Domestic Agriculture Research Articles

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) carcasses as an attraction for scavengers and a potential source for soil contamination with the African swine fever virus.

The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a social animal species native to Eurasia. During the last decade, the wild boar population in Estonia has been severely affected by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which has also affected domestic pig farming. The potential transmission routes of ASFV remain unclear and are currently under intensive investigation. This pilot study aimed to clarify the frequency and characteristics of contacts between living wild boars and the carcasses of their conspecifics, which could play a role in the transmission of ASFV. Wild animals' contact and scavenging behavior on wild boar carcasses were studied using trail cameras in an experimental setting on Hiiumaa, Western Estonia. Four legally hunted carcasses were used in the present study. This study aimed to determine whether intraspecies scavenging occurs in wild boars. The persistence of ASFV DNA in soil contaminated with infected wild boar carcasses was investigated separately. Among the 17 identified wildlife species that visited wild boar carcasses, the common raven (Corvus corax) was the most frequent one (37.26%), followed by raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides; 4.25%), carcass conspecific/wild boars (3.16%), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes; 2.14%). Regarding the direct contact with the carcass, the same species ranking was detected: common raven (74.95%), raccoon dogs (9.94%), wild boars (4.21%), and red foxes (4.21%). No clear signs of cannibalism were noted among the wild boars, although brief physical contact with the carcasses was evident. The persistence of ASFV DNA in soil contaminated by infected wild boar carcasses was investigated separately. This study revealed that ASFV DNA from infected carcasses could be detected in forest soil for prolonged periods, even after removing the carcasses. Hence, the carcasses of infected wild boars may play an important role in spreading the African swine fever virus in wild boar populations; thus, prompt removal and disinfection of the soil could be considered necessary to limit the spread of the infection.

Biosecurity measures for the prevention of African swine fever on German pig farms: comparison of farmers’ own appraisals and external veterinary experts’ evaluations

BackgroundSince its first introduction into the German wild boar population in 2020, African swine fever (ASF) has been spreading slowly from the eastern border westwards and has been introduced into eight domestic pig farms thus far. The European Food Safety Authority has named deficits in farm biosecurity and increased human activity as major risk factors for the introduction of the ASF virus into pig farms. Studies have shown that pig farms in Germany generally have a high level of biosecurity. However, veterinary practitioners and policy-makers have expressed concerns that not all pig farmers are appropriately prepared to deal with the threat of ASF. This study aimed to evaluate the level of biosecurity on pig farms in Lower Saxony and explore the reasons for deficits in the implementation of biosecurity measures. For this purpose, pig farmers were interviewed in open structured face-to-face interviews about their perception of ASF and biosecurity, and the implemented measures on their farms were assessed with a checklist. In the data analysis, the farmers’ answers and the results of the biosecurity check were compared to gain further insights into the factors influencing the implementation of biosecurity measures on the farms.ResultsThe biosecurity check showed that on most farms, a high level of biosecurity had been implemented. Nevertheless, deficits were found concerning the fences and the delimitation of clean and dirty areas on farm grounds and in the anteroom. Overall, the farmers were well informed about ASF and had a realistic perception of their own biosecurity. They considered the farm layout, financial means and practicality of hygiene measures to be the main barriers to implementing biosecurity measures against ASF. However, the results also suggested that farmers’ attitudes and legal regulations were major influencing factors.ConclusionThe results indicated a high level of biosecurity against ASF on most pig farms and a realistic perception of their own biosecurity by the farmers. Current knowledge transfer and information should focus on building upon the farmers’ own motivation and expertise and supporting them to put existing knowledge into practice.

Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from River Water and Farm Animal Feces near an Agricultural Region in Northwestern Mexico

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic enteric pathogens linked to human gastroenteritis worldwide. To aid the development of pathogen control efforts, the present study characterized the genotypic diversity and pathogenic potential of STEC recovered from sources near agricultural fields in Northwest Mexico. Samples were collected from irrigation river water and domestic animal feces in farms proximal to agricultural fields and were subjected to enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation and plating on selective media for the recovery of the STEC isolates. Comparative genomic analyses indicated that the recovered STEC with the clinically relevant serotypes O157:H7, O8:H19, and O113:H21 had virulence genes repertoires associated with host cell adherence, iron uptake and effector protein secretion. Subsequent phenotypic characterization revealed multidrug resistance against aminoglycoside, carbapenem, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, penicillin, phenicol, and tetracycline, highlighting the need for improved surveillance on the use of antimicrobials. The present study indicated for the first time that river water in the agricultural Culiacan Valley in Mexico is a relevant key route of transmission for STEC O157 and non-O157 with a virulence potential. In addition, feces from domestic farm animals near surface waterways can act as potential point sources of contamination and transport of diverse STEC with clinically relevant genotypes.

Production and use of glucose-maltose-amino acid feed additive from cereal grains

One of the important issues in domestic livestock farming is the production of high-quality and environmentally friendly poultry products. Currently, technology and technological means have been developed for processing cereal grains into easily digestible sugars and amino acids using elements of nanotechnology such as cavitation, ionization and fermentation. Technical documentation has been developed for this technology. The technology was introduced at the Berdskaya poultry farm LLC in the Novosibirsk region. A distinctive feature of this technology is that the resulting new glucose-maltose-amino acid feed additive, which has high digestibility and biological value. Easily digestible sugars: glucose, maltose and amino acids obtained using new technology at low temperatures are better digested and absorbed by the poultry’s body. The purpose of the work was to analyze the production and use of glucose-maltose-amino acid feed additive from cereal grains and its use in feeding of boiler chickens. Testing of the new feed additive was carried out at the Berdskaya poultry farm LLC on broiler chickens of the 4-line cross Sibiryak. It was found as a result of research of a new glucose-maltose-amino acid feed additive when feeding broiler chickens that its introduction into the diet of broiler chickens had a positive impact on economic performance. Thus, in the control group the profi t was 7919 rubles, and in the experimental group it was 10 034 rubles. The level of profitability in the experimental group was higher than in the control group by 5,7 abs.%. Feeding broiler chickens by the new feed additive helped reduce the content of lead and cadmium in muscle tissue, so this product can be used for dietary nutrition.

Using remote-sensing data to study the rapid growth of wind farms and their impact on bird habitat in Yellow Sea Wetland, China

ABSTRACT As an important migratory bird habitat along the East Asian-Australasian route, the coastal wetlands along the Yellow Sea have experienced significant human losses and threats due to the impact of wind farms. In this study, the radar data was adopted to examine and analyse the spatial and temporal changes of the human-made characteristic areas that caused the change of the migration route of birds in the Yellow Sea from 2015 to 2022. The results show that the areas of impact zones in the study area on water of the Yellow Sea, during the last 8 years, increased 14 times, from 35.7 km2 to 506.3 km2. The areas of impact zones in the study area on land, during the last 8 years, increased almost two times, from 303.4 km2 to 544.2 km2, which also has a serious impact on the number of migratory birds. Therefore, China should carefully evaluate the impact and potential threat of domestic wind farms under operation and construction on birds and other wildlife, and provide scientific solutions for the site selection of new wind farms.

