Dominant Sugar Research Articles

Evaluation of Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity in Pumpkin Species

Cucurbita species ( Cucurbita moschata and Cucurbita maxima) are rich sources of nutrients, especially carotenoids and carbohydrates. Metabolites in pulps of C. moschata and C. maxima lines were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Our results revealed that glucose and sucrose were the dominant sugars in C. maxima and C. moschata, respectively. A correlation was found between Brix percentage and sucrose levels as compared with glucose and fructose. A greater amount of myo-inositol had accumulated in C. moschata lines compared with C. maxima. Conversely, total carotenoids and antioxidant activity were found to be higher in C. maxima lines than in C. moschata. A strong correlation of glucose, fructose, and sucrose with β-carotene and violaxanthin revealed that it will be difficult to develop pumpkin cultivars with both high inositol and carotenoid levels. In conclusion, the composition of carbohydrates and carotenoids was more diverse in C. moschata lines than in C. maxima lines. Our results will contribute to a better understanding of metabolite changes in the fruits of these as well as other pumpkin species.

Determination of Sugar, Total Phenol contents-and Antioxidant Activity of various parts ‘Uzun’ pistachio cultivar (Pistacia vera L.)

The aim of this study was conducted to determine the sugar content, total phenol and antioxidant activity of various parts of ‘Uzun’ pistachio trees during 2018 (high bearing, or “on”-year trees) and 2019 (low bearing, or “off”-year trees) growing season. This research was carried on 35-year old, fruitful or unfruitful (showing alternate bearing) trees that were grafted on Pistacia vera rootstock at the Gaziantep provinces of Turkey. Total phenolic content of the samples were determined by the Folin Ciocalteu method by Spectrophotometer. Total antioxidant activitiy of samples were evaluated using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Radical scavenging activities and total phenolic content of the samples changed depending on the different parts of shoot, leaves, nuts (hull and hard Shell) and kernel. Sugar compounds of Pistachio were detected by using HPLC. The highest antioxidant values were observed in hull (86,02% on-year) and hard Shell (85,37 % on-year ) and the lowest were in kernel samples. The highest total phenol amount was recorded hard Shell and the lowest values were in kernel (81,23% off-year) samples. Fructose content (12,10 g/100 g) was found to be higher than the contents of sucrose (3,10 g/100 g) and glucose (5,48 g/100 g) in ‘off’ year tree and the dominant sugar was found fructose. All tissues that the amount of sugar content in ‘off’ year was higher than ‘on’ year. The results suggest at phytochemicals in ‘Uzun’ pistachio variety has potent antioxidant activities that is important for human nutrition.

Sugar profile and rheological behaviour of four different Indian honey varieties.

The aim of the study was to quantify sugar profile and rheological behaviour of four Indian honey varieties (Cotton, Coriander, Dalbergia, and Murraya). The effect of temperature (5, 10, 20 and 30°C) on rheological behaviour of these honey varieties was also studied. Fourteen sugars (three monosaccharides, six disaccharides, four trisaccharides, and one oligosaccharide) were quantified. The concentration of glucose and fructose varied from 33.40-34.06% to 36.86-41.15%, respectively. Result indicated that monosaccharides were the dominant sugars among all the honey samples. Low amounts of turanose, trehalose, melibiose, and raffinose were present in the range of 0.02-0.03%, 0.11-0.26%, 0.09-0.18% and 0.06-0.12%, respectively in the analyzed honey varieties. The rheological behaviour of all four honey varieties was analysed at different temperatures i.e. 5, 10, 20 and 30°C followed an Arrhenius model. In analysed honey varieties storage modulus (G') was less than loss modulus (G″) which confirmed the Newtonian behaviour of all honey samples.

Postharvest quality indices of different durian clones at ripening stage and their volatile organic compounds

The aim of the present work was to characterize the quality of durians at consumptions stage. Seven clones of durian namely “Musang King”, “D24″, “D88″, “IOI”, “XO”, “Red Prawn” and “Black Thorn” were characterized based on their physiochemical properties. The organic acid contents, sugar compositions and β-carotene of durian clones were measured by high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC), while the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). There were significant differences on all the postharvest parameters in the selected durian clones. “Black Thorn” having orange pulp yieled the highest β-carotene content (4.55 × 10−5 kg/kg FW). The dominant sugars in the pulp of all durian clones were dominated by sucrose followed by glucose and fructose. Sulfur- and ester-containing compounds were the predominant VOCs found. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed for the grouping of different durian clones based on VOCs.

