Optimal Dose Research Articles

Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy of Clavipectoral Plane Block and Serratus Posterior Superior Intercostal Plane Block Combination in Clavicle Surgeries: A Report of 10 Cases.

This case series included 10 patients who underwent clavicular fracture surgery under general anesthesia. A novel analgesic approach combining 2 distinct nerve block techniques-serratus posterior superior intercostal plane block (SPSIPB) and clavipectoral plane block (CPPB)-was used for postoperative pain management. SPSIPB provided sensory blockade for the innervation of the clavicular skin, whereas CPPB targeted the clavipectoral fascia. The combination of SPSIPB and CPPB demonstrated variable efficacy in controlling postoperative pain. Future studies may explore potential improvements through dosage optimization, the use of adjuvants, or targeting higher anatomical levels.

The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges.

The revival of psilocybin in psychopharmacological research heralds a potential paradigm shift for treating mood and anxiety disorders, and other psychiatric conditions beyond the psychotic spectrum. This critical review evaluates current evidence on psilocybin's efficacy, juxtaposing potential benefits with the practical aspects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) and the methodological constraints of existing research.An electronic literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, selecting studies published up to December 2023 that explored the clinical use of psilocybin in mood and anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorder. Despite promising preliminary results suggesting psilocybin's efficacy in alleviating depression and anxiety, as well as obsessions, compulsions, and addictive behaviors, significant evidence gaps persist. These include evaluating the efficacy of psilocybin compared to standard antidepressants or anxiolytic molecules and identifying patient subpopulations that might benefit most from PAP. Concerns about psilocybin's safety, long-term efficacy, and optimal dosage remain unclear due to previous trials' limitations. Real-world implementation faces challenges, including infrastructural requirements, personnel training, and unresolved legal and ethical issues. This paper argues for further research to substantiate the evidence base, emphasizing the need for larger studies that overcome current methodological limitations and explore psilocybin's full therapeutic potential. While psilocybin holds promise for psychiatry, its successful translation from research to clinical practice demands more robust evidence on efficacy, safety, and methodological rigor. In addition, other factors, such as cultural stigma and legal/ethical issues, need to be successfully addressed to facilitate psilocybin's implementation in healthcare systems.

Mediating Role of Platelet Count Increase in Unfractionated Heparin Treatment for Sepsis Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis

Aims/Background The role of heparin in sepsis therapy has been widely debated. The controversy surrounding heparin’s use as an anticoagulant in sepsis may stem from differences in sepsis definitions, study designs, timing and dosage of drug administration, treatment duration, complications, and patient severity. In this study, we aimed to determine the optimal timing and dosage of heparin in patients with sepsis, identify specific subgroups that could benefit from heparin therapy, and explore laboratory markers to assess its efficacy. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-IV dataset. Data from patients with sepsis were extracted based on the Sepsis 3.0 criteria. Patients were categorized according to heparin use. The effectiveness of early and appropriate heparin administration was assessed, and a subgroup analysis was performed to identify patients most likely to benefit from heparin therapy. Additionally, factors mediating the improvement in sepsis prognosis following heparin treatment were analyzed. Results We recruited 4149 participants who met the inclusion criteria, with an overall 28-day mortality rate of 19.5%. There were 2192 individuals in the heparin group and 1957 in the non-heparin group. After propensity score matching, heparin therapy demonstrated a significantly greater effect on reducing both 28-day and 90-day mortality compared to the non-heparin treatment (18.1% vs. 10.7%, p < 0.001; 18.8% vs. 12.6%, p < 0.001). However, the heparin group had a higher incidence of major bleeding (10.9% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.001), increased use of mechanical ventilation (54.3% vs. 45.1%, p < 0.001), and a longer intensive care unit stay (3.6 vs. 2.5 days, p < 0.001) compared to the non-heparin group. Early administration of high-dose heparin improved 28-day survival. Early and adequate heparin administration was more effective than late and insufficient dosing (p < 0.01), except in patients with sepsis who had low white blood cell counts, alkalosis, or reduced platelet counts. The increase in platelet count had a significant mediating effect on the entire cohort (p < 0.001 for the causal mediation effect), with a mediation proportion of 14%. Conclusion Early and adequate heparin administration can significantly improve the prognosis of sepsis. An increase in platelet count may serve as a potential indicator of the effectiveness of heparin therapy in sepsis.

