Domestic Labor Market Research Articles

UNEMPLOYMENT IN UKRAINE'S ECONOMY: COVID-19, WAR AND DIGITALIZATION

The article examines unemployment trends in Ukraine in the long and medium term, taking into account the impact of pandemic COVID-19 in 2020-2021, the Ukrainian-Russian war in 2022, the factors of the domestic labor market in 2002-2019, as well as the prospects for post-war reconstruction and digitalization of the country's economy. Using methods of correlation and regression analysis, the authors identified factors of long-term influence on unemployment in the pre-pandemic period. These include the inflation index, the number of university graduates, the number of arrivals and departures, the average annual minimum wage, and the number of economically active population. The resulting model substantiates that an increase in the inflation index, the number of arrivals to Ukraine, and the minimum wage reduces the level of unemployment in the country. On the other hand, an increase in the number of graduates and departures increases unemployment. The influence of the number of economically active population on this indicator is controversial and requires further research. Based on the identified factors, measures to reduce unemployment in Ukraine are proposed. Having assessed the impact of lockouts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on employment, the dynamics of the unemployment rate in 2020-2021 was analyzed. It was substantiated that mass vaccination of Ukrainians against coronavirus disease and further reduction of COVID-19 incidence would help stabilize the labor market situation. However, in 2022 the invasion of the Russian Federation radically changed the government's priorities in the fight against unemployment. Therefore, this article analyzes current economic policies to stimulate employment and business recovery in Ukraine, as well as the potential macroeconomic consequences of military action. The COVID-19 pandemic and the war are identified as black swans that led to unpredictable changes in the labor market and accelerated the digitalization of the domestic economy. It is argued that the latter (in the sense of the development of artificial intelligence and quantum computers) will become another black swan in the long-term postwar period. On this basis, the main trends that will influence the Ukrainian labor market in the future (technological transformations, changes in economic and social models, increasing globalization, environmental changes) and the corresponding directions of digital transformations are analyzed.

Информационная система сбора и анализа требований рынка труда для профессиональной подготовки и трудоустройства населения моногорода

The article considers one of the problems of formation and development of the system of advanced training of personnel for a monotown. In monotowns that are in difficult socioeconomic conditions (including the ones that are caused by problems related to the city-forming enterprises), there is a significant quantitative and qualitative imbalance between the requirements of the labor market and the existing professional and qualification structure and the size of the able-bodied population. Accordingly, the orientation of educational institutions of a single-industry town only to the domestic labor market will not solve the problem of employment. In this regard, the article considers the possibility of analyzing the requirements of external labor markets for a single industry town for employment of the population in the format of remote or rotational work. An automated system has been developed that collects and analyzes information from the databases of vacancies existing on the Internet (in particular, from the portal hh.ru), taking into account the specified restrictions on the employment forms. The developed system provides analytics on in-demand professions, in-demand competencies in vacancies, as well as in-demand competencies in professions. This information can serve to substantiate the directions and content of educational programs for educational institutions.

THE IMPACT OF HIGHLY SKILLED LABOUR MIGRATION ON HOST COUNTRIES (SWISS EXPERIENCE)

Purpose. The aim of the article is systematization of theoretical approaches to the essence of international migration processes of highly qualified labour, as well as clarification of the impact of migration of highly qualified labour on host countries using the example of the Swiss economy. Methodology of research. In the course of writing the article, the methods generally accepted in economic science were applied: theoretical and comparative analysis – to reveal the essence and meaning of migration processes; analysis and synthesis, grouping method – to determine the number of people, causes and consequences of emigration of the country’s population; abstract and logical ‒ for theoretical generalization and formulation of conclusions. Findings. The consequences of immigration processes for the Swiss economy are studied. To understand the phenomenon of migration of highly qualified specialists, approaches to its definition are considered, including the theory of “brain drain”, which explains the negative consequences of the migration of highly qualified specialists in sending countries, the theory of “brain recruitment”, which describes the positive effects of this migration on receiving countries. Originality. An assessment of the main causes and consequences of migration processes for the social and economic development of the country was carried out, a systematization of theoretical approaches to the essence of international migration processes of highly qualified labour force was carried out, and the impact of migration of highly qualified labour force on host countries was clarified using the example of the Swiss economy. Practical value. The results of the conducted research can be used in the process of further implementation of deep social and economic reforms and radical institutional transformations in Ukraine, aimed at the formation of competitive advantages of the labour market and its effective functioning. The use of international experience to improve the efficiency of the domestic labour market will have positive consequences for the national economy in the future. Key words: highly qualified specialists, migration, integration, labour migration, migration processes, immigration, potential, workforce.