The evaluation of chemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial and sensory properties of kombucha tea beverage.

The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical composition (organic acids-acetic, tartaric, citric; sugars-sucrose, glucose, fructose; total acidity, alcohol content, pH-with FTIR instrument; content of selected mineral compounds-AAS instrument), antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity and sensory profiles of prepared kombucha tea beverage. Black tea with white sugar as a substrate for kombucha beverage was used as a control sample. The dominant organic acid in kombucha tea beverage was acetic acid (1.55g/L), followed by tartaric and citric acids. The sucrose (17.81g/L) was the dominant sugar from detected sugars. Antioxidant activity of beverage tested by reducing power method (1318.56mg TEAC/L) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in comparison with black tea (345.59mg TEAC/L). The same tendency was observed for total polyphenol content which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in kombucha beverage (412.25mg GAE/L) than in black tea (180.17mg GAE/L). Among mineral compounds, the amount of manganese (1.57mg/L) and zinc (0.53mg/L) was the highest in kombucha tea beverage. Results of antimicrobial activity of kombucha tea beverage showed strong inhibition of Candida krusei CCM 8271 (15.81mm), C. glabrata CCM 8270 (16mm), C. albicans CCM 8186 (12mm), C. tropicalis CCM 8223 (14mm), Haemophilus influenzae CCM 4454 (10mm) and Escherichia coli CCM 3954 (4mm). Sensory properties of prepared beverage were evaluated overall as good with the best score in a taste (pleasant fruity-sour taste). The consumption of kombucha tea beverage as a part of drinking mode of consumers due to health benefits is recommended.

Screening and isolation of the liamocin-producing yeast Aureobasidium melanogenum using xylose as the sole carbon source

Xylose, the main component of xylan, is the second most abundant sugar in nature after glucose. Consequently, xylose represents an attractive feedstock for the production of value-added compounds such as biosurfactants (BSs), which are produced by various bacteria and yeasts. In this study, we screened and isolated yeast strains that synthesize BSs using xylose as the sole carbon source. We applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to screen for BS-producing yeasts and isolated eight strains as the liamocin producers. Two of the eight strains, AS37 and SK25, were identified as Aureobasidium melanogenum, which is known as black yeasts, by based on 26S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Both strains produced a wide variety of liamocin structures from not only xylose but also glucose and sucrose. According to the MALDI-TOF MS analysis, signals corresponding to sodium ion adducts of di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-acylated C6-liamocins and di-, tri- and tetra-acylated C5-liamocins were detected. In addition, their mono-acetylated form was also detected. The dominant sugar component of liamocins produced by strains AS37 and SK25 is mannitol as estimated by HPLC analysis. This is the first report to describe the screening of liamocins-producing yeasts using xylose as the sole carbon source.

The effect of rootstocks on sugars, acids, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and ethylene of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of rootstocks on fruit sugars, organic acids, and carotenoids. The contents of sugars and organic acids in fruits were determined by HPLC. Total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), and pH value of the juice were also evaluated. Total carotenoids and chlorophylls contents were measured using a spectrophotometer. The content of ethylene in fruits was determined by gas chromatography. HPLC analysis of the juice allowed the detection of 3 sugars and 2 acids. Sucrose was the dominant sugar for all rootstocks. Total sugars ranged from 93.54 (mg/mL) (Flying dragon) to 111.54 (mg/mL) (Swingle citrumelo). Total acids changed from 9.50 (mg/mL) (Trifoliate orange) to 11.45(mg/mL) (Flying dragon). The ascorbic acid content varied from 0.20 (mg/mL) (Flying Dragon) to 0.32 (mg/mL) (Sour orange). The pH value ranged from 3.14 (Flying dragon) to 3.50 (Trifoliate orange), TSS content changed from 10.70 (%) (Flying dragon) to 11.10 (%) (Swingle citrumelo), TSS/TA varied from 11.75 (Flying dragon) to 13.45 (Trifoliate orange). The juice content ranged from 52.18 (%) (Flying Dragon) to 55.63 (%) (Sour orange). The amount of fruit production changed from 15 (Kg /tree) (Flying dragon) to 115 (Kg /tree) (Swingle citrumelo). Total carotenoids varied from 0.09 (Swingle citrumelo) to 0.15 (Sour orange and Flying dragon) (mg/gr DW). Among the four rootstocks evaluated, Swingle citrumelo demonstrated the maximum level of sugars and TSS. The study concluded that the rootstocks can affect sugars, acids, and, carotenoids contents of the fruits.

