Doses Of Extract Research Articles

Anti-Cataract Effect of the Traditional Aqueous Extract of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.): An In Ovo Perspective.

The therapeutic effect of different doses of the traditional aqueous extract of dried leaves of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) was investigated in an experimental cataract model in chicken embryos. LC-MS/MS analysis allowed the identification and quantification of 53 metabolites. In the hydrocortisone-induced cataract model, lenses were examined morphologically after treatment and parameters related to oxidative stress (total antioxidant/oxidant status (TAS/TOS), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA)) were evaluated. Antiproliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and caspase-3 H-scores were determined and crystallin alpha A (CRYAA) gene expression in the lenses was measured by RT-PCR. The degree of cataract decreased in all treatment groups. While there was no significant difference in TAS levels compared to the negative control, TOS, GSH, and MDA levels were dose-dependently regulated. Treatment groups other than the high-dose group regulated the decrease in PCNA and the increase in caspase-3. CRYAA gene expression increased significantly only at the lowest dose. YM, which is becoming increasingly popular as a traditional tea, showed a therapeutic effect on hydrocortisone-induced cataracts in chicken embryos at relatively low doses.

Olive Mill Wastewater Extract: In Vitro Genotoxicity/Antigenotoxicity Assessment on HepaRG Cells.

Olive mill wastewater (OMWW), with its high level of phenolic compounds, simultaneously represents a serious environmental challenge and a great resource with potential nutraceutical activities. To increase the knowledge of OMWW's biological effects, with an aim to developing a food supplement, we performed a chemical characterisation of the extract using the Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-flight spectrometry (LC-QTOF) and an in vitro genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity assessment on HepaRG ™ cells. Chemical analysis revealed that the most abundant phenolic compound was hydroxytyrosol. Biological tests showed that the extract was not cytotoxic at the lowest tested concentrations (from 0.25 to 2.5 mg/mL), unlike the highest concentrations (from 5 to 20 mg/mL). Regarding genotoxic activity, when tested at non-cytotoxic concentrations, the extract did not display any effect. Additionally, the lowest tested OMWW concentrations showed antigenotoxic activity (J-shaped dose-response effect) against a known mutagenic substance, reducing the extent of DNA damage in the co-exposure treatment. The antigenotoxic effect was also obtained in the post-exposure procedure, although only at the extract concentrations of 0.015625 and 0.03125 mg/mL. This behaviour was not confirmed in the pre-exposure protocol. In conclusion, the present study established a maximum non-toxic OMWW extract dose for the HepaRG cell model, smoothing the path for future research.

Dicliptera laxata (Acanthaceae) (C. B. Clark) Unblocks an Abamectin-Blocked Estrous Cycle and Restores Cyclicity in Female Albino Rats

The farmers of the Buea municipality, Fako Division, South-West Region, Cameroon extensively use Abamectin or Aba, a phytosanitary insecticide which targets insects such as mites, thrips species and leaf miners. In this area, the local population also uses Dicliptera laxata traditionally as a fertility enhancer and in stabilizing risky pregnancies in women. This study was aimed at evaluating the actions of Dicliptera laxata aqueous extract on the estrous cycle and reproductive system of Aba-treated female rats. A total of 30 adult female rats of the confirmed regular cycle were daily treated orally with a 2 ml/kg Abamectin for a period of 45 days, accompanied by the evaluation of the cytology of their vaginal smears at 5 days intervals. From the 46th day, they were subsequently treated with the leaf-aqueous extract of Dicliptera laxata for 15 days and were terminated on the 61st day during which blood and reproductive organs were collected for biochemical assays and relative weight indices. Chronic (45 days) exposure of normal cycled female rats to Abamectin witnessed a blockade in their estrous cycle, a significant drop in plasma estradiol and progesterone concentration, and a significant drop in the percentage weight of organs. Administration of Dicliptera laxata leaf-aqueous extract to these Aba-treated females resulted in a return to the regularity of their estrous cycle, with animals receiving the 300 mg/kg dose of plant extract recording a 60% regulation in the first week and 100% in the second week as compared to animals treated with distilled water that recorded a 0% and 20% regulation in the first and second week of treatment, respectively. Also, the animals that received 300 mg/kg body weight of the extract registered significant (p < 0.05) rise in plasma concentrations of progesterone and estradiol (36.44 ± 1.69 pg/mL and 77.73 ± 3.82 pg/mL, respectively) as compared to animals that received distilled water which showed 22.54 ± 2.19 pg/mL plasma progesterone and a 44.90 ± 7.63 pg/mL plasma estradiol concentrations, respectively. The actions of the leaf-aqueous extract of D. laxata could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals including steroids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and saponins in our extract, which have been reported to have important pharmacological effects on female reproduction. D. laxata, therefore, constitutes a potential treatment of female infertility and our findings justify its folkoric use by the Bakweri tribe in enhancing fertility. It can be used to stalize risky pregnancies and prevent miscarriages.