Combination Effect of NK and P Fertilizers on Soil Available-K, K Absorption, and Sweet Corn Productivity in Inceptisols

One factor affecting sweet corn's (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.) productivity refers to soil fertility and proper fertilization. This study aimed to determine the optimal combination of NK and P fertilizer doses to enhance the growth and yield of corn grown on Inceptisols. This research was conducted at the Soil Chemistry and Plant Nutrition Experimental Field, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. The Randomized Block Design consisted of 10 treatments with three replicates each. The treatments included: A, control; B, standard NPK; C, ¼ dose NK + 1 P + ½ N; D, ½ dose NK + 1 P + ½ N; E, ¾ dose NK + 1 P + ½ N; F, 1 dose NK + 1 P + ½ N; G, 1¼ dose NK + 1 P; H, 1 dose NK; I, ½ dose NK + ½ single N,P,K; and J, ¾ dose NK + ¼ single N,P,K. The results showed that the combination of NK and P fertilizers significantly affected the growth and yield of sweet corn. The treatment with ¾ NK + 1 P + ½ N had a notable impact on cob weight (0.33 kg/cob), cob diameter (5.05 cm), and cob length (21.2 cm). This treatment also increased K absorption to 34.49, available soil K to 2.45 cmol kg-1, and the sweetness level of corn to 13.56%. This study provides new recommendations for corn fertilization to improve the growth and yield on Inceptisols. Keywords: optimal fertilizer dosage, corn growth, corn productivity, nutrient uptake

Exploring the molecular mechanisms of curcumin in modulating memory impairment in neurodegenerative disorders.

Memory impairment is a critical challenge in neurodegenerative disorders, particularly in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and age-related cognitive decline. This research explores the molecular mechanisms by which curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, exerts neuroprotective effects that may ameliorate cognitive deficits associated with these conditions. Evidence from both preclinical studies and emerging clinical trials indicates that curcumin enhances neuronal signaling and synaptic plasticity, primarily through the modulation of pathways such as NF-κB and PI3K/Akt. Specifically, curcumin has been shown to reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, thereby promoting synaptic integrity and function. For instance, studies demonstrate that curcumin treatment increases the density of dendritic spines in the hippocampus, which correlates with improved spatial learning and memory performance in animal models. Despite promising findings, significant gaps remain in our understanding of curcumin's efficacy in humans. Most existing research is derived from animal studies, with limited large-scale clinical trials to substantiate its therapeutic potential. Furthermore, challenges such as curcumin's low bioavailability and inconsistencies in dosing complicate its clinical application. This review underscores the need for future research focused on enhancing curcumin's bioavailability, establishing optimal dosages, and conducting comprehensive human trials to validate its effectiveness. By addressing these issues, we aim to clarify curcumin's role as a potential therapeutic agent for memory impairment in neurodegenerative disorders, paving the way for innovative treatment strategies.

Capsaicin: pharmacological applications and prospects for drug designing.

