Drag Coefficient Model Research Articles

Hydrodynamics of air–kerosene bubble column under elevated pressure in homogeneous flow regime

A multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model coupled with the population balance equation (PBE) was developed in a homogeneous air–kerosene bubble column under elevated pressure ( P ). The specific pressure drop (Δ P / L ), gas holdup ( α G ), and Sauter mean diameter ( d 32 ) were experimentally measured in the bubble column with 1.8 m height and 0.1 m inner diameter, which was operated at a superficial gas velocity of 12.3 mm·s −1 , and P = 1–35 bar (1 bar = 10 5 Pa). A modified drag coefficient model was proposed to consider the effect of bubble swarm and pressure on hydrodynamics of the bubble column. The Luo breakage model was modified to account for liquid density, viscosity, surface tension and gas density. The Δ P / L , α G , and d 32 obtained from the CFD model were compared with experimental data, and the gas density-dependent parameters of the CFD model were identified. With increasing P from 1 to 35 bar, the α G varied from 5.4% to 7.2% and the d 32 decreased from 2.3 to 1.5 mm. The CFD-PBE model is applicable to predict hydrodynamics of pressurized bubble columns for gas–organic liquid in the homogeneous regime.

Modeling the effect of droplet shape and solid concentration on the suspension plasma spraying

A three-dimensional unsteady magnetohydrodynamic model employing a two-way coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method has been developed to simulate the suspension plasma spraying (SPS) process. In the current study, the developed model is employed to study the effect of droplets' shape and solid concentration (sub-micron yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)) on the SPS process. Assuming the droplets as the sphere is an idealization. While a droplet moves through the plasma gas field, circulation of the internal liquid, which depends on the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of suspension droplets, and plasma gas, starts. Moreover, the droplets are deformed as a result of non-uniform pressure forces acting on their surface. As the droplets' shape distorts, the drag coefficient changes. Therefore, using a drag coefficient model, incorporating the droplets' distortion is crucial to achieving an accurate spraying model. In the current study, a dynamic drag law is applied to analyze the effect of droplets/particles' shape on the SPS process. As a result of the catastrophic breakup within the plasma core area, the breakup model, Kelvin-Helmholtz Rayleigh-Taylor (KHRT), is used for stimulating the droplets/particles' atomization. The inflight particles' conditions (temperature, speed, and size) are computed by tracking the sprayed droplets even after the solvent evaporates. It was concluded that the percentage of the molten particles in the case of applying dynamic drag law (non-spherical particles) decreases significantly compared to the case of using spherical particles. The effect of suspension concentration is also studied. It was shown that using a higher solid concentration (20 compared to 10 wt.% YSZ) provides denser coating as a result of the larger molten landed particles with higher velocities.

Particle Dynamics in the Nearshore of Lake Michigan Revealed by an Observation‐Modeling System

AbstractGiven that few drifter experiments combined with a wave‐current coupled model system had been conducted in the complex nearshore area, this work was motivated to reveal the nearshore dynamics by applying an observation‐modeling system to Lake Michigan. Analysis of 11 surface drifters, wind, and current observations along the lake's eastern coast indicates that their trajectories are synergistically controlled by winds and initial releasing sites. Additionally, strong winds significantly impact nearshore dynamics, and the highly sensitive nearshore and offshore drifters are stranded in distinct regions. Simulations indicate that the model reproduces drifter trajectories and endpoints reasonably and that particle fates are mainly dominated by winds, while effects from heat flux and waves are also important. Further analysis of wave effects on particle dynamics indicates that both the wave‐induced sea surface roughness and Stokes drift advection are crucial to the simulated particle trajectories during wind events. Finally, virtual experiments confirm that particle dynamics are evidently susceptible to winds and initial locations. Overall, both the inclusion of physics effects (e.g., adding winds, heat fluxes, and waves) and diminishing the model uncertainties (e.g., from various wind data sources, wind drag coefficient formulations, model grids, and vertical turbulent mixing parameterizations) are important methods to improve the particle simulations. The successful application of this nearshore observation‐modeling system to Lake Michigan can be beneficial to the understanding of nearshore‐offshore transports and larval and fisheries recruitment success in similar freshwater and estuarine environments.