Factors affecting migration destination choices of international migrant workers in Slovakia

The main goal of this paper is to determine the main economic factors that influence the self-selection process of migrant workers when settling in Slovakia. Considering the growing number of migrant workers in Slovakia, it is necessary to determine which factors influence them most when choosing a final destination within the country. Paper deals with the allocation of migrant workers in Slovakia focusing on the mutual relationship between the total number of migrant workers and the average wage, and the number of vacancies in 2010 and 2020 in individual districts. The paper also analyses the domestic labour market with emphasis on internal and foreign labour migration. The study is based on migration and self-selection process theories. In the paper, we work with data from public institutions in Slovakia, especially the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family, the National Bank of Slovakia and the Statistical Office. To achieve the goal, Spearman's coefficient is used and its significance and linear regression are tested. The results show that the correlation between the number of migrant workers in individual districts and the number of vacancies was stronger than the correlation between the number of migrant workers and the amount of average wage in both monitored years 2010 and 2020. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/

Labor market in Ukraine: current challenges and risks

The article analyzes the situation on the labor market in Ukraine, starting before COVID-19 pandemic and up to present. It is noted that in recent years Ukrainian labor market is characterized by transformation stage, accompanied by specific negative consequences, including reduced productivity, deteriorated employment conditions, non-standard employment segment expansion and more. Professional occupation imbalance of supply and demand is significant on the national labor market. It increasingly loads regional labor markets, rasing the level of unemployment and social tension in the country. All these negative consequences rised up with COVID-19 pandemic and invasion of Ukraine by Russian Federation troops. It is noted that the main domestic labor market changes caused by COVID-19 pandemic during 2019–2021 are: decreasing employment; increasing unemployment rate; decreasing number of labor migrants; decreasing population incomes in labor force sale and self-employment because of job loss, decreasing salaries and entrepreneurs’ income. New trends in labor market caused by war in Ukraine are analyzed. As a result of war, the salaries of Ukrainians decreased, some specialists lost their jobs, and some professions lost their demand on the market. Companies were forced to relocate their businesses to safer regions, so the labor market structure changed depending on the region. Demand for work exceeds its supply, unemployment is high. It is defined that after having overcome the crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic and war, there will be a need to attract more labor and expand employment opportunities on the Ukrainian labor market. Therefore, one of the important tasks of the state now is to create a clear system of priorities for employment. Among them: saving and developing human capital, creating incentives for employment and service export, deregulation and transparency of rules.

New EU Members on the Market of Industrial Robots – Analysis of Post-accession Developments

One of the most noticeable changes related to the Industry 4.0 is growing investment in industrial robots, and in manufacturing automation in general. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the recent trends in the international market of industrial robots over two last decades, and then to assess the achievements of selected new European Union member states in respect of industrial robots’ implementation and its consequences to domestic labor market. Research based mostly on International Federation of Robotics and International Labour Organization data showed that automation processes in new EU member states were recently much faster than in top 10 countries with largest operational stocks of industrial robots. On the other hand still lower labor costs and relatively high labor productivity can result in slower implementation of industrial robots in their manufacturing industries.

THE IMPACT OF SYRIAN CONFLICT AND THE REFUGEE CRISIS ON LABOUR MARKET OUTCOMES OF HOST COUNTRIES

The civil war in Syria, which started in March of 2011, has led to a massive influx of forced migration, especially from Northern Syria to the neighbouring countries. The unexpected movement of refugees has created large exogenous labour supply shocks with potentially significant effects on the labour and living standard outcomes of natives in the host countries. Using a difference-in-differences (DID) framework, this study explores the impact of Syrian refugees on labour market outcomes in Jordan and Turkey. Furthermore, we implement an instrumental variables (IV) approach within the DID framework. The results are mixed and vary, not only across the labour outcomes explored but also across demographic and socio-economic groups, as females and low educated are mainly affected by the refugee crisis negatively. Main policy implications include the design and implementation of active labour market policies, necessary measures to address the employment in the formal sector, encouraging the private sector to employ Syrian refugees in sectors where migrant workers would like to work and natives are not willing to work. Other policies include the implementation of realistic scenarios to integrate the refugees in the domestic labour market that will be beneficial for the domestic economy. Furthermore, national governments and authorities should maximize the job creation potential by collaborating with international actors. School enrollment for refugees' children and granting formal work permits to their parents are other policies that may affect natives and refugees positively.