A primary objective of this review is to summarize the evidence-based pharmacological applications of capsaicin, particularly its use to manage pain and treat various health conditions. A second goal of the review is to research how recent technological advances are improving the bioavailability and therapeutic index of capsaicin, as well as the development of novel capsaicin-mimetics that are able to enhance therapeutic responses in various human diseases. In the review, numerous human clinical trials and preclinical studies are examined to determine how effective, safe, and optimal dosages of capsaicin can be used in pain management and therapeutic applications. Furthermore, it discusses capsaicin's mechanisms of action, specifically its interactions with the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel. As a result of this review, the potential of nanotechnology systems for bypassing the limits of capsaicin's pungency is discussed. The review takes into account individual factors such as pain tolerance and skin sensitivity. For topical applications, capsaicin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.025% to 0.1%, with higher concentrations being used under medical supervision for neuropathic pain. The formulation can come in the form of creams, gels, or patches, which provide sustained release over the course of time. A condition such as arthritis or neuropathy can be relieved with capsaicin as it depletes substance P from nerves. Neuropathy and osteoarthritis as well as musculoskeletal disorders have been treated successfully with this herbal medicine. A major mechanism through which capsaicin relieves pain is through activating TRPV1 channels, which induce calcium influx and neurotransmitter release. Additionally, it affects the transcription of genes related to pain modulation and inflammation, particularly when disease conditions or stress are present. There have been recent developments in technology to reduce capsaicin's pungency and improve its bioavailability, including nanotechnology. It is proven that capsaicin is effective in pain management as well as a variety of therapeutic conditions because of its ability to deplete substance P and desensitize nerve endings. Although capsaicin is highly pungent and associated with discomfort, advancements in delivery technologies and the development of capsaicin-mimetics promise improved therapeutic outcomes. There is a great deal of complexity in the pharmacological action of capsaicin due to its interaction with TRPV1 channels and its ability to affect gene transcription. There is a need for further research and development in order to optimize capsaicin's clinical applications and to enhance its therapeutic index in a variety of human diseases.

A minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling platform to predict intratumor exposure and receptor occupancy of an anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody.

In oncology drug development, measuring drug concentrations at the tumor site and at the targeted receptor remains an ongoing challenge. Positron emission tomography (PET)-imaging is a promising noninvasive method to quantify intratumor exposure of a radiolabeled drug (biodistribution data) and target saturation by treatment doses invivo. Here, we present the development and application of a minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) modeling approach to integrate biodistribution data in a quantitative platform to characterize and predict intratumor exposure and receptor occupancy (RO) of BI 754111, an IgG-based anti-lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) monoclonal antibody (mAb). Specifically, calibration and qualification of the predictions were performed using 89Zr-labeled BI 754111 biodistribution data, that is, PET-derived intratumor drug concentration data, tumor-to-plasma ratios, and data from Patlak analyses. The model predictions were refined iteratively by the inclusion of additional biological processes into the model structure and the use of sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of model assumptions and parameter uncertainty on the predictions and model robustness. The developed mPBPK model allowed an adequate description of observed tumor radioactivity concentrations and tumor-to-plasma ratios leading to subsequent adequate prediction of LAG-3 RO at different dose levels. In the future, the developed model could be used as a platform for the prediction and analysis of biodistribution data for other mAbs and may ultimately support dose optimization by identifying dosages resulting in saturated RO.

Current Practices and Perceptions of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Guided Liver Surgery: Insights from a Survey of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgeons in the United Kingdom.

Indocyanine Green (ICG) fluorescence-guided surgery (I-FIGS) is increasingly being used in hepato-pancreatico-biliary (HPB) surgery. However, the true benefit of I-FIGS, the optimum dosing, and the timing of ICG administration still need to be determined. To conduct future research studies in the above areas, it is essential to understand the current I-FIGS practices among surgeons. This survey investigated the practices and perceptions of I-FIGS in liver surgery among HPB surgeons in the United Kingdom (UK). A survey was sent via email and social media to surgeons from all HPB units in the UK. The survey consisted of 18 questions, covering various aspects such as experience levels, volume of operations, approach to liver resections, ICG dosage, timing of administration, application specifics, camera systems used, and willingness to participate in future trials. The survey was sent to 81 HPB surgeons (working in 25 HPB units) across the UK. The response rate was 70% (57/81 surgeons). 56% of the surgeons reported having the infrastructure for I-FIGS at their hospital. The use of I-FIGS varied in duration and patient volume, with 47% of surgeons reporting its use for less than one year and 53% of surgeons reporting using it in fewer than ten patients. Preferences for the dose and timing of ICG administration also varied, reflecting the absence of standardised guidelines. The Storz camera system emerged as the most used imaging system (42% of surgeons), followed by the Stryker (25.8%). None of the surgeons reported any I-FIGS-related side effects. Ninety-six per cent of surgeons expressed interest in participating in future clinical trials in the field of I-FIGS. The survey highlights that I-FIGS in liver surgery is not widely used in the UK. There are also wide variations in the dosing and timing of ICG administration. Large multi-centre studies are needed to focus on dosing, timing of ICG administration, and establishing its actual role in liver surgery.