The Protective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Olive Leaf on Aluminum Phosphide-Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Rats

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate a treatment for aluminum phosphide (ALP) poisoning, which is known as “rice tablet”. Methods: In the present study, the impact of different doses of ethanolic extract of olive leaves (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) on ALP (120 mg/kg)-induced cardiotoxicity was evaluated in anesthetized-gastrotomized adult male Wistar rats. Thirty-five rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=7) as follows: control (AC) and treatment groups [ALP+Olea100 (AO100), ALP+Olea 200 (AO200), and ALP+Olea 400 (AO400)]. Physiological data including blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram (ECG), as well as oxidative stress markers were measured in heart tissues. Results: ALP-intoxication led to perturbed normal ECG and increased oxidative stress. Administration of olive leaf extract at various concentrations, however, mitigated bradycardia after 90 minutes, following ALP-intoxication (in AO200), hypotension (in AO100), and cardiac conduction disturbances (decreased QTC in the AO200 30 (P<0.05), 60 (P<0.001), and 90 (P<0.05) minutes after intoxication) and decreased PR 60 (P<0.05) and 90 minutes (P<0.01) after intoxication. This was compared with baseline as well as detrimental changes in cardiac electrophysiology [mitigated ST-segment elevation in AO200 and depressed T-wave in the AO200 (P<0.05) and AO400 (P<0.01) groups 90 minutes after intoxication] Conclusion: Based on these authentic results, it seems that olive leaf extracts can be useful in reducing the severity of symptoms in ALP-poisoned individuals and could be utilized in a poisoning emergency.

ANTIEPILEPTIC ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF DATURA INOXIA LEAVES AGAINST SEIZURE INDUCED BY MAXIMAL ELECTROSHOCK AND CHEMICALLY IN MICE

The existing description is a study of the antiepileptic effect of Datura inoxia as a recognized herb that is used in Ayurveda for asthma, rheumatism, tumors, cough, fever, antimicrobials and epilepsy. Toxicity studies were carried out for standardizing a dose of aqueous extract of D. inoxia, maximal electroshock (MES) and isoniazid (INH) induced seizures. The Albino mice model were used for screening the antiepileptic activity. As per OECD guideline no. 423, up to 2000 mg/kg body weight of recommended dose of extract were found toxic. Animals were treated with aqueous extract of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight. Phenytoin was used as reference anticonvulsant drugs for comparison. The investigation stated the significant interruption in the INH-induced clonic seizure and in MES model, reduction in the period of hind leg extensor phase. In MES model, D. inoxia exhibited a significantly decrease in the duration of hindlimb extension with 400 and 600 mg/kg dose, respectively. Comparable results were obtained in INH model by delayed onset of a clonic seizure. Aqueous extract of D. inoxia exhibited antiepileptic action against MES and INH-induced epilepsy in animal models.

Investigation of Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic Activities of Citrullus colocynthis in Albino Rats through in vivo and Pharmacoinformatics Studies.