Evidence for Drag Coefficient Modeling Errors near and Above the Oxygen-to-Helium Transition

The ability to model atmospheric drag is critical for precise satellite orbit prediction below 1000 km altitudes. Uncertainty in atmospheric drag comes primarily from estimates of the atmospheric mass density and the spacecraft drag coefficient. Mismodeling the drag coefficient introduces errors in densities derived from atmospheric drag that are then used to predict drag forces and satellite orbits. Drag coefficient models are based on assumptions about the energy and momentum exchange between the atmospheric gas and the satellite surface, and the associated interaction parameters are the main source of uncertainty. In this work, some of these assumptions are evaluated by comparing the aerodynamic drag on satellites of different shapes. Atmospheric densities derived for Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and a set of compact satellites within a scale height of GRACE are normalized to an atmospheric model and compared. Offsets in these derived densities can be attributed to drag coefficient modeling assumptions. Results indicate that current drag coefficient models lead to normalized derived density differences of up to in low-pressure, high-altitude atmospheres nearing the oxygen-to-helium transition region. Consequently, current drag coefficient assumptions may lead to drag-derived mass densities that are underestimated by up to 35% at and above 500 km altitudes.

Shapes and Fall Speeds of Freezing and Frozen Raindrops

AbstractThis study investigates the shapes and fall speeds of freezing and frozen raindrops through field observations using an instrument called the high-speed optical disdrometer (HOD) that we developed recently. Our field observations showed that while the shapes of all of the observed freezing raindrops and a portion of the frozen raindrops (39% of the frozen raindrops that are larger than 1.0 mm in volume equivalent diameter D) resemble the shapes of warm raindrops, majority of frozen raindrops (61% of the frozen raindrops with D > 1.0 mm) exhibited a distinct feature such as a spicule, bulge, cavity, or aggregation. Field observations of axis ratios (i.e., ratio of the vertical to horizontal chord) and fall speeds were compared with the predictions of available models. Separate empirical axis ratio parameterizations were developed for the freezing and frozen raindrops using the HOD field observations and extensions to an available shape model were also incorporated. For the fall speeds of freezing and frozen raindrops, field observations demonstrated a good agreement with the predictions of the available parameterizations. Frozen raindrops showed a larger scatter of fall speeds around the mean fall speed of a given drop size than those of the freezing raindrops due to the shape variety among the frozen raindrops with the aforementioned distinct features. The drag coefficients for the observed hydrometeors were compared with the predictions of the available drag coefficient models. Separate “drag coefficient–Reynolds number” relationships for freezing and frozen raindrops were developed.

Development of Elastic Drag Coefficient Model and Explicit Terminal Settling Velocity Equation for Particles in Viscoelastic Fluids

Summary Viscoelastic fluids are frequently used as drilling or fracturing fluids to enhance cuttings or proppant transport efficiency. The solid transport performance of these fluids largely depends on the settling behaviors of suspended particles. Different from viscoinelastic fluids, the elastic and viscous characteristics of viscoelastic fluids both affect particle settling behaviors. In this study, to separately quantify the contribution degrees of the shear viscosity and fluid elasticity on the terminal settling velocity, we decompose the total drag force into a viscous drag force and an elastic drag force. Based on the experimental data from the available literature, it is concluded that the elastic drag force is a function of the fluid elasticity, particle diameter, particle terminal settling velocity, and density difference between the fluid and particle. The formula for the elastic drag force is determined on the basis of the force analysis, and a relationship between the elastic drag coefficient and particle Reynolds number (Re) is developed. An explicit equation that directly predicts the terminal settling velocity in viscoelastic fluids is determined by correlating the dimensionless particle diameter and Re. To validate the proposed model, a total of 108 settling experiments in viscoelastic fluids are conducted. The absolute percentage error (APE) between the predicted and measured terminal settling velocities is 15.26%, which indicates that the proposed explicit terminal settling velocity equation can provide satisfactory prediction accuracy of the terminal settling velocity for particles in viscoelastic fluids. Furthermore, an illustrative example is provided to show that the proposed model can be used to calculate the required fluid elasticity to obtain the desired terminal settling velocity when the fluid shear viscosity is fixed. The proposed models are valid with a consistency index range of approximately 0.16 to 1.2 Pa⋅sn, flow behavior index range of approximately 0.282 to 0.579, an Re range of approximately 0.005 to 30, and a fluid relaxation time range of approximately 0.183 to 110 seconds. This study can help operators choose proper drilling/fracturing fluids to enhance the cuttings/proppant transport and maximize drilling/fracturing performance.