At least 150min per week of Tai chi practice improves sleep quality in the older people: evidence from a meta-analysis.

To conduct a meta-analysis to explore the optimal dosage of Tai chi exercise that positively influences the sleep quality of the older people. A literature search was conducted from 2004 to October 2024 in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Chinese databases (CNKI and Wanfang) for randomised controlled trials in Chinese and English on Tai chi improving sleep quality in the older people. Data extraction and verification were performed by two independent researchers. Additionally, a meta-analysis of the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was conducted using RevMan 5.4. A total of nine randomised controlled trials involving 1,166 older participants were included. Compared with the control group, Tai chi significantly reduced the total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores in the older people [MD = - 1.53, 95% CI (- 2.18, - 0.89), p < 0.001], with heterogeneity results Q = 53.63, df = 12, and I2 of 78% (p < 0.001); Total weekly duration of Tai chi exercise: Less than 150min reduced PSQI scores, but the difference was not statistically significant [MD = - 1.47, 95% CI (- 3.89, 0.95), p = 0.23]. Between 150-300min significantly reduced PSQI scores [MD = - 1.54, 95% CI (- 2.00, - 1.08), p < 0.001]; Duration of Tai chi exercise programme: 8-12weeks significantly reduced PSQI scores [MD = - 1.93, 95% CI (- 2.60, - 1.25), p < 0.001]; 16-24weeks significantly reduced PSQI scores [MD = - 1.27, 95% CI (- 2.27, - 0.26), p = 0.01]; Single session duration of Tai chi exercise: 60min significantly reduced PSQI scores [MD = - 2.17, 95% CI (- 3.15, - 1.18), p < 0.001]; Less than 60min (25-45min) significantly reduced PSQI scores [MD = - 0.92, 95% CI (- 1.63, - 0.20), p = 0.01]. Older individuals engaging in at least 150min per week of Tai chi practice can improve sleep quality. Beyond this threshold, extending the duration of individual practice sessions or the exercise programme does not yield additional benefits for sleep quality.

Effectiveness and Mechanisms of CdS/Porous g-C3N4 Heterostructures for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Wastewater in Visible Light

In this study, CdS/porous g-C3N4 heterostructures were successfully synthesized via in situ co-precipitation to efficiently degrade tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) under visible light. The heterostructures, particularly at a 2:1 mass ratio of CdS to porous g-C3N4, demonstrated significant improvements in both adsorption and photocatalytic performance. The adsorption and degradation rates increased 4-fold and 9.64-fold, respectively, compared to pure porous g-C3N4, with optimal removal rates achieved at a catalyst dosage of 0.2 g/L. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that photogenerated holes (h+) and superoxide radicals (·O2−) were the primary active species driving the degradation process, while hydroxyl radicals (·OH) played a minimal role. The composite material also maintained over 70% degradation efficiency after five cycles, indicating excellent stability. This research presents a promising route for the photocatalytic treatment of wastewater containing persistent organic pollutants, offering practical insights into dosage optimization, reaction kinetics, and mechanistic pathways that enhance performance.

Antimicrobial effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in arresting dentine caries of permanent teeth: A Systematic review

Background Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is recognized for its potent antibacterial properties and is commonly used in dentistry to treat carious lesions. This review aims to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of SDF on dentine caries in permanent teeth. The objective is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature to assess the efficacy of SDF in combating cariogenic flora within dentin lesions. Materials and Methods A systematic electronic search was conducted using Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and PubMed databases to identify relevant studies published between January 2010 and September 2022. The search strategy focused on retrieving in vitro and in vivo studies assessing the antimicrobial effect of SDF on dentinal caries. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies that compared SDF with other antimicrobial agents, such as sodium fluoride varnish, potassium iodide, silver nitrate, chlorhexidine, plasma jet, and deionized water. The Cochrane Collaboration assessment tool was employed to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies. Results Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, consisting of seven in vitro and in situ studies investigating the antimicrobial effect of SDF on dentinal caries, and two in vitro and in vivo studies examining its antibacterial effect on root caries. These studies collectively demonstrated the promising antimicrobial potential of SDF against cariogenic flora present in dentin lesions. However, variations in study design, methodology, and outcome measures were observed across the included studies. Conclusion The review underscores the significant antimicrobial efficacy of SDF in combating cariogenic bacteria within dentin lesions of permanent teeth. Despite the promising findings, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the precise characteristics and mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial action of SDF, particularly concerning nano-silver. Future research, including long-term clinical trials, is warranted to elucidate optimal dosage regimens and therapeutic approaches for the routine application of SDF in managing dental caries.