Hyperpyrexia, algesia and inflammation are pathological disorders which are treated with synthetic as well as herbal medications. The basic aim of the present study is to evaluate the ethnopharmacological activities of phytoconstituents that are present in C. colocynthis (fruit extract) by using in vivo and in silico studies. Thirty-six albino rats were used in our studies with an average weight between 150-170 g. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan (an extract from a red seaweed) that induced edema in albino rat paws. However, in antipyretic and analgesic activity studies, yeast and acetic acid were used to cause pyrexia or algesia, respectively. Different doses of acetone fruit extract were used to treat inflammation, pyrexia and algesia. Our results showed that the maximum percentage inhibition of acetonic fruit extract in anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities was observed at 70% and 100%, respectively, with 400 mg/kg doses, and in pyretic activity the maximum inhibitory percentage was 86% with a 100 mg/kg dose. In in silico analysis, we have shown that bioactive compounds (α-spinasterol, ascorbic acid and chlorogenic acid) found in fruit extract have outstanding inhibition properties that involves proteins PTGS2, TLR2 and TRPV4. C. colocynthis fruit extract shows results that are statistically significant (p < 0.005) and comparable to a reference drug. Acetonic fruit extract of C. colocynthis can be used as a natural and safe remedy with no side effects. Both in vivo and in silico studies on chlorogenic acid, ascorbic acid and α-spinasterol have shown that these are inhibitory compounds that can be used for boosting the immune response.

Levisticum officinale extract protects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity through anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and antioxidant properties in rats

Objective: To investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Levisticum officinale extract on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Different doses of Levisticum officinale extract were given orally to rats for 10 days, then rats received a single dose of CCl4 (2.5 mL/kg, 50% v/v in liquid paraffin). Biochemical and histopathological assays were performed to assess the effects of the extract on liver function and architecture. Moreover, antioxidant and oxidative markers as well as inflammatory and fibrotic indicators were measured. Results: Pretreatment with Levisticum officinale extract significantly mitigated CCl4-induced damage to liver structure, improved serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, total bilirubin, and total protein, enhanced glutathione content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the liver, as well as decreased plasma and hepatic malondialdehyde levels. Immunohistochemical results demonstrated that the extract reduced Ki-67 and α-SMA expression and Masson’s trichrome staining revealed decreased liver collagen in rats treated with Levisticum officinale extract. Moreover, Levisticum officinale extract markedly decreased the gene expressions of TNF-α, 1L-6, TGF-β1, MCP-1, and COX-2. Conclusions: Levisticum officinale extract exerts hepatoprotective effects on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic activities.

The Antiulcer and Hepatoprotective Effects of Euphorbia hirta Petroleum Ether, Chloroform and Ethanolic Extracts on Paracetamol-induced Ulcerated Wistar Rats

