Double Wishbone Suspension Research Articles

An Improved Genetic Algorithm to Optimize Spatial Locations for Double-Wishbone Type Suspension System with Time Delay

By taking account of double-wishbone independent suspension with two unequal-length arms, the coordinate values of articulated geometry are based on structural limitations and constraint equations of alignment parameters. The sensitivities of front wheel alignment parameters are analyzed using the space analytic geometry method with insight module in ADAMS® software. The multiobjective optimization functions are designed to calculate the coordinate values of hardpoints with front suspension since the effect of time delay due to wheelbase can be easily obtained by vehicle speed. The K&C characteristics have been investigated using GA solutions in the simulation environment. The camber angle decreases from 1.152° to 1.05° and toe-in angle reduces from 1.036° to 0.944°. The simulation results demonstrate that the suggested optimization method is able to satisfy the suspension motion to enhance ride comfort. Experimental results, obtained by K&C test bench, also indicate that the optimized suspension can track the desired trajectory while keeping the vehicle performance in various road conditions.

Design of Double Wishbone Suspension System of BAJA Vehicle

Design of Double Wishbone Suspension System of BAJA Vehicle

Adaptive interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems for vehicle handling enhancement by new nonlinear model of variable geometry suspension system

This research examines the emerging role of adaptive interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems (AIT2FLS) versus adaptive type-1 fuzzy logic system (AT1FLS) in vehicle handling by a new nonlinear model of the variable geometry suspension system (VGS) as a vehicle active suspension system. A proper controller is needed in order to have soft response and robustness against challenging vehicle maneuvers. Two controllers, including AT1FLS and AIT2FLS have been used in the paper. The proposed AIT2FLS can efficiently handle system uncertainties, especially in the presence of most difficult challenging vehicle maneuvers in comparison with AT1FLS. The interval type-2 fuzzy adaptation law adjusts the consequent parameters of the rules constructed on the Lyapunov synthesis approach. For this purpose, the kinematic equations are obtained for the vehicle double wishbone suspension system and they are substituted in a nonlinear vehicle handling model with eight degrees of freedoms (8DOFs). Thereby, a new nonlinear model for the analysis of VGS is obtained. The results indicate that between the two controllers, the proposed AIT2FLS has better overall vehicle handling, robustness and soft response.

DESIGN ANALYSIS OF LOWER CONTROL ARM OF MAC PHERSON SUSPENSION SYSTEM

The most important component in vehicle is suspension system which directly affects the safety performance and noise level. Suspension arm is one of the most important components in the suspension system. It is fitted in various types of the suspensions like Macpherson wishbone or double wishbone suspensions. The lower control arm is a wishboneshaped metal strut that attaches the wheel to the vehicles frame. In order to determine the deformation and stress distribution in the current design the finite element analysis is carried out. The baseline model of the lower control arm is created by using solid modeling software viz. CATIA. ANSYS Workbench is used for Finite Element Analysis This study deals with Finite Element Analysis of the Lower control arm of Mac pherson suspension system.

DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF BRAKE DISC MADE OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR A MOTOR CYCLE

The most important component in vehicle is suspension system which directly affects the safety performance and noise level. Suspension arm is one of the most important components in the suspension system. It is fitted in various types of the suspensions like Macpherson wishbone or double wishbone suspensions. The lower control arm is a wishboneshaped metal strut that attaches the wheel to the vehicles frame. In order to determine the deformation and stress distribution in the current design the finite element analysis is carried out. The baseline model of the lower control arm is created by using solid modeling software viz. CATIA. ANSYS Workbench is used for Finite Element Analysis This study deals with Finite Element Analysis of the Lower control arm of Mac pherson suspension system.

Design of a suspension system and determining suspension parameters of a medium downforce small Formula type car

The focus of the paper is on designing a suspension system for a medium downforce small Formula type race car. The paper not only focusses on step by step design for a double wishbone type suspension but will also show the use and role of kinematics software in determining the optimized suspension of the car. The paper will also focus on the use of tire data in determining suspension parameters and the design of the double wishbone suspension. Various parameters, their design importance and the process to optimize them according to suspension design goals will be covered. The easiest and best ways to change the suspension parameters to get the best results will also be covered.

The Optimization Study of the Front Suspension Structure Parameters for the Mine Truck Based on Adams/car

The suspension performance is heavily determined by the suspension structure parameters. This paper researches the geometric relations between the structure parameters of double wishbone front suspension and alignment parameters of steering wheel, then establishes a double wishbone suspension steering system dynamics model using ADAMS/car, finally simulates and optimizes the main hard points of the front suspension with the wheel alignment parameters as optimization objective. The optimized steering wheel alignment parameters basically meet the design requirements, and the calculated results have been applied to the real truck, and achieved good results.