Development and Application of Flue Gas Desulfurized Gypsum and Blast-Furnace-Slag-Based Grouting Material for Cracked Silty Mudstone.

The grouting technique is an efficient method for enhancing the stability of cracked slopes through the use of grouting materials. Conventional cement-based grouting materials are costly, energy-intensive, and environmentally damaging. Additionally, cement-hardening slurry is prone to cracks between the slurry and the rock. To address these issues, this study proposed an environmentally friendly grouting material composed of flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) and blast furnace slag (BFS) with sodium gluconate (SG) as the additive, especially designed for cracked silty mudstone slopes. The effects of different FGDG-to-BFS ratios and SG dosages on the setting time, fluidity, shrinkage, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), tensile strength, and shear strength parameters of hardened grouting slurries, as well as the interfacial bonding strength between silty mudstone and the hardened slurries, were investigated through laboratory tests. Subsequently, the improvement effects of cement-based material and the FGDG-BFS material on cracked silty mudstone were compared by mechanical tests. Finally, the performance of both types of grouting material on cracked silty mudstone slopes was analyzed by numerical simulations based on GDEM. The results demonstrated that the optimal FGDG-to-BFS ratio was 0.8:1, under which, the mechanical properties of the hardened FGDG-BFS slurries cured for 14 days exceeded those of the silty mudstone. The optimal dosage of SG was 0.4%, effectively prolonging the setting time of the slurry and improving the water resistance of the hardened slurries. The FGDG-BFS material exhibited a superior performance in repairing rock cracks compared to cement-based materials, with the damage patterns of the grouted specimens aligning with those of the intact specimens. This new grouting material effectively repaired existing cracks and prevented re-cracking at the interface between the grouting material and silty mudstone, thereby maintaining slope stability over a long period.

P117 Dose optimization of bimekizumab for adult patients with plaque psoriasis: an interim analysis of data from a real-world, multicentre, retrospective review

Abstract The standard bimekizumab dosing regimen for adult patients with plaque psoriasis is 320 mg administered as a subcutaneous injection at Weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16, then every 8 weeks (Q8W) thereafter. However, dose optimization may be required due to variability in treatment response. We conducted a real-world, multicentre, retrospective review of bimekizumab dose optimization for plaque psoriasis in adults. From a total cohort of 91 patients, we identified 15 (16.5%) that underwent dose optimization from Q8W to every 4 weeks (Q4W; 93.3%, 14/15) or every 6 weeks (Q6W; 6.7%, 1/15) in the maintenance period. All patients underwent dose optimization due to lack of efficacy. Mean age was 47.7 (range: 23–74) years, with 60% (9/15) being female. Mean time to dose optimization was 42.4 (range: 15.6–99) weeks. At the time of dose escalation (n = 15), mean psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score was 3.4 (mean improvement from baseline: 50.5%) and mean body surface area (BSA) was 3.2% (mean improvement from baseline: 51%), with Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) scores of 1 (33.3%, 5/15), 2 (46.7%, 7/15), 3 (13.3%, 2/15), and 4 (6.7%, 1/15). Prior to dose escalation, there were 33.3% (5/15), 46.7% (7/15), and 20% (3/15) of IGA 0/1, 75% improvement in PASI (PASI75), and 90% improvement in PASI (PASI90) responders. Following a mean follow-up period of 17.5 (range: 2.9–35.6) weeks after dose optimization, there were 86.7% (13/15), 66.7% (10/15), 66.7% (10/15), and 60% (9/15) responders in IGA 0/1, PASI75, PASI90, and PASI100. From the time of dose escalation, mean improvement in PASI and BSA were 79.2% (85.2% from baseline) and 81.2% (90.6% from baseline), respectively. There was 1 (6.7%) discontinuation due to persistent lack of efficacy following dose optimization. Five treatment-related adverse events (AEs) occurred, including candidiasis (13.3%, 2/15), folliculitis (6.7%, 1/15), recurrent cellulitis (6.7%, 1/15), and recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI; 6.7%, 1/15). Of these, only the UTI patient (6.7%, 1/15) experienced an AE following dose escalation. There were no safety-related treatment discontinuations, nor any serious infections, suicidal ideation/behaviour, malignancies, hypersensitivity reactions, major adverse cardiac events, or hepatic abnormalities. In Phase III clinical trials, while IGA 0/1 and PASI90 rates were comparable between dosing regimens, Q4W maintenance dosing of bimekizumab was associated with a higher PASI100 rate than Q8W dosing [73.5–83% (Q4W) vs. 66–70.8% (Q8W)] at 1-year. Furthermore, AEs were comparable between dosing regimens with slightly higher rates of oral candidiasis and UTI with Q4W dosing. Our real-world results show increased achievement of IGA 0/1, PASI90, and PASI100 with dose optimization and no new safety signals. Study limitations include its small sample and retrospective nature.