Remuneration of Professional Soldiers in the Czech Republic and in the Slovak Republic

The paper analyses differences in remuneration of professional soldiers in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic between 1999 and 2020. This structural analysis focuses on changes in respective remuneration systems and their design. Results of the presented research enable to identify differences in the development of remuneration of professional soldiers after the split of the Czechoslovak Federation in 1993. The paper submits development of the amounts of salary for selected military ranks, their comparison and relation to general trends in domestic labor market and relation to average costs of living in respective countries. Between 2016 and 2019, salaries of professional soldiers grew higher in the Czech Republic than in the Slovak Republic, in 2020, the pay gap is already narrowing.

Features of the Regulation of Labor Migration in Uzbekistan

Almost all countries of the world are involved in the migration process, and Uzbekistan is no exception. While our country is involved in the international migration process, including labor migration, one of the main factors is the large number of young workers and the underdeveloped domestic labor market. Therefore, our citizens are working abroad in the world labor market.

Does Educational Mismatch Affect Emigration Behaviour?

This paper uses linked Swiss administrative and survey data to examine the relationship between educational mismatch in the labour market and emigration decisions, carrying out the analysis for both Swiss native and previous immigrant workers. In turn, migrants’ decisions separate returning home from onward migration to a third country. We find that undereducation is positively associated with the probability of emigration and return to the country of origin. In contrast, the reverse relationship is found between overeducation and emigration, especially among non-European immigrant workers. According to the predictions of the traditional model of migration, based on self-selection, migrants returning home are positively selected relative to migrants emigrating to other countries. We also find that immigrants from a country outside the EU27/EFTA have little incentive to return home and generally accept jobs for which they are mismatched in Switzerland. These results highlight the relevance to understand emigration behaviours in relation to the type of migrant that is most integrated, and productive, in the Swiss market, hence enabling better migration and domestic labour market policy design.

Imperial legacies, nation building, and geopolitics: ethno-regional divides and the Russian language in Central Asia

ABSTRACT Post-imperial ethnic identities and divides are often constructed and construed through direct and indirect references to imperial legacies. In this study, we use nationally representative survey data to examine proficiency, use, and valuation of the Russian language – a major such legacy of the Soviet empire – in Kyrgyzstan, a multiethnic Central Asian nation with a long and complex history of ethnic and regional cleavages. The multivariable analyses produce instructive net variations in Russian proficiency and use across regional subgroups of ethnic Kyrgyz, the titular ethnicity, and between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks, a marginalized ethnic minority. The analyses also show that the command and use of Russian increase with community ethnic heterogeneity. Yet, no variations along these axes are found in the perceived importance of Russian language knowledge for success in the domestic labour market. These findings are situated within the interconnected contexts of historical ethnolinguistic legacies, dynamics of nation-building, and geopolitics.

Women and Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights: Issues and Challenges due to Environmental Pollution and Covid-19 Pandemic

The situation emerging out of COVID-19 pandemic is not only just a health issue that has affected peoplebut it has entrenched structural and gender inequalities and inequities in addition to the economic shock,Women as care giver, at home and communities are at the more challenging end in terms of getting attentionand care across the societies, be at the rural, tribal or urban areas. degree of vulnerability has increased dueto COVID-19 in every sphere be it in domestic space, labour market or access to health care. Worse situationis the provision of sexual- and reproductive-health services where women face innumerable challengesto address them. (Linde & Gonzalez,2020). Further, rising environmental pollution has further worsenedthe health situation, particularly in case of sexual and reproductive health for women and girls. This paperexplores how women’s health is affected by Air pollution during COVID-19 situations. The paper discusseshow women’s health in general and particularly, sexual reproductive health is affected by COVID-19 andenvironmental pollution, particularly, Air pollution.