Pemberdayaan petani aren (Arenga pinnata Merr) rakyat melalui diversifikasi produk nira aren di Desa Mabar Kecamatan Bangun Purba Kabupaten Deli Serdang

Nira aren sangat berpotensi untuk dijadikan gula karena nira tersebut mengandung komponen gula yang dominan yaitu jenis sukrosa. Gula Aren asal Desa Mabar Kecamatan Bangun Purba dikenal sebagai gula aren yang benar-benar murni. Masalah yang dihadapi para petani aren di desa ini adalah belum terlihatnya usaha gula aren ini menjadi usaha yang dapat diandalkan untuk meningkatkan ekonomi keluarga. Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah untuk memfasilitasi para petani aren supaya dapat meningkatkan usaha mereka dan dapat menjadi usaha yang produktif. Metode yang dipakai dalam kegiatan ini adalah penyuluhan/edukasi, implementasi teknologi dari tim Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat. Hasil yang dicapai dalam kegiatan ini mitra yaitu petani aren diberikan sosialisasi cara pengolahan, implementasi alat dari tradisional menjadi modern. Hasil luaran yang dicapai adalah sirup gula aren dan gula semut.

Spatial distribution of flavor components and antioxidants in the flesh of ‘Conference’ pears and its relationship with postharvest pathogens susceptibility

The spatial distribution of dry matter, ethylene production, respiration rate, organic acids, sugars, antioxidants, volatiles and fungal (Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer) growth was evaluated analyzing four different slices of ‘Conference’ pear flesh taken along an equatorial radius. A common spatial distribution trend was found for ethylene emission, CO2 production, antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds with a minimum in the slice under the skin and a maximum in the slice near the core. Fructose, which was the dominant sugar followed by sucrose and glucose, showed a quasi-linear decreasing profile from the outer slice towards the core. Malic and ascorbic acid had the highest content in the outer slice while citric remained practically constant over the different slices. Twenty-nine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified using solid-phase microextraction (SPME), yet only six of them showed significant differences between flesh slices. The content in VOCs was further related to the tissue susceptibility to the above-mentioned postharvest pathogens using a multivariate approach. Fruit flesh from inner sections was more prone to P. expansum whereas flesh from the slice under the skin presented the highest incidence of R. stolonifer. A Partial Least Square (PLS) model showed that P. expansum growth was negatively correlated with malic acid, dry matter content, 2-ethyl-hexanal and butyl hexanoate concentrations and R. stolonifer was negatively correlated to sucrose and some volatiles such as hexanal and 1-butanol. Based on the results from the PLS, selected volatiles naturally present in the pear flesh were tested in vitro, at different concentrations, in order to investigate their effectiveness to control blue mold caused by P. expansum and soft rot caused by R. stolonifer. A completely control of P. expansum was found with 2-ethyl-hexanal application and hexanal while 1-butanol showed a total fungicide effect against R. stolonifer. This study is a step towards a better understanding of how biochemical compounds are spatially distributed among different slices of ‘Conference’ pears as well as in the development of natural compounds to fight major postharvest pathogens in pear fruit.

Morphological and Biochemical Diversity in Fruits of Arbutus unedo L. from East Aegean Region in Turkey

Proper characterization of genotypes and cultivars of different fruit species are of great importance for breeding point. Thus, both morphological and biochemical markers are routinely used to describe cultivars and genotypes. In this study, the morphological (fruit weight, fruit number per cluster, color), biochemical (total phenolics, total dietary fibre, total fat, vitamin C, sugars and organic acids) and antioxidant capacity existing in 15 promising strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) genotypes selected from Mugla province in Turkey has been investigated. It turns out that a great difference in the values indicating morphological and biochemical characteristics exists among strawberry tree genotypes. Fruit weight comes out as between 4.67 and 7.88 g. The number of fruit per cluster is identified as between 3.77 and 8.60. Fructose is determined as the dominant sugar and malic acid as the major organic acid for all genotypes. Vitamin C and total dietary fibre content range from 46 to 62 mg/100 g and 9.74 to 13.28 g/100 g fresh fruits, respectively.