A genetic programming-based model for drag coefficient of emergent vegetation in open channel flows

The estimation of drag exerted by vegetation is of great interest because of its importance in assessing the impact of vegetation on the hydrodynamic processes in aquatic environments. In the current research, genetic programming (GP), a machine learning (ML) technique based on natural selection, was adopted to search for a robust relationship between the bulk drag coefficient (Cd) for arrays of rigid circular cylinders representing emergent vegetation with blockage ratio (ψ), vegetation density (λ) and pore Reynolds number (Rep) based on published data. We utilize a data set covering a wide range of each parameter involved to cover all possible dependencies. A new predictor, which shares the same form with the Ergun-derived formula, was obtained without any pre-specified forms before searching. The dependence of the two parameters in Ergun equation on vegetation characteristics was also estimated by GP. This new Cd predictor for emergent vegetation with a relatively concise form exhibits a considerable improvement in terms of prediction ability relative to existing predictors.

Assessment of the interphase drag coefficients considering the effect of granular temperature or solid concentration fluctuation via comparison of DNS, DPM, TFM and experimental data

Highly-resolved simulations using two-fluid model (TFM) and discrete particle method (DPM) have indicated that the true interphase drag force of gas-solid system was underestimated by currently available drag correlations. Meanwhile, recent direct numerical simulations (DNS) have concluded that there is a need to consider the effect of the fluctuation of state variables on the interphase drag force, which results in an increase of the effective interphase drag force. Therefore, it is interesting to see how much improvement can be achieved when those drag coefficients are used. To this end, extensive TFM and DPM simulations were performed to assess the drag coefficients that consider the effect of granular temperature or solid concentration fluctuation, using the experimental and DNS data of Tang et al. (2016a), Luo et al. (2016) and Müller et al. (2008) as the benchmarks. It was found that (i) all currently available drag correlations that have included the fluctuation of state variables can only have a minor impact on simulation results as compared to the difference caused by using different basic drag correlations; they are insufficient to fill in the gap between DPM/TFM and DNS results; (ii) DPM simulations offer a much better agreement with DNS results, especially when compared to the DNS results of Luo et al. (2016); (iii) the local and global granular temperatures of DNS, DPM and TFM are in a fair agreement, but the anisotropy found in DNS is underestimated by DPM and TFM; and (iv) TFM cannot go through all of the phase space of interphase momentum exchange rate found in DNS, due to the averaged treatment in those methods. Present study highlights the need of a better model or correlation for the effective interphase drag coefficient.

A Drag Coefficient Modeling Approach Using Spatial and Temporal Fourier Expansions for Orbit Determination

The estimation and modeling of drag effects on low altitude satellites and debris is a limiting problem in the prediction of their orbits over time. Independent of the stochastic variations in atmospheric density, which drive the magnitude of the drag force, there are systematic variations in the drag coefficient due to satellite specific factors and atmospheric conditions. These include satellite attitude shifts, variations in ambient atmospheric parameters such as temperature, molecular composition, and the satellite wall temperature. Thus, even with accurate empirical models for the atmospheric density, there remain systematic model uncertainties and time variations in the effective coefficient of drag that affect the satellite’s motion, which are not captured using the standard constant drag coefficient model. We report on our recent research on developing Fourier expansion based models of an arbitrary object’s coefficient of drag with the overall purpose to develop corrections to the standard model. If the attitude profile of a satellite or object is known, a Fourier series expansion of the overall coefficient of drag as a function of wind vector direction in the body-frame can be introduced. For bodies with unknown or more complex attitude profiles, we introduce a periodically varying drag coefficient tied to a satellite’s position in orbit. This model enables the estimation of higher-order temporal variations in drag that would be correlated with variations in altitude, temperature and density. An improved prediction capability over the standard cannonball model is shown and the formulation of how it can be incorporated into standard filtering techniques is presented.