P14 A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of individual dose regimens of HB0017 in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis

Abstract HB0017 is a recombinant humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17A. To investigate HB0017 optimal dosage and possible dosing interval during maintenance therapy to inform Phase III studies. A total of 81 patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis received HB0017 300 mg (n = 41) or placebo (n = 40) at Weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8. From Week 12 to Week 28, patients in the HB0017 group were given HB0017 300 mg once every 8 weeks. And patients in the placebo group were given HB0017 300 mg at Week 12, 13, 14 and 16, and then every 4 weeks until Week 28. Efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity were assessed in Week 36. After 12 weeks of treatment, HB0017 300 mg resulted in significantly higher PASI 90 and sPGA0/1 response rates vs. placebo (P &amp;lt; 0.001). At Week 12, in the HB0017 group, 69.4% of patients achieved PASI 90, increasing to 97.6% at Week 24, then maintained throughout the follow-up period. And 78.2% of patients achieved sPGA0/1, increased to comparable peak levels at Week 28(97.6%), then maintained to Week 36(97.5%). In the placebo group, 1.0% of patients achieved PASI 90 at Week 12, increased to 94.3% at Week 28, then maintained throughout the follow-up period. 1.1% of patients achieved sPGA0/1, increased to 91.2% at Week 24, then maintained to Week 36(91.4%). The overall safety profile of HB0017 was similar to those of similar drugs, and no new safety signals were identified. These data provide evidence to support the evaluation of HB0017 300 mg maintenance dosing both every 8 and every 4 weeks in Phase III clinical trials.

Efficiency and safety of cannabinoid medical use: an analysis of discussions and observed trends on Instagram.

Cannabis and its derivatives show encouraging therapeutic effects in the treatment of various diseases. However, further studies are needed to better assess their efficacy and safety. A promising base for research in the field of medicine and additional pharmacovigilance is social networks, in which experience and knowledge are exchanged between researchers, doctors, and patients, as well as information about the potential risks and benefits of using drugs for medical purposes is disseminated. The aim of this study was to investigate the reported efficiency and safety of medical use of cannabinoids in patients using posts on the social media Instagram and analyze the observed trends. Social media listening platform Apify was used to collect data with hashtags as of June 4, 2024, including posts from 2023 and 2024, with some data extending into later periods, in compliance with a systematic approach to data collection. The analysis of the data obtained from the research was conducted using the RStudio platform. The analysis covered 1,466 posts containing hashtags related to cannabinoids. The posts studied were categorized as follows: 33.08% focused on advertising and commercialization, 25.58% on personal experience, 21.35% on other topics, and 19.99% contained educational content. An analysis of overall content relevance found that the majority of Instagram posts (81.79%) related to cannabis and cannabinoid hashtags are relevant. Most of the Instagram posts studied were posters, followed by personal photos and videos. The analysis shows that English dominates the studied category (70.74% of posts), while German, French, Spanish, and other languages also occupy a significant place, emphasizing the importance of a multilingual approach in content analysis. It has been revealed that organizations publish a larger percentage of posts under this study, with a higher percentage of relevance. Personal experience stories receive a significant number of "likes" indicating a strong emotional connection between audience and content. Instagram discussions about cannabinoid treatment support evidence from scientific studies about their effectiveness in treating a range of diseases, such as epilepsy with Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and HIV-cachexia, nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. At the same time, they emphasize the need for further clinical studies to better assess safety, side effects, and optimal dosages. Advertising and commercial posts can contribute to increased cannabis use, highlighting the need to raise awareness of risks and strengthen preventive measures. Analysis of content on the social media Instagram can complement traditional scientific research by providing information on the real use of cannabis and its derivatives, contributing to the development of safe and effective recommendations for its use.