Local genotypes of dog rose from Interior Aegean region of Turkey as a unique source of pro-health compounds

ABSTRACT Rosehip, Rosa canina L. fruit, is valued for its flavor, taste, color and aroma, in accordance with its recognition as one of richest sources of pro-health compounds. Screening, preservation and propagation of the most valuable local populations of rosehip are performed for food, pharmacological, and cosmetic applications. Eleven native R. canina genotypes from the Interior Aegean region, Turkey, were collected and analyzed regarding organic acids, phenolic compounds, sugars, and DPPH scavenging activity within this study. Regarding biochemical profile of fruits, protocatechuic acid and quercitrin were the most dominant compounds among 12 identified phenolics. The dominant organic acids were malic and citric and fructose and glucose were the dominant sugars. There was no correlation between DPPH scavenging activity and the analyzed chemicals in fruits. Although levels of certain compounds varied significantly between consecutive years, the ranking of genotypes according to the levels of particular chemicals was maintained. Generally, the most promising chemotype regarding biological value was 64US03. The chemical composition and the presence of bioactive compounds make the native to Interior Aegean R. canina genotypes a valuable source of bioactive agents preventing oxidative-stress related diseases.

Mathematical Modeling of Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol Fermentation with Simultaneous Utilization of Glucose and Xylose by RecombinantClostridium acetobutylicum

Studies on acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation of sugars from lignocellulosic biomass have been actively carried out in recent years, and recombinant strains have been developed to efficiently coutilize glucose and xylose, which are the dominant sugar types in most lignocellulosic biomass. However, there is a lack of mathematical models for describing and predicting the simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose in ABE fermentation, particularly for the purpose of supporting optimization and control of the process. This study proposes a kinetic model for ABE fermentation with coutilization of glucose and xylose by recombinant Clostridium acetobutylicum. The model is developed based on unstructured models, that is, the Monod equation and the Luedeking–Piret model, and a modified concentration-dependent weighting factor is suggested to describe the simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose based on the experimental analysis. A systematic identification approach is employed to obtain reliable...

Raw oil palm frond leaves as cost-effective substrate for cellulase and xylanase productions by Trichoderma asperellum UC1 under solid-state fermentation

Production of cellulases and xylanase by a novel Trichoderma asperellum UC1 (GenBank accession no. MF774876) under solid state fermentation (SSF) of raw oil palm frond leaves (OPFL) was optimized. Under optimum fermentation parameters (30 °C, 60–80% moisture content, 2.5 × 106 spores/g inoculum size) maximum CMCase, FPase, β-glucosidase and xylanase activity were recorded at 136.16 IU/g, 26.03 U/g, 130.09 IU/g and 255.01 U/g, respectively. Cellulases and xylanase were produced between a broad pH range of pH 6.0–12.0. The enzyme complex that comprised of four endo-β-1,4-xylanases and endoglucanases, alongside exoglucanase and β-glucosidase showed thermophilic and acidophilic characteristics at 50–60 °C and pH 3.0–4.0, respectively. Glucose (16.87 mg/g) and fructose (18.09 mg/g) were among the dominant sugar products from the in situ hydrolysis of OPFL, aside from cellobiose (105.92 mg/g) and xylose (1.08 mg/g). Thermal and pH stability tests revealed that enzymes CMCase, FPase, β-glucosidase and xylanase retained 50% residual activities for up to 15.18, 4.06, 17.47 and 15.16 h of incubation at 60 °C, as well as 64.59, 25.14, 68.59 and 19.20 h at pH 4.0, respectively. Based on the findings, it appeared that the unique polymeric structure of raw OPFL favored cellulases and xylanase productions.