Possibilities and forms in labeling of agri-food products

There is an intense competition in the agri-food market and because of that the consumers are becoming more and more insecure in terms of the product's origin, producer's reputation, production methods and the product's quality. The supply of the domestic agriculture is still based on the traditional agricultural products and actions are needed to increase the supply of protected and branded products. In order to increase the popularity of domestic products on the market, it is necessary for them to differ in some way from a similar competition products. Labeling of agri-food products is an opportunity for consumers to notice domestic products on the supermarket shelves. The additional benefits from the protection procedure also contribute to the prevention of misuse of the name and / or origin of the product. In this way, the product is differentiated on the market, it builds consumer sureness in terms of reliability in the quality and the name of the product. Unlike our domestic market, where the protection and labeling of agri– food products is very modest, in the developed countries this way of adding value to the products is extremely present. The types of brands that are used for the differentiation are various, and this paper starts from three forms: individual, collective and official. These brands are firtsly based on quality and origin. The use of the individual brands is suitable only for sufficiently large individual farmers, who can guarantee a satisfactory quantities and uniformed product quality. From the agriculture point of view, the forms of product labeling that results from the community work of the homogenous group of producers are especially interesting, because it enables to small producers of traditional products mostly, or producers who produce according to organic principles, to protect their own products. Through the association, preconditions are created both for the creation of brands and for the protection of geographical indications. In the certification of organic production, umbrella (“roof”) brands are present and they do organic agriculture labeling in order to guarantee a sufficient offer in terms of quantity and quality. Protection, brand development and branding in the domestic market is at the very beginning. It is evident from the examples that individuals or producer groups create and develop collective brands through trademark protection. Others use regulations of the protection of geographical indications or organic production, design their own symbols to differentiate their products on the market, but without any legal protection. Republika Srpska through its strategic documents or strategies adopted for the needs of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management encourages individuals in protection and branding. They should introduce branding, protection of collective designations of geographical origin and certification of organic products. In addition to the mentioned labels, there are other opportunities for the development of national marketing or regional labels that could be created by various organizations, either public or private. In order to improve the process of labeling and protection, it is necessary to conduct educational activities with producers in terms of pointing out the role and the importance of product identification with one of the labels, all in accordance with the suitability for protection of products. Actions are also needed to inform consumers in terms of understanding and recognizing certain labels on potential domestic products.

One-Health Challenge in H9N2 Avian Influenza: Novel Human-Avian Reassortment Virus in Guangdong Province, China

China is one of the highest producers of poultry meat output in the world, with a large scale of chicken rearing. Statistically analyzed H9N2-subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have become the dominant subtype in China’s live poultry market, with the highest detection rate. Although H9N2 AIV is of low pathogenicity and tends not to cause serious disease and high mortality in poultry, it poses a great challenge to the domestic poultry farming industry by causing a decrease in appetite, a decline in egg production, and deaths caused by mixed infections with another pathogenic microorganism. Moreover, novel influenza viruses (H7N9 and H3N8) infecting humans have emerged in China, and the H9N2 AIV provides all or part of the internal genes to the new recombinant viruses, posing a potential threat to public health and safety and human health. In this research, six H9N2 AIVs were isolated from feces or oropharyngeal swabs collected from live poultry markets and duck farms in Zhanjiang. After epidemiological investigations, phylogenetic analyses, and molecular characterization, we found that the ZJ81 strain was a chicken–human–mink recombinant virus, the ML3 strain was a chicken-human recombinant virus, and all six virus strains of the virus had a bias for the human receptor-binding site and a mutation that could cause an increase in virulence in mice. Therefore, surveillance and control of H9N2 AIV should be strengthened to provide data support for cross-species transmission of H9N2 AIV.

Identification of Philaster apodigitiformis in aquaculture and functional characterization of its β-PKA gene and expression analysis of infected Poecilia reticulata.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) is a distinctive member of the serine–threonine protein AGC kinase family and an effective kinase for cAMP signal transduction. In recent years, scuticociliate has caused a lot of losses in domestic fishery farming, therefore, we have carried out morphological and molecular biological studies. In this study, diseased guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were collected from an ornamental fish market, and scuticociliate Philaster apodigitiformis Miao et al., 2009 was isolated. In our prior transcriptome sequencing research, we discovered significant expression of the β-PKA gene in P. apodigitiformis during its infection process, leading us to speculate its involvement in pathogenesis. A complete sequence of the β-PKA gene was cloned, and quantified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to analyse or to evaluate the functional characteristics of the β-PKA gene. Morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit rRNA sequence, infection experiments and haematoxylin–eosin staining method were also carried out, in order to study the pathological characteristics and infection mechanism of scuticociliate. The present results showed that: (1) our results revealed that β-PKA is a crucial gene involved in P. apodigitiformis infection in guppies, and the findings provide valuable insights for future studies on scuticociliatosis; (2) we characterized a complete gene, β-PKA, that is generally expressed in parasitic organisms during infection stage and (3) the present study indicates that PKA plays a critical role in scuticociliate when infection occurs by controlling essential steps such as cell growth, development and regulating the activity of the sensory body structures and the irritability system.

