Douglas Fir Bark Research Articles

Procyanidin tetramers and pentamers from douglas fir bark

The oligomeric fraction of an aqueous extract of the inner bark of Douglas fir bark ( Pseudotsuga manziesii) yielded two procyanidin tetramers and two pentamers, one of which is novel. Chemical and spectroscopic data indicated that these compounds consisted exclusively of epicatechin monomer units linked together by C-4 to C-8 interflavanoid bonds and terminated with an epicatechin or catechin unit. 2D NMR studies (COSY and NOESY) indicated that these oligomers assumed the stretched or extended conformation in solution.

The characterization of charcoal and high-density carbon pellets produced from Douglas-fir bark

High-density carbon pellets (HDCP) produced from Douglas-fir bark could provide an alternate source of carbon for industry. The production of HDCP in vertical retorts is discussed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), carbon elemental analysis, and other analytical methods were used to characterize HDCP. HDCP produced from Douglas-fir bark in this work have 90% fixed carbon, an average density of 1.3 g/mL, and 1.18% average ash content with negligible metal impurities. These pellets should be particularly suited for use in the production of adsorbents, high-grade carbons, reductants, carbon black, carbon electrodes, and activated carbons.

The Utilization of Douglas-Fir Bark for the Production of Oxalic Acid and High Density Carbon Pellets

The production of oxalic acid by the catalytic oxidation of Douglas-fir (Psedotsuga menfiesii (Mirb) Franco) bark and subsequent pyrolysis of the residue to produce high density carbon pellets is discussed. Kinetic rate data are presented for oxalic acid production from Douglasfir bark. A maximum yield of 38 wt% oxalic acid has been obtained in 8 h at 80°C with 62.5 vol% HNO3 and 0.5 mg V2O5/g of bark. Additional oxalic acid can be produced by the conversion of pyrolytic oils and tars (obtained during carbonization of the residue) to increase the total yield to 45 wt%. An economic analysis based on the current cost of oxalic acid indicates the viability of the proposed process.

Procyanidin polymers of Douglas fir bark: Structure from degradation with phloroglucinol

Reaction of the condensed tannin polymers of Douglas fir inner bark with phloroglucinol yielded catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B-2, catechin-(4α→2)-phloroglucinol, epicatechin-(4β→2)-phloroglucinol, the novel compound epicatechin-(4α→2)-phloroglucinol and 1,3-di (2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(3,4-di-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-2-ol. Also isolated were epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→2)-phloroglucinol, epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin-(4β→2)-phloroglucinol, and three other novel phloroglucinol adducts, catechin-(4α→8)-epicatechin-(4β→2)-phloroglucinol, epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→2)-phloroglucinol and epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→2)-phloroglucinol. The results suggest that the configuration of the extender units is almost exclusively 2,3- cis, while the terminal units are mixed, with 2,3- cis slightly predominating. The C-4 to C-8 interflavanoid linkage predominates over the C-4 to C-6 linkage by a 4:1 ratio.

Douglas-fir and western larch: chemical and physical properties in relation to Douglas-fir bark beetle attack.

Frequency of Douglas-fir bark beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), attack on western larch (Lark occidentalis Nutt.) was negatively correlated with 3-carene content of the xylem oleoresin. Concentrations of all oleoresin volatiles from stem cores of standing trees were higher in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) than in western larch with the single exception of 3-carene. Successful brood production by the Douglas-fir bark beetle in standing trees of Douglas-fir but not western larch may therefore be explained, at least in part, by the high 3-carene content of western larch. Other differences between the species that might affect susceptibility to beetle attack include thinner phloem, higher phloem moisture content and larger diameter vertical resin ducts in western larch compared with Douglas-fir. Live standing western larch had no oleoresin exudation pressure, suggesting that this trait is not associated with resistance to attack by the Douglas-fir bark beetle in this species.

PROGRESS TOWARDS EARLY DETECTION OF POPULATION QUALITY DIFFERENCES IN BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

AbstractSamples of the Douglas-fir bark beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., taken from two different segments of the infested bole were different in gallery production, egg deposition, and yolk deposition. The same two groups were distinguished by comparing fat body cell nuclei taken before the onset of the reproductive period. Techniques for comparing nuclei involved creation and analysis of digital images of nuclei. These groups were indistinguishable from each other, at that stage, by any other known method. The two groups differed in total absorbance of Fuelgen-stained nuclei (DNA content) and nuclear area. Significance of these findings is discussed in relation to early detection of reproduction-related quality differences and population dynamics of bark beetles.