Structural organization of saponins in Caryophyllaceae

Saponins in Caryophyllaceae were subjected to many structural elucidations for several decades leading to big datasets of molecules essentially based on four aglycones: quillaic acid (QA), gypsogenin (Gyp), gypsogenic acid (GA) and 16α-OH-gypsogenic acid (16α-OH-GA). Statistical analyses of structural variability of 231 saponins (published between 1971 and 2016) highlighted several diversification trends associating the four aglycones to different glycosylation (Gly) patterns defined by specific, dominant or relatively well-regulated sugars at the carbons C3, C23 and/or C28. The C28 was frankly more glycosylated than C3 in GA and 16α-OH-GA versus comparable Gly levels in Gyp and QA. Moreover, GA and 16α-OH-GA showed higher regulations of glucose than Gyp and QA. Further structural diversification of GA- and 16α-OH-GA-based saponins was provided by specific occurrence, absence or high regulations of other hexoses (Gal, Man), GlcA and/or pentoses (Xyl, Ara) in presence of Glc (dominant sugar). Under Gyp and QA, Gly patterns showed systematic occurrence of 3-Gal with diversification due (i) to presence-absence of Fuc, Rha, Qui (6-deoxyhexoses), Xyl at C3 or C28 or (ii) to high regulations of 3-Glc, 3-GlcA, 3-Ara, 28-Gal and/or 28-Glc. The highlighted structural organization of saponins showed significant associations with several plant genera. At lower biological scale, roots, seeds and aerial parts were revealed to be more or less favorite compartments for the different saponin classes. Finally, a synthesis of published pharmacological activities was made taking into account affiliations of saponins to different aglycones and plant genera. Preliminary average aglycone-glycosylation patterns were established for the most cited activities (cytotoxic, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory).

Influence of altitudinal variation on the physical and biochemical characteristics of apple (Malus demostica)

This study was conducted to investigate the physical and biochemical attributes of three Indian apple (Malus demostica Borkh.) cultivars as affected by elevation and genotype. High performance liquid chromatography was used to analyse sugars, organic acids and phenolic composition. Fructose and glucose were the most dominant sugars irrespective of genotype and altitude, while malic acid was the dominant organic acid. Chlorogenic acid was the main phenolics and valeric acid the most abundant fatty acid in apples. The variation in the fruit weight amongst different apple genotypes was larger (133.40 to 186 g) than firmness (10.32 to 11.87 N). The genotype Golden Delicious grown at 1800 msl had the highest ascorbic acid (28.80 mg/100 g) and total antioxidant (9.98 μmol Trolox/g) content amongthe genotypes and elevations studied. The total phenol content was positively correlated with the elevation ranging from 82.5 mg/100 g (1400 msl) to 231 mg/100 g (1800 msl). A significant genotype × elevation interaction was found for sugars and organic acid content, minerals and physical attributes. This study confirms the role of elevation as effective factor on the physical and nutritional quality in apple fruits.

Extraction optimization, preliminary characterization, and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Silybum marianum meal

Silybum marianum meal is the major by-product in silymarin extraction, and most S. marianum meal is disposed of because of its huge output. To develop new physiologically active polysaccharides from S. marianum meal, two polysaccharide fractions (SMP2-1 and SMP4-1) were isolated and their innate primary chemical structure and bioactivities including antioxidant, hemolysis inhibitory, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were investigated. Structural analyses indicated that SMP2-1 had higher molecular weight (45.5 kDa) than SMP4-1 (4.9 kDa) and both comprised of arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, and mannose in a similar molar ratio, and the arabinose and galactose were the dominant sugars. FTIR results showed that SMP2-1 and SMP4-1 containing similar functional groups since they exhibited similar spectral characteristics. SMP2-1 exhibited better bioactivities than SMP4-1 including DPPH radical, ABTS radical, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities, hemolysis inhibitory, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory. These data suggested that S. marianum polysaccharide fractions have potential to be explored as a functional food or complementary medicine.

Changes in Sugar Metabolism and Fruit Quality of Different Pear Cultivars During Cold Storage

This study evaluated the changes in sugar metabolism and fruit quality of different pear cultivars during cold storage using seven major commercial pear cultivars belonging to different Pyrus species, such as P. bretschneideri Rehd. (“Huangguan,” “Yali”), P. pyrifolia Nakai. (“Wonhwang,” “Hosui”), P. ussuriensis Maxim. (“Jingbai,” “Nanguo”), and P. communis L. (“Bartlett”). The firmness, respiration rate, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, sugar content, and enzyme activity of the seven pear cultivars were investigated. SPSS was used for analyzing the significance of different indexes. Results showed that fructose was the dominant sugar, accounting for > 60% of total sugars, followed by glucose and sucrose. The respiration peak of almost all cultivars appeared within 60 days. The levels of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and total soluble solids increased within 90 days and then generally decreased. Acid invertase showed the highest activity among all pear cultivars, followed by neutral invertase, sucrose synthetase, and sucrose phosphate synthetase during storage.