Shape and drag of irregular angular particles and test dust

Natural particles, such as sand and dust, often have irregular, angular shapes without porosity. Such sedimentary particles can have a significantly different drag coefficients than spherical particles, and a robust drag coefficient model is needed to accurately predict their trajectory in multiphase flows. Such a model requires quantitative characterization of their shape. Herein it is shown that the Corey Shape Factor is a suitable parameter to characterize particle drag coefficient for a wide variety of particles with Reynolds numbers up to 2 × 105. This is accomplished by investigating the shape effects for both the Stokes drag regime and for the Newton drag regime to provide a comprehensive and validated drag model for irregular angular particles as a function of Corey Shape Factor. In addition, the shape of ISO 12103 Arizona Road Dust is measured (for the first time) to allow use of the corresponding drag model.

A closure model for the drag coefficient of a sphere translating in a viscoelastic fluid

In many large-scale industrial applications dealing with particle-laden viscoelastic fluids, the ensemble-averaged behavior of the mixture is of most interest. The first step to parametrize this behavior is to develop an accurate expression to rapidly evaluate the drag coefficient over a broad range of kinematic parameters. The drag coefficient of a spherical particle translating in a viscoelastic matrix is strongly affected by the viscoelasticity of the fluid. In this study, we aim to parametrize the effects of fluid elasticity, especially the relaxation and retardation times, as well as inertia on the drag coefficient of a sphere translating in a viscoelastic fluid described by the Oldroyd-B model. To this end, we employed three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of viscoelastic flow past a stationary sphere. The accuracy of the numerical formulation is thoroughly tested against a number of benchmark problems consisting of steady flow past a sphere in a bounded circular or square domain filled with either a Newtonian or viscoelastic fluid. Initially, the numerical computations for the drag coefficient over a wide range of geometric and flow parameters are validated by comparison with existing data and drag correction models from the literature. The drag coefficient correction is then evaluated for unconfined flow past a sphere at different Reynolds number, Re, over a wide range of Deborah number, De < 9, and polymer viscosity ratio, 0 < ζ < 1. For small Deborah number (De < 1), the drag coefficient decreases with respect to the Stokes drag coefficient, whereas, at large Deborah number (De > 1), the drag is enhanced due to the large elastic stresses that develop on both the surface and wake of the sphere. These canonical behaviors, observed in the inertia-less flow regime (Re ≤ 1) are amplified as the polymer viscosity ratio approaches unity. At higher Reynolds numbers (Re > 1), the drag coefficient correction arising from viscoelasticity is found to be always bigger than unity, but smaller than the enhancement calculated in the creeping flow limit. In this regime, the formation of an axisymmetric recirculating eddy expands the wake region behind the sphere, and shifts the maximum elastic stresses away from the rear stagnation point towards the flow separation points. Motivated by the self-similarity observed at Re < 1, we propose an approximate model for the viscoelastic drag coefficient based on rational functions, using the lowest possible degree of polynomial functions required to fit the computational data with 95% accuracy, for De ≤ 5 and 0 < ζ < 1. This expression is a key step towards formulating a momentum-exchange model for the flow of dilute suspensions of solid particles in a viscoelastic matrix.

Properties of the Body of a Turbidity Current at Near‐Normal Conditions: 1. Effect of Bed Slope

AbstractWe study the body of turbidity currents in normal flow conditions by means of highly resolved direct numerical simulations of a homogeneous model. We focus on turbidity currents where the net amount of sediment is held fixed. We consider the sediment to be fine enough that their settling effect is neglected, and in the companion work we consider the effect of settling velocity. We consider five different shear Richardson numbers from 5 to 80. Under normal condition, basal drag and entrainment at the interface precisely balance the momentum supplied to the current from the excess weight of the sediment. The normal flow properties of a turbidity current can be fully characterized in terms of bulk Richardson number Ri and bulk Reynolds number Re. The velocity, concentration, and turbulent kinetic energy profiles take a self‐similar shape when the current is at near‐normal conditions. We observe the flow to display supercritical features for and to display subcritical features for . From the behavior at intermediate Richardson numbers it appears that the transition between subcritical to supercritical behavior is not sharp. We observe good agreement between experimental and simulation results in both regimes. The entrainment coefficient as a function of bulk Richardson number at normal condition is in good agreement with the empirical relation and with available experimental results. We present a simple model for drag coefficient as a function of bulk Reynolds and Richardson numbers.