Chemicals from forest products by supercritical fluid extraction

Supercritical acetone or methanol extraction of wood gave liquid products with a maximum yield of 74%. Approximately 5% of these complex products was identified as substituted guaiacols and levoglucosan. Acetone extract could substitute for 30% of the phenol in phenolic resins. Resin and fatty acids were extracted from southern pine and waxes from Douglas-fir bark using supercritical carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, propane or ethylene. Of these, propane and nitrous oxide gave the best yields.

American Society of Naturalists

Previous articleNext article No AccessAmerican Society of NaturalistsPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 114, Number 1Jul., 1979 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/283465 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1979 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:M. ASlam Ali, Murray L. Laver, Christopher J. Biermann, Robert L. Krahmer, Robert D. Sproull The characterization of charcoal and high-density carbon pellets produced from Douglas-fir bark, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 24-25, no.11 (Mar 1990): 75–86.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02920235

A kinetic model for pyrolysis of Douglas fir bark

A kinetic study of catalysed and non-catalysed pyrolysis of Douglas fir bark was conducted using a DuPont 951 Thermogravimetric Analyzer. A kinetic model in which activation energy is assumed to be a linear function of the extent of reaction was used to describe the pyrolysis of bark. It was found that as conversion increases from 10 to 70% the apparent activation energy increases (as 101.7 + 142.7 X) to 201.8 kJ/mol for the non-catalysed bark and (as 102.6 + 86.2 X) to 162.8 kJ/mol for the catalysed bark. The order of reaction was found to be one for the non-catalysed and two for the catalysed bark. The model shows good agreement with the data reported by other investigators using a fluidized bed.

Amount and Kind of Growth Media in Soilless Greenhouse Tomato Production1

Abstract Decreasing the volume of a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) sawdust growth medium from 33 to 16 liters per plant by a reduction in bed area had a relatively small effect upon greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit size or yield. Comparable yields were obtained from a 3:1 mixture of sawdust and sphagnum peat at 11 liters per plant Reducing the volume from 55 to 11 liters per plant by decreasing sawdust depth did not affect yield. A white polyethylene film covering the beds at lower volumes and depths of growth media, however, significantly increased fruit size, but not yields. Satisfactory yields were obtained from 9.2 liters per plant of sawdust, sphagnum peat or ground Douglas-fir bark in either plastic bags or in wooden-sided beds, or from either crushed expanded shale or sand in beds. The application at transplanting of a 1.25 cm sand layer on the surface of sawdust-filled bags was effective in improving moisture distribution but did not significantly increase yields.

Stem cankers of young Douglas-firs associated with larval feeding galleries of Laspeyresia pseudotsugae (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae

The feeding galleries of lepidopterous larvae (Laspeyresia pseudotsugae Evans) in bark of young Douglas-fir were extensively cankered, resulting in permanent damage to the trees. The chief fungus associated with the cankering was Pragmopora pithya [(Fr.) Fr.] Groves. The damage occurred in plantations on Vancouver Island and adjacent mainland of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, U.S.A.

The effects of dihydroquercetin on the cut surface of seed potatoes

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects which dihydroquercetin (DHQ) has on the natural healing process of suberization and wound periderm initiation in cut seed potatoes. Dihydroquercetin is a phenolic compound extracted from the bark of Douglas Fir,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.

Resistance of Sawdusts, Peats, and Bark to Decomposition in the Presence of Soil and Nutrient Solution

AbstractThe ability of sawdusts, peats, and bark to withstand decomposition when used as soil substitutes in greenhouse culture was determined for differing particle sizes, nutrient additions, and admixtures with soil by means of incubation in the laboratory over a 36‐month period. Particle size was not an important factor but the presence of soil greatly increased the rate of decomposition of bark, sawdusts, and sphagnum peats, which shows the necessity of avoiding contamination of these media by soil. The additions of a nutrient solution containing fairly low levels of N, P, and K increased the rate of decomposition greatly in red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) sawdust, moderately in Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) sawdust, but by only a small amount in Douglas‐fir bark, and decreased the rate of decomposition in the peats. The combination of soil and nutrient solution was particularly detrimental to alder and Douglas‐fir sawdusts but had less effect on Douglasfir bark. The addition of sand to Douglas‐fir and alder sawdusts did not increase their decomposition rates either with or without nutrient solution and its inclusion in a growing medium may be useful in facilitating the establishment of new transplants.