Analysis of Social Effects on Employment Promotion Policies for College Graduates Based on Data Mining for Online Use Review in China during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

As an important part of human resources, college graduates are the most vigorous, energetic, and creative group in society. The employment of college graduates is not only related to the vital interests of graduates themselves and the general public, but also related to the sustainable and healthy development of higher education and the country’s prosperity through science and education. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 at the end of 2019 has left China’s domestic labor and employment market in severe condition, which has a significant impact on the employment of college graduates. Based on the situation, the Chinese government has formulated a series of employment promotion policies for college graduates in accordance with local conditions to solve the current difficulties in employment of college graduates during the COVID-19Pandemic. Do these policies meet the expectations of the people? Is the policy implementation process reasonable? All these issues need to be tested and clarified urgently. This paper takes the employment promotion policy of college graduates under the COVID-19 as the research object, uses the PMC index model to screen the policy texts, obtains two perfect policy texts, and uses the Weibo comments to construct the evaluation model of policy measures support degree to analyze the social effects of employment promotion policies for college graduates. The results show that the public’s support degree with the employment promotion policies for college graduates under COVID-19 needs to be improved. Among them, the public has a neutral attitude towards position measures and transference measures but is obviously dissatisfied with subsidy measures and channel measures. Finally, suggestions for improving policy are given to make the employment policy in line with public opinion and effectively relieve the job hunting pressure of college graduates.

The Transmission of Monetary Policy Shocks

Commonly used instruments for the identification of monetary policy disturbances are likely to combine the true policy shock with information about the state of the economy due to the information disclosed through the policy action. We show that this signaling effect of monetary policy can give rise to the empirical puzzles reported in the literature, and propose a new high-frequency instrument for monetary policy shocks that accounts for informational rigidities. We find that a monetary tightening is unequivocally contractionary, with deterioration of domestic demand, labor and credit market conditions as well as of asset prices and agents’ expectations. (JEL D82, D84, E32, E43, E52, E58, G12)

ON THE ISSUE OF FORMATION OF THE VALUE SPHERE IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE PERSONAL TEACHER'S PERSONALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

The study of the problem of the value sphere of the student's personality in a higher educational institution based on the basic conceptual foundations of Ukrainian psychology scholars in the study of general and professional disciplines of professional training with the aim of becoming personal and professional value orientations for each student, in particular, increasing interest in knowledge in the process of educational-professional activities, with the purpose of development of creative thinking, acquisition of professional-personal competences, practical skills that will facilitate the increasing - future specialists teaching professional direction priority, spiritual and moral values, which is one of the main objectives of the institution of higher education in today's society. Using of scientific and scientific-methodical publications, methods of psychological and pedagogical researches and methodical materials and practical experience of experts of age and pedagogical psychology and department of Psychology of education of the faculty of Correctional and Social Pedagogy and Psychology of the Kamyanets-Podolsky National University named after Ivan Ogienko have been used. The article substantiates the importance of the problem of improving the quality of the professional training of future specialists in the pedagogical industry with the use of active teaching methods, specific pedagogical situations in the study of professional disciplines, in particular, practical training aimed at the formation of a personality of a specialist who would be competitive on the domestic and European labor markets. The article substantiates the importance of the problem of quality improvement. To improve the organization of the educational process, acquiring practical skills close to the educational process, forming professional and personal competences for a future specialist in the pedagogical direction, it is advisable to pay attention to the problem of practical training through the introduction into higher education of the higher education an educational institution of active teaching methods, which is one of the main ways for acquiring the practical skills and skills necessary for the formation of a person professional specialist, competitive on the domestic and European labor market with the purpose of the possibility to search for solved pedagogical tasks, increase of professional knowledge, acceptance of original and creative decisions in the conditions of future pedagogical activity.

The Effect of Multinationals’ Downsizing on the Domestic Labour Market

ABSTRACT This study examines the effect of foreign-owned firms’ downsizing on the domestic labour market using Korean firm-level data during 2006–2017. We identify horizontal and vertical effects of foreign firms on the domestic employment within the region and across regions. Empirical results support that foreign firms’ downsizing leads to a decrease in domestic firms’ employment in the same industry. Domestic firms in the upstream industries reduce employment in response to foreign firms’ downsizing. Displaced workers from foreign firms may be transferred to domestic firms in the downstream industries. These results are more pronounced within the region.

INFORMATION SUPPORT OF THE LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE AND EASTERN EUROPE: INNOVATION ASPECTS