Background: Hepatic and gastric diseases are two of the most common ailments in people. Numerous researches have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of herbal remedies in the treatment of hepatitis and stomach ulcers. Objective: The study aimed to determine the antiulcer and hepatoprotective activities of Euphorbia hirta petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanolic extracts on paracetamol-induced ulcerated Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Euphorbia hirta was collected from the area of Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. The air-dried whole plant was crushed, and 500 g of the powder and petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol were used for continuous extraction by the Soxhlet device. Phytochemical analysis of the extract was done by conventional and GC-MS analysis. Nine sets of six male Wistar rats, each weighing between 150 and 200 g, were used in this study. The standard control group, Group I, received only 1% v/v tween 80. Group II, negative control, received saline (1 ml/kg p.o.). Group III animals were given silymarin (200 mg/kg p.o.) and paracetamol (2 g/kg), which served as the standard of care. Animals in groups IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX received two separate doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) of petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. Liver tissue was taken for histological investigation and placed in a 10% formalin solution. The liquid supernatant of liver cells was used to measure antioxidant parameters, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and LPO. Results: Phytochemical and GC-MS examination confirmed Euphorbia hirta extracts to have different biologically active phytoconstituents, like alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic, flavonoids, tannin, sterols and alkaloids. Euphorbia hirta has been found to significantly protect against paracetamolinduced ulcer and hepatotoxicity compared to the negative control. A significant (p &lt; 0.001) reduction in SGPT, SGOT, ALP, DB and TB levels in the EEEH 400 mg/kg extract-treated group was observed compared to the paracetamol group. The PEEH extract exhibited no significant decrease in all biochemical parameters compared to the negative control. However, the standard drug showed a significant (p &lt; 0.001) decrease when compared to the negative control. SGPT, ALP, and DB levels demonstrated a significant (p &lt; 0.01) reduction with EEEH 200 mg/kg. The PEEH extract induced no significant decrease in all biochemical parameters compared to the negative control, and the chloroform extract of 200 mg/kg showed a less significant (p &lt; 0.05 &amp; p &lt; 0.01) difference compared to the negative control. The histopathology study confirmed EEEH 200 mg/kg to show good hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion: The findings have demonstrated Euphorbia hirta ethanolic extract to have effective antiulcer capabilities, and a decrease in LPO activity along with an increase in SOD, CAT, and LPO content have been observed, thereby leading to reduced oxidative stress. The antioxidant activity of Euphorbia hirta extract as a free radical scavenger and the hepatoprotective effect of the ethanolic extract have been indicated by the results of liver enzymes, DB and TB, and histology of liver tissue. More research is needed to recommend Euphorbia hirta as an effective supplement to treat paracetamol-induced ulcers and hepatotoxicity.

The Antioxidant Potential of Saudi Propolis Extract on Hepatorenal Toxicity in Mice

Background: In advanced cirrhotic conditions, hepatorenal syndrome detrimentally affects renal function. Interest has grown in propolis for its cytoprotective properties against various exogenous agents. This study evaluates the efficacy of Saudi propolis extracts in mitigating hepatorenal toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Methods: Thirty-two male Swiss Albino mice were divided into four groups: a Control (-) group receiving distilled water; a Control (+) group subjected to intraperitoneal CCl4 at 0.5 mL/kg (20% v/v in corn oil) on day 6; a Standard group treated daily with silymarin at 200 mg/kg and a group given an oral dose of aqueous propolis extract (APE) at 8.4 mg/kg. Result: Histological and biochemical analyses confirm propolis extract’s role in preventing hepatocyte apoptosis and reducing inflammatory infiltrates in kidney tissues, improving the histological appearance of hepatic and renal tissues with fewer fibrotic changes. The application of immunohistochemistry, along with reductions in anti-apoptotic proteins such as BCL-2 and p53, supports these findings, highlighting the antioxidant potential of Saudi propolis extracts in addressing hepatorenal toxicity.

HYPNOTIC-SEDATIVE ACTIVITY TEST OF 70% ETHANOL EXTRACT OF LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa L.) IN MALE WHITE MICE SWISS WEBSTER STRAIN

Humans who use medicines for insomnia may experience a variety of adverse effects, including dependence. Traditional medicine frequently uses lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to treat various conditions, including sleep difficulties. Terpenoids, which are secondary metabolites found in lettuce plants, are to blame for this. This study aimed to see if an ethanolic extract of lettuce leaf had any sedative-hypnotic activity in Swiss Webster strain male white mice induced by phenobarbital at a dose of 90 mg/KgBB intraperitoneally. In this study, the post-test-only control strategy was employed. The animals were divided into six groups (n = 4): negative (aqua dest), positive (Na-CMC 0.5%), comparison (diazepam 1.3 mg/KgBB), and ethanolic extract of lettuce leaf at doses of 300 mg/KgBB, 400 mg/KgBB, and 500 mg/KgBB. The parameters observed in this study were a combination of parameters from previous studies, namely the number of falls, sleep onset, and sleep duration in mice. The data obtained were then processed statistically using the one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) and post-hoc test follow-up analysis with the LSD (least significant difference) test. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of lettuce leaves at 300, 400, and 500 mg/KgBB had a sedative-hypnotic effect. Doses of 300 mg/KgBB only increased sleep duration. In contrast, 400 and 500 mg/KgBB increased the number of falls, rapid sleep onset, and increased sleep duration, significantly different from positive controls (p&lt;0.05). The effective dose of ethanolic extract of lettuce leaf as a sedative-hypnotic was 400 mg/KgBB.