A unified approach to the kinematic synthesis of five-link, four-link, and double-wishbone suspension mechanisms with rack-and-pinion steering control

This paper presents a unified approach to the problem of dimensional synthesis of the five-link, four-link, and three-link (double-wishbone) suspension mechanisms with a rack-and-pinion steering input. In a simplified approach, the guiding links are assumed to be removed from their joints, allowing the wheel to be exactly driven through a number of prescribed jounce–rebound and steering positions during the kinematic synthesis process. Alternatively, the tie rod is maintained in place, and the rack length and the lengths of the remaining four guiding links are allowed to vary. An optimization problem based on the aggregated change in distance between the released ball joints evaluated in the aforementioned positions is then defined. By prescribing to the wheel a jounce–rebound motion only, rear-suspension mechanisms of the five-link, four-link, and three-link types can be conveniently synthesized by following the same procedure. Several solutions obtained through synthesis are then analyzed for their changes in steering error, recessional wheel motion, wheel track, toe angle and camber angle, showing very promising results. Additionally, a comprehensive review of nearly 150 publications relevant to the suspension design of automobiles is provided in the paper.

Design and analysis of flat joint connection of double wishbone suspension A arm

Design and analysis of flat joint connection of double wishbone suspension A arm

On the analysis of double wishbone suspension regarding steering input and anti-dive/lift effect

On the analysis of double wishbone suspension regarding steering input and anti-dive/lift effect

STATIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SUSPENSION ARM USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

The function of suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to rough terrains or road disturbances and to provide stability under circumstances like accelerating, cornering, uneven road, braking, loading and unloading etc. Control arm is one of the most important part of the suspension system, as it joins the steering knuckle to the vehicle frame. Also suspension arm is responsible for up and down movement of wheels when hitting bumps. It is also designed to maximize the friction between tire contacts, patch the road surface to provide vehicle stability under any circumstances. It can be seen in many types of the suspensions like wishbone or double wishbone suspensions. Many times it is also called as A-type control arm. In this study control arm was reverse engineered. Reverse engineering refers to the process of obtaining a CAD model from an existing physical part. CAD model was prepared using CATIA v5 software and finite element analysis was done using ANSYS 14.5 software by importing the parasolid file to ANSYS. The model is subjected to loading and boundary conditions and then analyzed using the FEA techniques. The static structural analysis was done to find out the stress, deformation and safety factor of component. The model was meshed using 10-noded tetrahedral elements. Result obtained from the analysis were studied to check whether the design is safe or not. In some cases the stresses becomes more than safe limit. In that case optimization approach is carried out to increase the structural strength of the component. In this case maximum von-misses stress is 211 MPa which is below the yield strength of the material.

Reduction of Multibody Dynamic Models in Automotive Systems Using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is employed to reduce the order of small-scale automotive multibody systems. The reduction procedure is demonstrated using three models of increasing complexity: a simplified dynamic vehicle model with a fully independent suspension, a kinematic model of a single double-wishbone suspension, and a high-fidelity dynamic vehicle model with double-wishbone and trailing-arm suspensions. These three models were chosen to evaluate the effectiveness of the POD given systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), algebraic equations (AEs), and differential-algebraic equations (DAEs), respectively. These models are also components of more complicated full vehicle models used for design, control, and optimization purposes, which often involve real-time simulation. The governing kinematic and dynamic equations are generated symbolically and solved numerically. Snapshot data to construct the reduced subspace are obtained from simulations of the original nonlinear systems. The performance of the reduction scheme is evaluated based on both accuracy and computational efficiency. Good agreement is observed between the simulation results from the original models and reduced-order models, but the latter simulate substantially faster. Finally, a robustness study is conducted to explore the behavior of a reduced-order system as its input signal deviates from the reference input that was used to construct the reduced subspace.

Design of Wheel Lifting Hydraulic System for Amphibious Vehicle

In accordance to the drawback of amphibious vehicle's low speed in water, a new kind of folding mechanism based on double wishbone suspension is proposed. Referring to the working conditions of the wheel lifted mechanism, the hydraulic circuit, which provides with the functions of pressure limiting, locked and pressure retaining, is designed to ensure the accuracy of wheel lifted and the driving safety. The appropriate hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic components and auxiliary components are chosen due to the hydraulic system load and the maximum flow rate.

On the analysis of double wishbone suspension

This paper introduces novel approaches for analysis of the double wishbone suspension mechanism. In the literature, to the best of our knowledge there is no analysis study available for the double wishbone mechanism that is performed “analytically”. Initially kinematic model of the double wishbone mechanism is established. Then, a kinematic analysis methodology is presented. This analysis procedure is carried out analytically. The essential parameters; camber, caster, kingpin, toe angles, and track variation are defined according to the kinematic model. A double wishbone suspension mechanism is synthesized as an example by using the method presented in this study. Variations of the essential parameters with respect to wheel travel are plotted. The synthesized mechanism is established both in Lotus Suspension Analysis and Catia software and same results with the analytical model are obtained. Thus, it is verified that mechanisms of different dimensions can be analyzed and parameters can be optimized precisely and swiftly by using this analytical approach.