The future of agriculture and agricultural policy: perceptions of non-farmers and farmers

We examined the views of Finnish non-farmers and farmers on the desirable future developments of agriculture and agricultural policy using principal component and cluster analysis by focusing on three key themes: the structure of agricultural production, agri-environmental issues, and the funding of agriculture. There is strong public support for maintaining the viability of domestic agriculture through government intervention, but views differ on allocation of agricultural support and how agricultural production should be developed. A significant number of respondents supported the idea that climate and other environmental issues should be better considered in agricultural policy. However, about half of the respondents accepted environmental damage caused by agriculture and one-fifth perceived the importance of agriculture in a society as declining. These views, not prominent in the public debate, emphasize the importance of regular investigation of citizen opinions for including all the relevant stands in policy discussion to design legitimate policy measures.

Prospective assessments of the implementation of marketing tools in the sales activities of agribusiness enterprises

The article aims to reveal the specifics of the marketing activities of agrarian enterprises, considering marketing approaches to their management. Differences in the definitions of the terms «sales,» «sales activity,» «sales policy,» «sales activity management system,» and «sales activity management» were revealed. It has been established that «sales» and «sales activity» are interchangeable concepts. It has been proven that the marketing activity of agricultural enterprises has its own characteristics, which are primarily determined by the specifics of products, the sales market, and the state of production systems. It was noted that the implementation of the marketing policy of agricultural enterprises is negatively affected by several factors, most of which are related to the inherited problems of domestic agriculture, in particular, the underdevelopment of logistics, price disparity, and low quality of agricultural raw materials etc. Differences in the organization of agricultural production are also projected on enterprises' sales activities, particularly the architecture of their sales channels. It was established that, compared to 1991, the volume of crop production in Ukraine during 2014-2022 increased (except factory sugar beets), while livestock production decreased. Agricultural products' production and sale volumes during 2014...2021 did not undergo significant changes. In 2022, the production volume of the main types of agricultural products decreased, which relates to the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the rf into Ukraine. Prices for all main types of agricultural products in the studied period tend to increase. It was found that there is a conflict of interest between the value chain participants, primarily because each has their commercial interests, which are maximizing profits at the expense of minimizing costs. It is recommended that direct marketing methods using the potential of social networks and the Internet be implemented to ensure a high-income level for representatives of agrarian businesses. Keywords: sales, sales activity of agricultural enterprises, marketing tools, distribution channels, value chain.

ДИНАМИКА РАЗМНОЖЕНИЯ ПОДВОЕВ ВИНОГРАДА В КУЛЬТУРЕ IN VITRO

In connection with the extension of areas under vineyards, it becomes necessary to use rootstocks, resistant to certain soil and climatic conditions (high content of active lime and salts in the soil, drought). Growth of the assortment of rootstocks available for propagation is one of the most important strategies of domestic nursery farming development, along with the production of improved planting material and better performance of its quality indicators. Today it is important to optimize clonal micro-propagation technology for promising grape rootstocks in order to increase net reproduction while maintaining the genetic identity of planting material. The purpose of the work was to study the dynamics of morphogenesis of grape rootstocks in the system in vitro to optimize the technology of clonal micro-propagation, taking into account the genetic specificity of particular genotypes. The study materials were the in vitro plants of grape rootstocks: Fercal clone 242, Ruggeri 140, and Gravesac (clones 11 and 12). The methods accepted in biotechnology and developed in the Breeding Department of the Institute Magarach were both used in the process of research. Cultivation was carried out on PG medium supplemented with NAA (α-naphthylacetic acid) 0.05 mg/l. The results showed that the dynamics of morphogenesis of rootstocks Ferсal clone 242, Gravesac clone 11 and Gravesac clone 12, analyzed on the basis of net propagation, did not differ significantly by varieties, with the exception of the second passage. The study of morphogenetic potential of Ruggeri 140 rootstock bud made it possible to reveal the dependence of net propagation on the line, it was especially noticeable in the first passage. Separate lines showed high net propagation in the second passage. The average indicator value for all lines was 2.59. In general for all rootstocks, similar results were obtained in successive passages, indicating a tendency for net propagation to be decreased. In order to increase the efficiency of technology, it is necessary to optimize the conditions of cultivation for industrial propagation, taking into account the genetic characteristics of every rootstock.