Ameliorative Effect of Bambara Nut on Cognito-motor Functions of Konzo-induced Wistar Rats Model

Introduction: Konzo is a neurological disease characterized by a sudden onset of symmetrical and spastic paraparesis due to selective upper motoneuron damage. Aim: To determine the Cognito-motor modulatory functions of Bambara nut (Vigna subterranea) extract in improperly processed bitter cassava (Manihot esculenta) flour Konzo-induced male Wistar rats. Methodology: Twenty-five (25) Adult Male Wistar rats weighing between 180–200g were randomly divided into five (5) groups of five rats per group. The rats were allowed to acclimatize for 2 weeks. Konzo was induced following unprocessed bitter cassava flour feeding for a period of three weeks and fed with Bambara nut (BN). Feeding was as follows for 28 days: Group 1: Control group - rats in this group were fed with water and rat feed; Group 2 rats were fed with improperly processed bitter cassava flour to induce Konzo: Groups 3-5 rats were fed with different doses of Bambara nut extract 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg respectively. Neurobehavioral assessments were conducted weekly using barnes maze and hand grip tasks to assess cognition, perception, motor functions and muscular strength. The data was analyzed using Graphpad Prism and Microsoft Excel 2019. Results: In weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 trials, konzo-induced rats (Group 2) displayed significantly increased trial times for both cognitive and motor functions compared to Group 1 rats (p &lt; 0.05). Administration of graded doses of BN extract amongst Groups 3, 4, and 5 rats resulted in significant reduction in trial times compared to Group 2 rats (p &lt; 0.05), suggesting a possible modulatory function of the extract of Bambara nut in bitter cassava induced neurotoxicity. Conclusion: Bambara nut extract improved cognito-motor functions in a dose dependent manner, resulting in a possible prevention of Konzo in male Wistar rats.

Anti-obesity effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of the ethanolic extract of figs from Ficus hispida using high fat-fed wister rats

Obesity is a known risk factor for many chronic diseases and a substantial threat to public health. We investigated the effects of figs sourced from Ficus hispida on a high fat-fed experimental rat model. We found that a 500-mg dose of ethanolic extract of figs (EFH) reduced oxidative stress markers nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), which were increased in high fat-fed rats. Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), and myeloperoxidase (MPO), found elevated in high fat-fed rats, were also normalized to nearly regular levels by fig treatment. Administration of EFH further reduced fat deposition and expression of adipogenic genes leptin, fatty acid synthase (FAS), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SERBP-1c). Our results suggest that figs have significant effects on reducing oxidative stress and mitigating obesity-associated liver and adipose tissue abnormalities via suppressing adipogenesis. Thus, we propose that F. hispida has potential benefits in reducing obesity.

Physicochemical Evaluation and Pharmacological Screening of Fernando Adenophylla Steenis Fruits.

The current study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of Fernandoa adenophylla. Powder studies were carried out to estimate the quantitative physicochemical characteristics of the crude drug, including moisture content, ash content, and extractive values. Using a Soxhlet apparatus and different analytical grade solvents, 3 sample extracts of a crude drug were made. To evaluate the potentially toxic nature, an acute oral toxicity study was performed as per OECD guideline no. 423. Sample extracts were tested and analyzed by ANOVA for pharmacological potential (analgesic, antipyretic, and antidiabetic) using Wister-Albino rats. Where physicochemical analysis indicated purity, quality, and presence of organic/inorganic materials in crude drug extracts, no sign of mortality was found up to 2000 mg/kg of body weight of Fernandoa adenophyllas extracts. Analgesic activity was observed in all sample extracts, whereas only chloroform and ethanolic extracts expressed antipyretic and antidiabetic potential. Ethanolic extract was found to be most potent in pharmacological potential as 200 mg/kg extract dose exhibited %age pain inhibition of 55.12 % and reduced body temperature from 39.78±0.03 °C to 37.22±0.02 °C in hyperthermic rats. A decrease in blood glucose levels up to 57.88 % was observed on the 21st day of the treatment with 500 mg/kg ethanolic extract.