Optimization of Radiation Dose and Effective Dose for CT Pelvis Examinations in Main Hospitals in ALTaif Region

Introduction: CT scan is one of the medical imaging methods that irradiate patients with significant amounts of radiation. These amount of radiation doses must be well estimated if the imaging area is in part containing radiation-sensitive organs such as the pelvic area. Objectives: the objectives of the current study were to assess radiation dose during pelvis and Abdomen CT imaging and estimate the effective dose as well as to propose diagnostic reference level (DRL).Methodology: 200 adult patients irradiated in two major governmental hospital in Taif city, Saudi Arabia, patients’ demographic data from was collected such as weight, height, and age. Scanner specifications and scan parameters for each pelvis examination were recorded in special data collection sheet. Volume CT dose index (CTDIvol and dose length product (DLP) were utilized to estimate the radiation dose and effective dose. Microsoft Excel was used to analyse the data.Main Results: there was variation in scanning parameters among two hospitals under study and this result in variation in effective dose between two hospitals. The average DLP, CTDIvol and effective dose were 368.5, 390.7 mGy-cm,10.2,10.8 mGy and 7, 7.4 mSv for hospital one and two respectively. Conclusion: Based on the third quartile of DLP and CTDIw, the recommended DRL for both hospitals was 405 mGy-cm and 21.75 mGy, respectively. The findings revealed a reduced effective dose value when compared with previous studies.

Safety as a determining factor in the pharmaceutical drug development for patients of the pediatric population

Patients in the pediatric population are characterized by differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs and the range of acceptable dosage forms compared to adult patients. The development of safe drugs is designed to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions in this group. Aim. To highlight physiological features of the body of patients in the pediatric population, the corresponding differences in the pharmacological characteristics of drugs, and approaches to minimizing the risks of pharmacotherapy at the stage of pharmaceutical drug development. Materials and methods. Such general scientific theoretical methods as system analysis, generalization, and system approach, as well as the bibliographic method consisted in processing scientific sources of information on drug use in pediatrics and developing pediatric dosage forms were used. Results. When prescribing drugs to pediatric patients, the physiological features of the child’s body development should be considered, using a flexible approach to pharmacotherapy. Many drugs used in pediatrics have not been officially studied in pediatric clinical trials, and therefore, children often receive them off-label. The use of drugs in pediatrics requires special knowledge about the influence of age-related aspects of the child’s physiology on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug, as well as on its interaction with receptors and organs. This article discusses approaches to the pharmaceutical development of drugs for use in the pediatric population. Conclusions. In pharmaceutical development of drugs for use in pediatric practice, it is necessary to keep in mind the features of drugs due to age and physiological factors in this category of patients, as well as to take into account the route of administration, the choice of the optimal dosage form, the safety profile of excipients, taste and ease of use of drugs. The development of new medicinal products, including multiparticulate solid dosage forms, is designed to improve the safety profile of drugs in children.