Genomic Epidemiology of African Swine Fever Virus Identified in Domestic Pig Farms in South Korea during 2019–2021

African swine fever (ASF), a contagious viral disease, poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. In South Korea, ASF outbreaks have occurred since 2019, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology and genetic characterization of the circulating African swine fever viruses (ASFVs). We obtained 21 ASFV isolates from domestic pig farms and analyzed their whole-genome sequences using the Illumina MiniSeq. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the maximum likelihood and time-scaled approaches to determine the genetic relationships and evolutionary dynamics of the Korean ASFV isolates. Comparative analysis of the 21 ASFV genomes with the reference strain Georgia 2007/1 revealed that while Korean isolates shared 11 mutations, they also had 22 discrete mutations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion/deletion polymorphisms (Indels). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all Korean isolates were within the Asian subgroup of ASFV genotype II but were further divided into at least three distinct subclusters. Spatiotemporal analysis indicated multiple introductions of ASFVs into South Korea, crossing the national border with North Korea. In addition, we observed putative self-recombination between MGF 505-9R and MGF 505-10R genes in the ASFV/Korea/Pig/Inje2/2021 strain. Our findings provide insights into the genetic variations and evolution of ASFVs on South Korean pig farms from 2019 to 2021, uncovering multiple introductions of ASFVs across the national border, and highlighting the need for enhanced disease control strategies.

Can domestic wheat farming meet the climate change-induced challenges of national food security in Uzbekistan?

ABSTRACT This study is the first to develop food supply and demand projections over the 21st century for Uzbekistan by considering the combined effects of climate change and soil salinization. The study results suggest that rising summer temperatures and soil salinity will considerably reduce wheat production. Projections indicate that a large wheat supply–demand gap will emerge in the midterm, particularly under the SSP3-RCP7.0 scenario. For the two more pessimistic scenarios, supply losses of about 24–29% are expected by the end of the century. Supply–demand gaps of up to 2.7 million tons of wheat would pose serious challenges to national food security.

Technical and technological level of domestic agricultural production in the context of European integration processes

Purpose. To study the level of technical equipment of domestic agricultural production and investment and innovation support for its development in the context of European integration processes. Methods. Monographic, system analysis, abstract and logical. Results. Based on the results of an analytical study of the current state of the technical and technological base of domestic agro-industrial enterprises, the current model of agriculture in Ukraine is defined as industrial. In contrast, the leading European countries are characterised by post-industrial (innovative) agricultural production. Conclusions. The prospects of Ukraine‘s accession to the European space necessitate the development of a high-tech domestic agriculture based on the principles of sustainable development, which will ensure competitiveness and efficient agricultural business based on innovative production technologies and a modern machine and tractor fleet for their implementation. The development of a qualitatively new model of agriculture in Ukraine requires the development of a state strategy for updating the technical and technological base of agricultural production, which should outline the guidelines and priorities of domestic machine building for the agro-industrial complex. Keywords: agriculture, high-tech production, technical and technological base, sustainable development, competitiveness, innovation.

АНАЛИЗ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИОННЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ПРИБОРОВ УЧЕТА МОЛОКА