Anti-anemic potential of Eruca sativa L. in iron-deficient rat model; network pharmacology profiling.

Iron deficiency anemia is a global health concern, affecting around 2 billion people. Oral iron therapy often causes severe gastro-intestinal issues. Eruca sativa, member of the Brassicaceae family, is valued in traditional medicine and renowned for its rich iron and vitamin C content. This study aims to evaluate the anti-anemic properties of E. sativa extract invivo and identify its compounds targeting anemia mechanisms using network pharmacology. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats (200 ± 250 g) were split into two distinct groups, iron-deficient and iron-sufficient. Three different doses (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) of aqueous extract of E. sativa were checked against anemia by studying hematological, oxidative stress, and histopathological parameters. GC-MS analysis of E. sativa revealed its phytochemical profile, followed by ADME screening. Network pharmacology explored targets related to iron deficiency anemia, with oral bioavailability and drug likeness assessment for compounds. The administration of extracts significantly improved various blood parameters, including osmotic fragility, Hb, RBCs, MCV, PCV, and alkaline phosphatase; catalase activity; and histopathological parameters such as liver in both iron-deficient and iron-sufficient rats (p < .001). Seventy-nine compounds were identified in E. sativa aqueous extract, with only six of them found to be bioavailable and drug-like against multiple targets. Gene ontology and pathway analysis revealed their diverse molecular, biological, and cellular functions. One gene EGFR was found to have functional association with ID anemia, suggesting potential for using E. sativa extracts. The study concludes that E. sativa extract has potential for iron deficiency anemia treatment, offering hope for future pharmaceutical interventions.

Leaf extract of Kentut (Paederia foetida L.) as a preventive measure against interleukin-6 expression in the liver of mice in a sepsis model injected with Escherichia coli

Kentut leaves (Paederia foetida L.) are a type of medicinal plant that can be used as a preventative medicine against sepsis. This plant contains secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and other active compounds. This research aims to determine the influence and effective dosage of Kentut leaf extract as a preventive measure against IL-6 expression in the livers of mice in a sepsis model injected with E. coli. The method used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study involved 24 white male mice divided into 6 groups. Data analysis was performed using One Way ANOVA. The average values of IL-6 expression in the mouse livers for each group are as follows: KN at 7.09%±0.06; K+ at 26.36%±0.02; K- at 72.60%±0.05; PI (100mg/kgBW) at 71.04%±0.04; PII (300mg/kgBW) at 62.22%±0.02; and PIII (500mg/kgBW) at 40.92%±0.01. The research results indicate that there is an influence of kentut leaf extract as a preventive measure against IL-6 expression in the livers of mice in the sepsis model injected with E. coli, with a significance value of 0.000 or p-value 0.005. The effective dosage of kentut leaf extract as a preventive measure against IL-6 expression is the PIII dosage of 500mg/kgBW. The anti-inflammatory mechanism in sepsis is thought to be caused by the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and terpenoid compounds. The most likely anti-inflammatory mechanism is believed to involve flavonoids inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes involved in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which can trigger IL-6 production.