Alkaline coagulation for separation of outdoor anaerobically cultured microalgae using natural-based coagulant

Although, native microalgae (MA) grows in alkaline environments, there is a lack of information from previous studies on the separation of microalgae culture under alkaline coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (CFS) conditions. This study evaluated the separation efficiency of tannin (TA), Moringa oleifera seed extract (MOSE) natural coagulants in comparison with Aluminum sulfate (AS) for harvesting MA grown in anaerobically digested sanitary wastewater in a pilot flat panel photobioreactor in outdoor environment. The aim was to establish a pathway for recovery of microalgae biomass and supernatant without pH control and save cost for pH adjustment chemicals, in alignment with the circular economy concepts. Total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and MA concentration (optical density – OD) were monitored throughout the tests. Optimum dosages of TA (1100 mg l−1), MOSE (3000 mg l−1) and AS (320 mg l−1) determined from jar tests were evaluated after MA cultivation, with natural pH of 10.4 under CFS condition (Coagulation: velocity gradient (Gf) of 200 s−1 for 2 min, flocculation: Gf of 10 s−1 for 15 min and sedimentation: 10 min observation time). TA and AS presented similar high removal efficiencies for turbidity (≥ 95 %), OD (≥ 87 %) and TSS (≥ 62 %). However, TA recorded a good pH (7.6) for the supernatant compared to an unsatisfactorily low 5.2 for AS. TA presented the potential of harvesting MA biomass without prior pH control and without adversely impacting the medium's pH. This shows that biomass has a potential usage as a biofertiliser and as well the resultant supernatant is reusable for non-potable purposes.

Study on the Rheological Properties of Nano-SiO2 Composite Modified Basalt Mineral Fiber Asphalt Mortar

Abstract To investigate the impact of mineral fiber modification and dosage on the rheological properties of fiber asphalt mastic, basalt fiber surface roughness was enhanced using nano-SiO2 solution. Fiber asphalt mastic was prepared with a filler-bitumen ratio of 1.6 and fiber dosages of 0%, 1.3%, 2.6%, 3.9%, and 5.2%. The taper entry test, dynamic shear rheology test, and bending beam rheology test were employed to analyze the variations in taper entry, shear strength, complex modulus (G*), phase angle (δ), rutting factor (G*/sinδ), modulus of strength (S), and rate of change of strength (m) of the fiber asphalt mastic. The results indicate that the optimal dosage of mineral fibers in fiber asphalt mastic is 2.6%. Nano-modified basalt fibers significantly enhance the anti-shear capacity of asphalt mastic. The high-temperature stability of fiber asphalt mastic improves with increasing fiber dosage, but the improvement becomes negligible beyond a 2.6% dosage. The interfacial bonding layer formed by asphalt on the fiber surface enhances the high-temperature performance and stress dissipation at low temperatures, thereby improving low-temperature cracking resistance.

A randomized controlled trial on single-session mindfulness self-compassion interventions for Fibromyalgia Syndrome: evaluating interoceptive awareness, anxiety, and pain

AbstractObjectives: This randomized controlled trial evaluates a single-session Mindfulness Self-Compassion (MSC) intervention for enhancing interoceptive awareness (AI) and alleviating anxiety and reducing pain in Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) patients. The study also examines the intervention’s feasibility and the mediating role of IA in improving clinical outcomes, incorporating nature visuals to address treatment accessibility and adherence. Methods/analysis: Sixty-four FMS patients were randomized into three groups: MSC with audio-only, MSC with audio and nature visuals, or a waitlist control. Validated scales measured interoceptive awareness, anxiety, and pain pre- and post-intervention. ANOVA examined primary outcomes, and mediation analysis explored interoceptive awareness as a mediator. A 7-minute intervention duration was chosen for its balance of effectiveness and feasibility, with nature visuals selected for their calming effects. Findings: Both MSC groups showed significant improvements in IA, anxiety, and pain compared to the control group, with the audio-visual group showing the strongest effects. Enhanced interoceptive awareness significantly mediated anxiety reduction but not pain relief. Nature visuals further reduced anxiety and pain compared to audio-only. Novelty/improvement: This study validates the efficacy of a single-session MSC intervention for FMS, highlighting IA as a crucial mediator of anxiety improvement. Incorporating sensory-rich visual elements enhances therapeutic effects, offering a promising approach for MSC interventions in clinical settings. Future research should explore long-term benefits and optimal dosage of this innovative intervention, addressing the need for accessible, cost-effective FMS treatments.