Characterization and Simulation of a Low-Pressure Rotator Spray Plate Sprinkler Used in Center Pivot Irrigation Systems

Spray sprinklers enable to operate at low pressures (&lt;103 kPa) in self-propelled irrigation machines. A number of experiments were performed to characterize the water distribution pattern of an isolated rotator spray plate sprinkler operating at very low pressure under different experimental conditions. The experiments were performed under two pressures (69 kPa and 103 kPa) and in calm and windy conditions. The energy losses due to the impact of the out-going jet with the sprinkler plate were measured using an optical technique. The adequacy to reproduce the measured water distribution pattern under calm conditions of two drop size distribution models was evaluated. A ballistic model was used to simulate the water distribution pattern under wind conditions evaluating three different drag models: (1) considering solid spherical drops; (2) a conventional model based on wind velocity and direction distortion pattern, and (3) a new drag coefficient model independent of wind speed. The energy losses measured with the optical method range from 20% to 60% from higher to lower nozzle sizes, respectively, for both evaluated working pressures analyzing over 16,500 droplets. For the drop size distribution selected, Weibull accurately reproduced the water application with a maximum root mean square error (RMSE) of 19%. Up to 28% of the RMSE could be decreased using the wind-independent drag coefficient model with respect to the conventional model; the difference with respect to the spherical model was 4%.

Experimental Investigations of Single Bubble Rising in Static Newtonian Fluids as a Function of Temperature Using a Modified Drag Coefficient

In the oil production industry, it is of significance to measure and predict the form of multi-phase flow and gas flow that are present within petroleum production and processing pipelines. One component which has received little attention is the characteristics of bubbly flow around production pipelines. Rising bubble behavior in a wellbore changes with various factors, of which temperature leading to variations of liquids properties is one of the important factors. Herein, using an improved drag coefficient model to investigate bubble rising behavior at different temperatures is considered to calculate bubble flow velocities for drilling design, operation and wellbore pressure control. Firstly, a series of simulated laboratory experiments were conducted at 5–100 °C in four Newtonian fluids to obtain liquid properties and bubble parameters, such as bubbles shape, terminal velocity and trajectory. Then, compared with terminal velocities obtained by using the drag coefficients models CD = 0.95, which was considered to be constant by many literature at high Reynolds region (Re > 135), the modified drag coefficient model CD = 1.227 yielded better satisfactory prediction results for bubbles terminal rising velocity. Additionally, a new correlation using Reynolds number, Eotvos number, Weber number is proposed to predict bubble terminal velocity at low Reynolds number (Re < 135) based on experimental data and the Schiller–Naumann model. The results showed excellent agreement with the experimental data, with standard error of 5.32%.

Novel drag coefficient models of ionic liquid – spherical particle system

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proved to be excellently potential catalysts and solvents in a few chemical processes. In order to provide fundamental data for the reactor design and process optimization, it is essential to investigate the hydrodynamics and the mass transfer phenomena of liquid-solid two-phase systems containing ILs. In this work, we focus on the investigation of the hydrodynamic properties of a spherical particle in ILs, and a series of experiments are implemented in a cylindrical bubble column with three different diameters of spherical particles made of borosilicate glass (2 mm, 3 mm and 4 mm) in three kinds of ILs ([Bmim][BF4], [Bmim][PF6] and [Bmim][Tf2N]). Moreover, Two key physical quantities (terminal velocity of particle and contact angle) are measured with a high-speed camera system and an automatic contact angle meter. Based on dimensional analysis, two novel empirical models of the drag coefficient (CD) between a spherical particle and ILs are developed in the range of particle’s Reynolds number (Re) from 0.1 to 85. The first model is simple and the calculated CD agrees fairly well with the experimental data. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the effects of surface properties on CD, a newly defined dimensionless number (Mo′) is introduced into IL-particle flow studies for the first time, which comes into being a more rigorous model. The average predicted deviations of the two models are ±1.1% and ±1.5% respectively, which is much lower than that of contrastive models in the same situations (about 13.3% or more). These two models are significant for studying the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of IL-particle systems as well as the fluid dynamics simulation in related reactors.