The foreign and domestic individual milk yield accounting devices analysis is carried out. The dairy industry development’s main directions for production rate’s and milk quality increasing are given. The development of these areas is impossible without for milk collecting, accounting and primary processing. Milk accounting on modern domestic and foreign farms can be both group and individual. At group accounting, milk from cows enters into a cooling tanker, and then, through a metering device, into the tanks of vehicles for transportation for enterprises and plants processing. This is a simple and convenient method using only one milk meter, however, by this accounting method, the milking process control impossible. The individual milk yield counters’ using is important for particular cow milk yield predicting for cow health preserving due to milking cups’ absence overexposing. Also, individual milk accounting allows to separate mastitis infected milk from the healthy cows’ milk, that allows to reject only part of farmer milk producing, and not the entire batch, as it would be in the case with group accounting. A brief description of the types of sensors for individual and group milk metering from foreign and domestic producers is presented. An advantages and disadvantages of the considered milk metering devices comparative assessment is given. It is concluded that there is a necessity developing for a system that will meet the following requirements: the ability with a milk-and-air mixture working; device’s high autonomy; construction’s simplicity; high accuracy. Based on the analysis of milk meter designs, it can be argued that the most design promising should be based on the capacitive principle, when the milk-and-air mixture flow will change the electrical capacitance

Agricultural reform in Ukraine: the history and present

The purpose of the research is to reveal the process of implementing the agrarian reform in Ukraine as a natural stage of the development of the country's agriculture during the last 100 years. The existing problems in Ukrainian agriculture were considered and it was established that these problems have their roots in the past, in the 20s of the 20th century, when the natural development of agriculture was interrupted, Ukraine became part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), private ownership of agricultural land and private farms were liquidated, collective and state agricultural enterprises were created instead. The paper analyzes the initial stage of agrarian reform in Ukraine at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries after gaining state independence, and it is concluded that agrarian transformations in the country took place quite completely, in comparison with the countries of Eastern Europe. One of the reasons for this state of affairs was the low efficiency of the management of this process on the part of the state authorities responsible for the reform, particularly land reform as a key factor in all agrarian transformations. Only after the beginning of the wide implementation of land reform and reforming of collective agricultural enterprises in the early 2000s, a rapid increase in the volume and efficiency of agricultural production began. The long-term moratorium on the sale and purchase of agricultural land (more than 30 years) was based on political, not economic, reasons. In the analysis of the prospects for the development of domestic agriculture in the period after the agrarian reform, modern comprehensive programs of strategic directions for increasing the efficiency of the industry and rural areas were used, in the development of which the author was involved. These state programs, namely the "Unified comprehensive strategy and action plan for the development of agriculture and rural areas in Ukraine for 2015-2020" and the "National Economic Strategy 2030" conclude with the main task of creating a competitive, export-oriented agriculture and the production of competitive food products in accordance with international safety and quality standards in the context of the European integration of Ukraine. The research methodology is based on the use of publications by Ukrainian and foreign researchers devoted to the analysis of economic transformation in Ukraine and other countries of the former socialist camp, as well as scientific developments by authors, in particular, as a member of teams of international experts and consultants on the development and implementation of agrarian reform in Ukraine. Further directions of research, which were covered in the article, should be aimed at the development of integration processes in the market structure of the European Union, adaptation of the national agrarian policy to the Common EU policy. This is to provide an opportunity to increase the welfare of agricultural workers, the efficiency and productivity of the domestic agrarian industry.

Issues of digital development and management in agriculture of the Republic of Belarus

There is now active digitalization of almost all areas of human activity in all developed countries of the world and now we can say with absolute certainty that any aspect of human existence has already either become digital, is becoming or will probably be digital in the near future. The most important direction of the state innovation policy of the Republic of Belarus for the current fi ve-year period is the digital transformation of traditional sectors of the national economy. For the successful digitalization of these traditional sectors of the Belarusian economy, it is imperative to support the introduction of completely new management models that are based on innovative digital technologies. The digitalization of management in the agricultural industry at all levels from government to small agricultural businesses will be no exception. Today, comprehensive, large-scale digitalization of domestic agriculture is a requirement of the time and the most important simply vital condition for increasing its competitiveness and achieving acceptable profi tability of both the processing of agricultural products with their subsequent sale and initially the agricultural production itself, the profi tability of which remains low in the Republic of Belarus. The purpose of the work was to consider issues of digital development and management in agriculture of the Republic of Belarus. Some provisions for studying the world experience of modern transformation of management systems in agriculture and in particular taken from the experience of North America, Western Europe and the Russian Federation have been presented in the article. The main key problems and trends in the digital development of agriculture, important aspects of implementing tasks for its successful digital transformation and increasing the effi ciency of public administration in the Belarusian agro-industrial complex have been described.