The Effect of Giving Mangrove Leaf Extract (Rhizophora apiculata) on the Healing of Burn Wounds in Male White Rats (Rattus novergicus) of the Sprague Dawley Strain

A burn wound is damage or loss of tissues caused by contact with a heat source and can be classified into four degrees: I, IIA, IIB, and III. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents such as mangrove leaves can be applied to aid the healing process of burns. One alternative method is to use mangrove leaf extract. This study aims to understand the acceleration of burn healing by applying mangrove leaf extract (Rhizophora apiculata). This study was a true experimental study with a post-test-only control group design, divided into five groups: Knormal (without treatment), K+ (bioplacenton), P1 (20% extract), P2 (30% extract), and P3 (40% extract). Burn wounds were observed for 21 days and assessed with average wound shortening, healing time, and the Bates-Jensen wound assessment tool. Based on the results of statistical tests, it was found that the application of Rhizophora apiculata leaf extract affected the healing of burns in white rats, resulting in a reduction in the burn area (P Value: 0.001). The application of mangrove leaf extract had an effect on the healing time of burns in white rats (P Value: 0.001). An effective dose of mangrove leaf extract was a concentration of 40% for healing burns, a higher effectiveness in healing burns compared to the standard drug, bioplacenton. The administration of mangrove leaf extract positively affects the healing of burns in male white rats (Rattus novergicus) of the Sprague Dawley strain, especially with an extract concentration of 40%.

Verbena officinalis (VO) leaf extract as an anti-corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in acidic environment

In the present work, Verbena Officinalis (VO) leaf extract was used as potential corrosion inhibitor for the corrosion of carbon steel (CS) in 0.5 M H2SO4 medium. Further, the corrosion inhibiting nature of VO leaf extract towards the CS was evaluated using mass loss (ML), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and surface morphological analyses using atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Calculation of activation energy Ea∗\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\left( {{\ ext{E}}_{{\ ext{a}}}^{*} } \\right)$$\\end{document} using Arrhenius equation shows the increase in activation energy when adding the VO leaf extract in 0.5 M H2SO4 medium and the maximum activation energy (Ea∗\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{E}}_{{\ ext{a}}}^{*}$$\\end{document} = 49.9 kJ mol−1) was observed for 1000 mg L−1 VO leaf extract in acid medium. The negative free energy values suggested the spontaneous and the stability of the adsorbed layer of VO leaf extract on the CS surface. Using EIS measurements, high percent inhibitory effectiveness of 91.1% for 1000 ppm solutions was achieved. With an increase in VO leaf extract dose, the double layer capacitance (Cdl) values fall while the values of charge transfer (Rct) increase. This showed that a protective layer of VO leaf extract on CS surface was formed. The polarization curves showed that the VO leaf extract acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. It is discovered that the adsorption of VO leaf extract molecules adhering to the CS surface followed the Langmuir isotherm. The anti-corrosion action of VO leaf extract is fully demonstrated by some surface techniques.

Ginger Extract and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation: A Promising Strategy to Improve Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy may result from the overproduction of ROS, TRPM2 and TRPV2. Moreover, the therapeutic role of ginger, omega-3 fatty acids, and their combinations on the expression of TRPM2 and TRPV2 and their relationship with apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative damage in heart tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes have not yet been determined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of ginger and omega-3 fatty acids on diabetic cardiomyopathy by evaluating the cardiac gene expression of TRPM2 and TRPV2, oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in male rats. Ninety adult male Wistar rats were equally divided into nine control, diabetes, and treated diabetes groups. Ginger extract (100 mg/kg) and omega-3 fatty acids (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) were orally administrated in diabetic rats for 6 weeks. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding a high-fat diet and a single dose of STZ (40 mg/kg). Glucose, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), lipid profile, insulin in serum, and TNF-alpha IL-6, SOD, MDA, and CAT in the left ventricle of the heart were measured. The cardiac expression of TRPM2, TRPV2, NF-kappaB, Bcl2, Bax, Cas-3, and Nrf-2 genes was also measured in the left ventricle of the heart. An electrocardiogram (ECG) was continuously recorded to monitor arrhythmia at the end of the course. The serum levels of cTnI, glucose, insulin, and lipid profile, and the cardiac levels of MDA, IL-6, and TNF-alpha increased in the diabetic group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the cardiac levels of SOD and CAT decreased in the diabetic group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The cardiac expression of TRPM2, TRPV2, NF-kappaB, Bax, and Cas-3 increased and Bcl2 and Nrf-2 expression decreased in the diabetic group compared to the control group (p<0.05). However, simultaneous and separate treatment with ginger extract and omega-3 fatty acids (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) could significantly moderate these changes (p<0.05). The results also showed that the simultaneous treatment of ginger extract and different doses of omega-3 fatty acids have improved therapeutic effects than their individual treatments (p<0.05). It can be concluded that ginger and omega-3 fatty acids showed protective effects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative damage of the heart and reducing blood glucose and cardiac expression of TRPM2 and TRPV2. Combining ginger and omega-3 in the diet may provide a natural approach to reducing the risk or progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy while preserving heart structure and function.