The n-hexane-soluble components of Pseudotsuga menziesii bark

β-Sitosterol and campesterol were identified in the n-hexane-soluble fraction of Douglas-fir bark and the presence of other 'steroid-like' compounds was demonstrated. GLC and MS showed the presence of terpenes.

Failure of ovarian development in the Douglas-fir bark beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae; an analysis of gut proteases and female-specific proteins

The failure of ovarian development in Douglas-fir bark beetles denied of their natural gallery environment and maintained on host bark chips was investigated. Such insects possessed a high activity of proteolytic enzymes in their guts but relatively small amounts of female-specific proteins both in haemolymph and the oocytes. Topical application of farnesyl methyl ether did not increase the activity of gut proteases but resulted in increased amounts of female-specific proteins in haemolymph and ovaries. Thus it appears that the Douglas-fir bark beetles maintained on bark chips do not suffer from an inability to break down the ingested proteins, but synthesize and transfer less than normal amounts of female-specific proteins to the developing oocytes.

Comparison of Mineral and Fiber Nesting Materials

Dirty and cracked eggs are problems for all egg producers. Attempts have been made to reduce the incidence of damaged eggs by use of various nesting materials. Hansen et al. (1948) found that excelsior gave consistently good results when compared to straw, wood fiber, wood shavings, rice hulls, almond shells, diatomaceous silica pellets and Douglas fir bark cork pellets. Conclusive results were not obtained due to litter conditions. Siegel and Howes (1959) indicated that nesting materials have little effect upon the percentage of clean, cracked or broken eggs provided the nesting material is maintained properly. Shavings, hay or sugar cane frequently required attention as compared to calcined clay. Dawson and Watts (1952) found that condition of floor litter affected egg cleanliness more than nesting material. Eggs averaged being the cleanest on servall and dirtiest with chopped straw, ground corn cobs and chick bed. Other materials used were shavings, excelsior pads…

A microanalytical method for the determination of dihydroquercetin in wood

Dihydroquercetin (3,5,7,3' A'-pentahydroxytlavanone) is a major constituent of the alcohol soluble materials in the wood of Larch species and the wood and bark of Douglas-fir. A sensitive analytical method is needed to enable rapid assessment of amounts of dihydroquercetin (DHQ) when processing commercial materials and for studies of biochemical aspects of DHQ formation. Ability to analyse very small wood SaD1ples is a most important criterion from a biochemical standpoint. Most quantitative estimates of the amount of DHQ in wood have employed the method of BARTON AND .GARDNER1.!. This method suffers from limitations in that it is spet:ific for 3-hydroxyflavanones not only DHQ, has a relatively low sensitivity, and is

Two Artificial (Oligidic) Media for the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

AbstractTwo artificial (oligidic) media have been developed for the rearing of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae under xenic conditions. One medium composed of macerated, frozen inner bark of Douglas fir, brewers yeast, antimicrobial agents sorbic acid and sodium benzoate, and water, permitted 75.17%, ± 3.04 S.E., of newly hatched larvae to develop to the adult stage. A second medium, composed of powdered, lyophilized inner bark of Douglas fir, brewers yeast, sorbic acid, sodium benzoate, glucose, cellulose, water, and agar, permitted 41.72%, ± 3.14 S.E., of newly hatched larvae to develop to the adult stage. The rate of development on each medium to the fourth-instar, pupal, and adult stages was somewhat shorter than that in published developmental data for this species. Immature beetles appear to be tolerant of considerable variation in pH and physical consistency and palatability of food material but are relatively sensitive to moisture levels. The adults obtained from each of the two media appeared to be normal, and the females were capable of laying viable eggs.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEMATODES, EKTAPHELENCHUS MACROSTYLUS N. SP., AND LAIMAPHELENCHUS ULMI N. SP., WITH A KEY TO SPECIES OF LAIMAPHELENCHUS

Two new species of nematodes from Canada are described. Females of Ektaphelenchus macrostylus n. sp. were collected from the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., and males from the beetle galleries in the bark of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Laimaphelenchus ulmi n. sp. was collected from bark of elm, Ulmus americana L. A key is given to the species of Laimaphelenchus.

The Douglas-Fir Bark Beetle Epidemic on the Millicoma Forest: Methods Used for Control and Salvage

The Douglas-Fir Bark Beetle Epidemic on the Millicoma Forest: Methods Used for Control and Salvage