Extracellular biopolymers produced by Dictyosphaerium family - Chemical and immunomodulative properties

Many microalgal species produce a wide range of highly-value products which are interesting for biotechnological applications. Cultivation of microalgal species Dictyosphaerium pulchellum and Dictyosphaerium tetrachotomum, strains Růžicka and Fott resulted yields of 0.2, 0.7 and 1.8 g/L of extracellular biopolymers (EPSs), respectively. All biopolymers were shown to be anionic proteoglycans. The sugar composition analyses of all EPSs showed high contents of hexoses and the presence of partially methylated monosaccharide residues, i.e. hexoses, and deoxy hexoses. The dominant sugar component of all EPSs was found to be galactose. Extracellular microalgal biopolymers were subjected to immunobiological and immunotoxicological evaluation using murine melanoma cancer cells B16, murine fibroblast cell line NIH-3T3, murine macrophages cell line RAW 264.7 and skin construct EpiDerm™ (EPI-200). The EPSs exerted the antiproliferative effectivity; treatment of EPS induced proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β and IL-17, also engaged in anti-cancer immunity. Immunotoxicological studies revealed their non-toxic character and safe application on EpiDerm™.

Characterization of biogenic primary and secondary organic aerosols in the marine atmosphere over the East China Sea

Abstract. Molecular composition and abundance of sugars and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from biogenic sources over the East China Sea were investigated based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Biogenic SOA tracers and sugars exhibit higher levels in the samples affected by continental air masses, demonstrating the terrestrial outflows of organic matter to the East China Sea. Glucose was the dominant sugar species (0.31–209, 18.8 ng m−3), followed by mannitol – a fungal spore tracer. All sugar compounds show generally higher average concentrations in the nighttime than in the daytime. 3-Methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid, one higher generation photooxidation tracer of monoterpene SOA, was found to be the most abundant species among measured biogenic SOA markers, suggesting the input of aged organic aerosols through long-range transport. Fungal-spore-derived organic carbon (OC) was the biggest contributor to total OC (0.03 %–19.8 %, 3.1 %), followed by sesquiterpene-derived secondary OC (SOC), biomass-burning-derived OC, and monoterpene- and isoprene-derived SOC. Larger carbon percentages of biogenic primary OCs and SOCs in total OC presented in the terrestrially influenced aerosols indicate significant contributions of continental aerosols through long-range transport. Positive matrix factorization results illustrate that the secondary nitrate and biogenic SOA, biomass burning, and fungal spores were the main sources of OC in marine aerosols over the East China Sea, again highlighting the importance of the Asian continent as a natural emitter of biogenic organic aerosols together with anthropogenic aerosols over the coastal marine atmosphere.

SOIL POTASSIUM NUTRIENT, TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL REQUIRED TO GENERATE ‘HONEY TASTE’ OF CILEMBU SWEET POTATO

&lt;p&gt;Indonesia produces normal and “honey taste sweet potatoes” (HTSP), but soil properties and climate factors that govern the unique honey taste and its sugar content have not yet comprehensively evaluated. The objective of the study was to assess and evaluate the soil nutrients and climate factors generating honey taste of Cilembu Rancing cultivar. Soils and plant tissues were sampled at different elevations for various macro- and micro-nutrient analyses and that tubers for sugar analysis. Results showed that the most suitable climate to produce the highest vine and tuber weight, and total tuber sugar of the HTSP was monthly temperature of 21–22oC occurring at 870–917 m soil elevation with monthly rainfall of 96-199 mm. The K nutrient was responsible in part to the high production and total sugar as revealed by significantly positive correlation between soil available K against K content of leaves and tubers, fresh weight of vines and tubers, and total sugar of tubers. The honey taste was driven by type of dominant sugar: fructose &amp;gt; sucrose &amp;gt; glucose. The balance of N, P, K, Ca and Mg to support generation of HTSP for Rancing cultivar was 2,067, 25, 304, 1,824 and 260 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. Further, the content of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn micronutrient was 29, 177, 4 and 2 mg kg-1, respectively. Findings of climate factors and soil nutrients required by HTSP in this study could be used as a guidance to select the new areas for massive development of honey-taste sweet potato.&lt;/p&gt;