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Methanolic Extract of Mangifera Indica Leaves on Inflammed Rats in Comparison to Indomethacin

In the context of inflammation and immunity, there are fragmented and observational studies relating the pharmacological effects of Mangifera indica leaves and its main active componentmangiferin. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of this leaf extract (MIE) in comparison to Indomethacin on inflammed rats. The methanolic extract of Mangifera indica leaves in different doses, Indomethacin and normal saline were orally administrated in experimental and control groups of rats. Then acute inflammation was induced by administration of 0.1 ml of 1% Carrageenan in sterile saline solution into the sub-plantar surface of the right hind paw of each rat. Anteroposterior diameter of rat paw oedema was measured at 0 hour and at the end of 3 hours of Carrageenan injection. In the group treated with higher dose of methanolic extract of Mangifera indica leaves, acute inflammation in rats was improved significantly. But in the group treated with lower dose acute inflammation was not improved significantly in comparison to Indomethacin administered group. The methanolic extract of Mangifera indica (MEMI) leaves has potential health benefits as it showed dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity. The mangiferin in the MEMI leaves inhibits COX 2 enzyme and exerts the anti-inflammatory effects. Mugda Med Coll J. 2024; 7(1): 26-33

Potential of Pandan anggur (Sararanga Sinuosa Hemsley) as immunomodulator

Background: Pandan Anggur plant is an endemic plant of the Papua archipelago in Indonesia, and the fruit called Pandan Anggur Fruit (PAF) is freshly consumed or prepared as a juice. Based on previous studies on the phytochemical content of PAF, the ethanol and water extract contain flavonoids, which act as immunomodulators, to regulate the response of immunity. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the potential of PAF as an immunomodulator in malnutrition cases, by evaluating six parameters which are phagocytosis capacity and nitric oxide (NO) production of peritoneal macrophage, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ and IL-4 in lymphocyte culture, and intestinal sIgA levels. By proving the potential of PAF as an immunomodulator, this research will lead to significant development of functional food products of Pandan Anggur. Methods: A total of 35 Sprague Dawley rats were used as animal models divided into seven different groups named standard group (healthy standard), malnourished (negative control), malnourished rats given Imboost Force (positive control), as well as PAF ethanol extract doses of I, II, III, and PAF water extract. The treatment lasted for seven weeks in total and the measurement of immunomodulator parameters was carried out at the end of the treatment period. The immunomodulator parameters included phagocytosis capacity and nitric oxide (NO) production of peritoneal macrophage, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ and IL-4 in lymphocyte culture, and intestinal sIgA levels. Result: The results indicated that the administration of PAF ethanol extract at a dose of 3.15 mg/mL provided an optimum immunostimulant effect, by increasing the macrophage phagocytosis capacity, nitric oxide, lymphocyte proliferation, IL-4, and sIgA levels in rat intestine. However, increasing the dose of extract did not produce a better effect, but led to suppression of immunity. Conclusion: PAF extract at a dose of 3.15 mg/mL provides an immunostimulant effect. Keywords: In Vivo, IL-4, IF-γ, sIgA, lymphocyte proliferation, macrophage, Pandan Anggur Fruit