Research on Underbody Flattening of a Passenger Vehicle towards Aerodynamics Optimization

A CFD method for the full-scale external flow of a passenger vehicle is established. Based on the comparison between the simulation and wind tunnel test results, the reliability to use this model and method for the aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd) and lift coefficient (Cl) prediction of the vehicle is verified. The trend of Cd and Cl for five models with different underbody flattening degree shows the significance of underbody flattening on the aerodynamic performance, with nearly 18% on the drag and over 30% on the lift coefficient optimization

A dynamic cluster structure-dependent drag coefficient model applied to gas-solid risers

A dynamic cluster structure-dependent (CSD) drag coefficient model is proposed to be consistent with the temporal-spatial characteristics of dynamic clusters through the convective accelerations and temporal accelerations of the dense phase and the dilute phase. The CSD drag coefficient is determined by a nonlinear micro-meso-grid scales equation set which consists of three momentum conservation equations, two mass balance equations, one equation for volume fraction balance, and an extreme value of a function in combination with the bivariate extreme value (BEV) theory. Flow behavior of gas and particles is predicted by means of gas-solid two-fluid model coupled with CSD drag model and kinetic theory of granular flow. The distributions of independent variables of dense phase and dilute phase are predicted in the riser. Numerical analysis suggests that the inertial difference between the dense phase and the dilute phase affects flow behavior of dynamically temporal-spatial clusters in risers. The simulated solids volume fraction, cluster existence time fraction and frequency of cluster occurrence are compared to experimental measurements in the literature.

Consistent closures for Euler-Lagrange models of bi-disperse gas-particle suspensions derived from particle-resolved direct numerical simulations

Particle-Resolved Direct Numerical Simulation (PR-DNS) is employed to simulate momentum and energy transport in bi-disperse gas-solid suspensions by means of a novel hybrid immersed-boundary/fictitious domain (HFD-IB) method. First, we demonstrate the accuracy of the new HFD-IB method against several verification tests. Subsequently, we simulate momentum and energy transfer in bi-disperse suspensions in the limit of high Stokes number, and the predicted flow and temperature fields are used, in conjunction with the open-source parallel data processing library CPPPO (Municchi et al., 2016), to assess the validity of existing closures for momentum and heat transfer in the frame of Particle-Unresolved Euler-Lagrange (PU-EL) models. We propose a correction to the drag force model proposed by Beetstra et al. (2009) which consistently takes into account the pressure contribution to the total fluid-particle interaction force in PU-EL models. Also, we propose a stochastic closure model for the per-particle drag coefficient based on a modified log-normal distribution. Finally, we assess the existence of an analogy between the particle-based drag coefficient and the conditionally-averaged Nusselt number. Indeed, our PR-DNS data indicates that a stochastic closure similar to that for the drag can be used to close the particle-based Nusselt number in dense bidisperse suspensions.

New density estimates derived using accelerometers on board the CHAMP and GRACE satellites

AbstractAtmospheric mass density estimates derived from accelerometers onboard satellites such as CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) are crucial in gaining insight into open science questions about the dynamic coupling between space weather events and the upper atmosphere. Recent advances in physics‐based satellite drag coefficient modeling allow derivation of new density data sets. This paper uses physics‐based satellite drag coefficient models for CHAMP and GRACE to derive new estimates for the neutral atmospheric density. Results show an average difference of 14–18% for CHAMP and 10–24% for GRACE between the new and existing data sets depending on the space weather conditions (i.e., solar and geomagnetic activity levels). The newly derived densities are also compared with existing models, and results are presented. These densities are expected to be useful to the wider scientific community for validating the development of physics‐based models and helping to answer open scientific questions regarding our understanding of upper atmosphere dynamics such as the sensitivity of temporal and global density variations to solar and geomagnetic forcing.

CFD Simulation of Effect of Interphase Forces and Turbulence Models on Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flows in Non-Industrial Aluminum Electrolysis Cells

Numerical simulations of gas–liquid two-phase flows in aluminum electrolysis cells using the Euler–Euler approach were presented. The attempt was made to assess the performance and applicability of different interphase forces (drag, lift, wall lubrication, and turbulent dispersion forces) and turbulence models (standard k–e, renormalization group k–e, standard k–ω, shear stress transport k–ω, and Reynolds stress models). Moreover, three different bubble-induced turbulence models have been also analyzed. The simulated electrolyte velocity profiles were discussed by comparing with each other and against published experimental data. Based on the results of the validation of different interphase forces and turbulence models, a set consisting of the dispersed standard k–e model, Grace drag coefficient model, Simonin turbulent dispersion force model, and Sato et al.’s bubble-induced effective viscosity model was found to provide the best agreement with the experimental data. The prediction results showed that the contributions of the lift force and the wall lubrication force can be neglected for the present bubbly flows.