate geodiversity. They are located along the Drawa and Plociczna rivers. These fields were also evaluated as moderately attractive. The interesting hydrographic objects are generally not accompanied by the most attractive geomorphological ones. The elements that increase to some extent the geodiversity of the area are geosites of precious technical-cultural and historical heritage. Two fields: R13 and R14 are characterized by high geodiversity, because the most precious natural values are accompanied by the cultural ones. The varied relief of diversified genesis has an easy access; the area shows special hydrographic and biological values. The added values, appreciated by tourists, are frequent. This small area of 2 km 2 has a high geotouristic potential. Therefore, the predicted human impact in attractive or very attractive places requires an appropriate action to preserve and protect geomorphological/ inanimate heritage.

Parasites of zooplankton and periphyton assemblages in the littoral zone of lakes in Drawa National Park, Poland

Studies on parasitism in zooplankton and periphyton assemblages were carried out on samples of water collected from Lakes Płociczno and Płociowe in the Drawa National Park in 2008-2011. Occurrence of the fungal mycobiotal and protozoan parasites of invertebrates was recorded in both lakes. Parasitism of <em>Chydorus </em>sp. (Cladocera) by <em>Saprolegnia </em>sp. occurred on 0.8% of individuals of the host population, of <em>Brachionus calyciflorus </em>(Rotifera) by <em>Microsporidium </em>sp. on 1.2% of the host population, and of Nematoda members by <em>Pythium </em>sp. on 5% of the host population. Parasites were recorded only in springtime.

Impact of cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis L.) colonies on microbial pollution in lakes

AbstractDuring 2009-2011 we investigated the effect of perennial and roosting cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) colonies on microbial pollution in 3 lakes: Góreckie (Greater Poland National Park), Chrzypsko (Greater Poland Province) and Ostrowiec (Drawa National Park). On Lake Góreckie cormorants formed a roosting colony (<200 individuals) that inhabited part of the lake shore. On Lake Chrzypsko a new breeding colony was formed (3 nests) while the breeding colony on Lake Ostrowiec, established over 40 years ago, consisted of over 170 breeding pairs. In the case of Lake Ostrowiec, high pollution with coliform bacteria (including Escherichia coli) was observed. Compared to the control station the significantly higher Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliform bacteria was found in groundwater under the colony. It was found that bacterial counts decreased in the direction of the centre of the water body with the highest numbers noted in the lake samples collected within the colony boundaries. Furthermore, seasonal variations in coliform bacteria were also observed with maximum densities during the breeding season. Similar trends were observed for the roosting colony on Lake Góreckie while for the newly forming colony on Lake Chrzypsko increased density of investigated bacteria was noted only in groundwater.

Catchment vegetation can trigger lake dystrophy through changes in runoff water quality

Surface runoff can supply lakes with a variety of chemical substances - their type and quantity may significantly vary and depend on the characteristics of the catchment area: geomorphology, phyto- coenosis type and degree of human impact. In this study we investigated the physicochemical properties of the surface runoff water collected from the wooded catchment of Lake Piaseczno Duze (LPD, Drawa National Park, Poland) covered by a monoculture of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and mixed forest with white birch (Betula pubescens) as the dominant tree. Experimentally, we also aimed to study the leaching of nutrients from pine and birch litter. Throughout the investigated period runoff waters had low pH, brown colour and high levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) - most likely induced by humic acids. Furthermore, considerable levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were found. The highest concentrations of nutrients were observed in runoff collected after heavy rainfall and snow melting. Runoff from the coniferous area contained sig- nificantly higher levels of DOC but lower concentrations of N and P compared to runoff collected from the birch-dominated forest. Similar physicochemical conditions were observed in the leaching experiment. Moreover, it was found that the release of chemical substances from both coniferous and deciduous litter was rapid. Our study indicates that surface runoff from forest areas can significantly affect lake chemistry. Based on the simultaneous analyses of littoral water chemistry we suggest that it may contribute to LPD dystrophi- cation through the transportation of high levels of acidic compounds.

Effects of some abiotic factors on the occurrence of aquatic mycobiota in lakes of the Drawa National Park

Abstract Effects of environmental factors, including acidity, temperature, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate and total iron content, on the diversity of aquatic mycobiota in lake water were studied in two lakes in Northern Poland in 2005–2007. Fifty four species of fungi and fungus-like organisms were recorded in the sub-surface and benthic of both lakes. There were 36 and 45 species in Lakes Marta and Sitno, respectively. The greatest species diversity was observed with a higher content of oxygen and biogenic compounds in the surface water. Temperature and oxygen content were the most important factors affecting the distribution of mycobiota in lake water.

Phytopathogenic microorganisms colonizing the common reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.]Mikroorganizmy fitopatogeniczne zasiedlające trzcinę pospolitą [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

Summary The paper deals with the result of research on microorganisms colonizing leaves, stalks and leaf sheaths of the common reed (Phragmites australis). The studies were carried in 2010–2011. In each vegetation season the samples of morbid common reed were taken from the littoral zone around Plociowe Lake and Zdroje Lake in Drawa National Park (threefold from June till October). It was stated that the heterogeneity of phytopathogen and saprotrophic fungi and fungus-like organisms (FLO) amounted to 38 taxa. The symptoms of chlorosis and necrosis on the reed were non-specific (length from 1 to 300 mm and width from 1 to 35 mm) and connected with the occurrence of different etiological factors, individually and in complexes: Stagonospora, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Deightoniella arundinacea, Scirrhia rimosa. Among the isolated species, the most frequent were: Alternaria alternata, Cephalosporium sp., Chaetomium globosum, Deightoniella arundinacea, Fusarium semitectum, Hymenopsis trochiloides and Phoma arundinacea. They were found on the reed from both lakes, in each year of research. The similarity species coefficient of micobiota for the reed of both lakes was 45.62%.

Diel dynamics of vertical changes of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll in small humic lakes

Abstract The diel variability of algal and bacterial chlorophyll and the physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, transparency) in the vertical profile of three mid-forest humic lakes in Drawa National Park (northwest Poland) were analyzed in summer. The euphotic zone consisted of the smaller part of the water column in poly- and mesohumic lakes but almost the whole water column of the oligohumic lake. The 24-hour dynamics of chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll d+e in poly- and mesohumic lake was significantly smaller than that in the polyhumic lake. The maximum concentrations of chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll d+e were observed near the bottom border or below the euphotic zone in waters with oxygen deficits and containing sulfur hydrogen. The main producers of chlorophyll in meso- and oligohumic lake were green anaerobic sulphuric bacteria.