Relative kinematic and handling performance analyses of independent axle suspensions for a heavy-duty mining truck

A variety of axle suspension linkage configurations with hydro-pneumatic struts are increasingly being used in mining trucks to achieve improved ride comfort and higher operating speeds. In this study, relative kinematic properties of four different independent front axle suspensions are investigated together with their effects on the handling dynamics of a mining truck. These included a composite linkage (CL), a candle (CA), a trailing arm (TA) and a double wishbone (DW) suspension. The kinematic responses are integrated to a handling model of a mining truck to study their relative handling characteristics. The results suggest that the CL and DW suspensions yield relatively higher under-/over-steer gradients and lower peak directional responses respectively during the steady-turn and lane-change manoeuvres compared with the CA and TA suspensions. The CL suspension may be considered desirable for future designs of high-performance trucks owing to its superior anti-roll performance under both steady and transient steering inputs.

Graph-Theoretic Sensitivity Analysis of Multibody Systems

A graph-theoretic formulation to perform sensitivity analysis on multibody systems is presented in this article. In this formulation, linear graphs are used to capture the system topologies from which a graph-theoretic formulation simultaneously generates the system equations and the sensitivity equations. This ensures the automated, accurate, and efficient generation of sensitivity equations. The basic formulation steps are outlined to illustrate the process of the generation of sensitivity equations. The salient aspects of multibody systems are presented along with a brief description of the software platform that has been used to implement the algorithm. A 3D pendulum and a double-wishbone suspension system are analyzed to demonstrate the application of the algorithm. The results are validated by using a finite difference formulation. Finally, the efficiency of the software implementation is assessed by comparing the computational costs associated with the proposed method and that of existing methods.

Double Wishbone Independent Suspension Parameter Optimization and Simulation

The wheeled armoredvehicle double wishbone independent suspension system, established the double wishbone suspension arm model, and optimized analysis. Optimization results show that: the suspension parameters optimization design, the front suspension performance has been greatly improved.

Design and Analysis of Double Wishbone Suspension Module with Wheel-Track Variant Wheels

Based on the new type of wheel-track variant wheel prototype which is developed independently and creatively, the paper focuses on several problems, including the severe wear of track links, the difficulty in steering under the form of track, and so on, and combines the characteristics of variant wheel, so as to design and analyze the positional parameters of variant wheel-double wishbone suspension module. Besides, through refitting the variant wheel based on a type of all terrain farmer truck (UTV), the paper builds a model for the kinematics analysis of UTV variant wheel—double wishbone suspension model, and takes the minimum of the weighed sum of changes in wheel alignment parameters and the lateral displacement of variant wheel which affect wheel wear and steering as the optimized objective, so as to carry out an optimization calculation for its suspension system. In addition to that, the paper modifies UTV based on the optimization results, solves the problems arising in the experiments of variant wheel, and provides theoretical support and references for the application of wheel-track variant wheel in other types of vehicles.

DESIGN ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION

The paper deals with study and analysis of the suspension parameters. The suspension design is very important to control the vehicle in motion. The automobile is moving machine it is not static machine. The vehicle while in motion encounters pitching, Rolling, Bouncing, yawing. These motions are initiated from the suspension system. In this paper double wishbone type of suspension system is considered for the analysis. we hierarchically structured design items from design variables that represent suspension geometry to evaluation criterion related to practical operation situations. Some of the crucial parameters are considered for the analysis and result is tabulated. Finally we showed that the optimal design solutions can be obtained.

Global Optimal Design and Dynamic Validation of an Independent Double Wishbone Air Suspension Using Genetic Algorithm

In view of the drawbacks of the traditional optimal methods in the suspension structure optimization, this paper elaborates a genetic algorithm (GA) based global optimal design so as to improve the vehicle performance. Firstly, an independent double wishbone air suspension (IDWAS) is constructed. After defining the linkage relation of the guide mechanism of the IDWAS, the model is verified followed with the parametric design. Furthermore, in consideration of the prescribed targets of the vehicle kinematics, the wheel alignment parameters (WAPs) are selected as the objectives of the optimal design of the vehicle kinematics. Apart from the kinematic analysis of the IDWAS, dynamic analysis before and after optimization as well as the traditional independent double wishbone suspension (TIDWS) are also conducted. Numerical results show that the changes of the WAPs are within a certain range and the guide mechanism follows the prescribed constraints. Simulation results show that the IDWAS is superior to the TIDWS, while the optimized IDWAS has a slight improvement as compared to the original IDWAS in dynamic performance of the suspension.