Introduction. The processes of informatization of society, reform of state institutions and transformation of the economic system of Ukraine identify new problems and set new challenges for regulating the labor market and employment on the basis of public-private partnership, including by bringing to all labor market actors relevant information from verified sources. Given the signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union, Ukraine should take into account the experience of Eastern European countries that have been in similar transition conditions and have shown significant progress, in particular in overcoming the problems and threats in the labor markets that they have encountered in the process of European integration. Purpose and objectives. There is a necessity to justify the expediency of integration of information of subjects in the labor market of Ukraine for the purpose of formation of uniform information support of the labor market that will promote legal productive employment of citizens. Methodology. The article is based on international legal acts, laws and bylaws of Ukraine in the field of employment and regulation of labor market processes in the context of the functioning of a single information environment, formed on the basis of public-private partnership. Both general and special methods were used for the research: methods of analysis and synthesis, descriptive method, methods of induction and deduction. Results. The article analyzes the regulation of the European labor market by integrating the capabilities of national public employment services, the implementation of equal opportunities in free labor mobility for European workers. The data and experience of the countries of Eastern Europe are given. The institutional and legislative aspects of the functioning of private mediation in the domestic labor market are considered and it is proved that in Ukraine there is currently no regulatory influence of the state on the activities of private mediation in this market, and regulatory support in this area is imperfect. It is studied that information flows of private intermediaries, including job search and recruiting websites, operate independently of state intermediaries, and the public does not fully have up-to-date information on the state and needs of the domestic labor market. The article highlights the role of the government and the State Employment Service in the formation of information support of the labor market, compares the published data, provides relevant recommendations of the International Labor Organization and foreign experience. Conclusions. The information published in Ukraine by private labor market intermediaries needs full attention, as its connection with informal employment is not excluded. Given the impact of globalization challenges on the functioning and development of the domestic labor market, it is proposed to standardize the activities of private labor market intermediaries, including job search and recruiting websites, by including their data on labor supply and demand in the domestic labor market. For Ukraine, the experience of the European countries in cooperation between public and private intermediaries in the labor market, based on the creation of single information support of the labor market, including through joining the EURES system, is relevant.

INNOVATIVE PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AT NON-SPECIAL FACULTIES OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article substantiates the relevance of improving the quality of foreign language education of graduates of higher education institutions of non-special faculties as a means of their professional mobility in the domestic and world labor market and intercultural communication in modern globalized world. It is focused on ensuring the innovative development of its teaching methods, the introduction of modern technologies, bringing the learning process in line with world and European requirements.The classification of teaching methods in pedagogical science is considered, among which the classification of A. Beliaev, based on the active interaction of subjects of the educational process, is determined as the most appropriate for mastering a foreign language.The most effective didactic methods (project method, method of “brainstorming”, method of business and didactic games) are described. They are applied in learning English at non-special faculties and specific examples of their use in classes both in the classroom and outside it, in real professional and life situations.The peculiarities of using modern information and multimedia technologies in teaching English and innovative approaches in the formation of skills and abilities in reading, writing, communicative competencies are highlighted. The didactic possibilities of electronic platforms MOODLE and Pearson in proficiency in English are revealed.It was found that the expansion of interstate ties, integration into Europe, adherence to world values and the process of globalization has increased the opportunities for contacts with native speakers. Therefore, the study of a foreign language in higher school acquires practical significance, and the communicative function of the language plays a major role in the process of expressing feelings, judgments and assimilation of information and knowledge presented in any form.
 Keywords: English language, innovative principles, teaching methods, information technologies, multimedia technologies, non-special faculties, educational applicants, communicative competences, institutions of higher education, educational process.

Benefits of Studying Abroad for Graduate Employability

This study investigated the benefits of studying abroad with student exchange programs for graduate employability. Data were drawn from a survey with 163 Lao former exchange participants at three public universities in Laos, followed by 19 semi-structured interviews. Results revealed that participants benefited from participating in overseas exchanges at a high level in terms of the development of employability skills, particularly interpersonal and communication skills, and in multidisciplinary knowledge and international competences. Study abroad experience was positively considered as being related to increasing job opportunities, which signal better educational credentials with proven skills that are demanded in the domestic labor market. This study offers useful insights into the benefits of student exchange programs and adds perspectives from a developing country whose voice has been little heard in the literature on the value of study abroad.

Military Recruitment and Czech Labour Market

The article presents an empirical analysis of the relation between recruitment in the all-volunteer Czech Armed Forces and selected economic indicators, including actual economic performance, situation on the domestic labour market and development of defence expenditures based on data for the period 2005-2019. The relation between military recruitment and economic performance was examined using values of GDP and GDP dynamics (GDP index). General unemployment rate, the economic activity index1 and the military-to-general average wage ratio were used to analyse the relation of military recruitment and situation on the domestic labour market. The relation between military recruitment and defence expenditures was examined based on general defence burden (share of defence expenditures in GDP), state sector defence burden (share of defence expenditures in state budget expenditures) and year‑on‑year changes in defence expenditures.