Effective Control Strategy against Bacterial Blight on Carrot

Bacterial blight of carrot caused by <i>Xanthomonas hortorum</i> pv. <i>carotae</i> (<i>Xhc</i>) is one of the serious diseases of carrot, of which control measures has not been still established in the domestic farm. In this study, in order to select effective sterilizer for bacterial blight of carrots, three antibiotics such as streptomycin, oxolinic acid, kasugamycin, two copper compounds like copper hydroxide and copper sulfate basic and three rhizobacteria <i>Burkholderia gladioli</i> MRL408-3, <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> TRH415-2 and <i>Bacillus cereus</i> KRY505-3 were selected to investigate their direct antibacterial effects using artificial media, aiming to identify effective pesticides against <i>Xhc</i>. Among them, treated medium with antibiotics such as streptomycin, oxolinic acid, and the antagonistic rhizobacteria MRL408-3 were formed inhibition zone. The agrochemicals and the rhizobacteria MRL408-3, which showed antibacterial effects on carrot leaves, pre-treated on the carrot leaves and then inoculated with <i>Xhc</i>. High control effects were shown on the carrot leaves pre-treated with both streptomycin and oxolinic acid. Scanning electron microscopy images of the carrot leaf surfaces showed that the population of bacteria decreased significantly on leaves pre-treated with streptomycin and oxolinic acid. From these results, it can be inferred that antibiotics like streptomycin and oxolinic acid exhibit superior control effects compared to other agents. This study provides valuable insights towards establishing an effective control system for bacterial blight of carrot.

Sejarah Perdagangan Babi dari Pulau Bulan Batam ke Singapura, 1987-2023

This research delves into the pig trade history from Pulau Bulan, Batam, to Singapore spanning 1987 to 2023. In response to the 1984 policy eliminating domestic livestock farming, Singapore became reliant on imported meat. Employing a historical research method and drawing on literature reviews, the study identifies PT Indo Tirta Suaka's Pulau Bulan pig farm as Southeast Asia's largest and Singapore's primary live pig importer, initiating exports in 1987. Disruptions occurred, such as Singapore's cessation of pig supplies from Malaysia during Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreaks in Sarawak (1999-2017) and the Covid-19 pandemic. However, a significant setback unfolded with the detection of African Swine Fever (ASF) on April 19, 2023. Subsequent tests confirmed ASF in Pulau Bulan pig samples, prompting Singapore to officially halt pig supplies. This resulted in a substantial monthly and yearly loss of approximately IDR 3.5 billion and IDR 1.1 trillion, respectively, in pig exports from Pulau Bulan to Singapore.

The Long-Jumping of African Swine Fever: First Genotype II Notified in Sardinia, Italy.

African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boar that is spreading quickly around the world and causing huge economic losses. Although the development of effective vaccines is currently being attempted by several labs, the absence of globally recognized licensed vaccines makes disease prevention and early detection even more crucial. ASF has spread across many countries in Europe and about two years ago affected the Italian susceptible population. In Italy, the first case of ASF genotype II in wild boar dates back to January 2022, while the first outbreak in a domestic pig farm was notified in August 2023. Currently, four clusters of infection are still ongoing in northern (Piedmont-Liguria and Lombardy), central (Lazio), and southern Italy (Calabria and Campania). In early September 2023, the first case of ASFV genotype II was detected in a domestic pig farm in Sardinia, historically affected by genotype I and in the final stage of eradication. Genomic characterization of p72, p54, and I73R/I329L genome regions revealed 100% similarity to those obtained from isolates that have been circulating in mainland Italy since January 2022 and also with international strains. The outbreak was detected and confirmed due to the passive surveillance plan on domestic pig farms put in place to provide evidence on genotype I's absence. Epidemiological investigations suggest 24 August as the most probable time of ASFV genotype II's arrival in Sardinia, likely due to human activities.