Domestic Dairy Research Articles

Современное состояние и условия устойчивого развития сферы молочного скотоводства в России

Annotation. The purpose was to study the key aspects of the functioning of domestic dairy cattle breeding and to determine the strategic directions of state support for this industry segment in order to increase efficiency, innovation and sustainability of development. The materials of publications of Russian scientists in the field of improving methods and approaches to the management of the livestock sector in Russia, in particular, dairy cattle breeding, were used in the work. Various regulatory documents (programs, strategies, reports, summaries) of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, official statistics of Rosstat were also used. The following scientific approaches were used: system, situational, logical, dialectical, functional. Among the scientific methods it is worth noting: abstraction, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, generalization, scientific explanation, dialectic, idealization, mental experiment, hypothetical-deductive method, method of axiomatization and formalization, description and comparison. The scientific novelty lies in the development and justification of strategic directions of state regulation of sustainable development of the sphere of domestic dairy cattle breeding. The results are as follows: a study of the state and dynamics of the development of the sphere of domestic dairy cattle breeding (raw milk production, livestock, milk yield), as well as trends in the consumer market of milk and dairy products (capacity, structure, consumption volumes, price), was also considered the mechanism of state support for this the industry segment of the agro-industrial complex, which included the following tools: regulatory support; investments; customs and tariff regulation. In conclusion, the key risks and threats that hinder the sustainable and balanced development of this industry were highlighted, as well as a list of strategic directions of state support for the development of dairy cattle breeding in Russia in order to increase efficiency, investment activity, quality and safety of dairy products.

Мировой и отечественный молочный рынок состояние и перспективы развития

Мировой и отечественный молочный рынок состояние и перспективы развития

СТИМУЛИРОВАНИЕ СБЫТА МОЛОЧНОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ – АНАЛИЗ СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ, ПОИСК ПУТЕЙ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ

The article is devoted to the problem of improving the consumption of milk and dairy products by the population of the Russian Federation, since their actual consumption is only 70% of the rational norm recommended by the Ministry of Health. The state of the domestic dairy market is analyzed – both in terms of the dynamics of its volumes in value and in kind, and the range of products sold. The main trends of changes in consumer demand in the context of a decline in real disposable incomes of the population are revealed. The main methods of sales promotion used by grocery retail chains in relation to dairy products are investigated. The shortcomings of the practiced approach to sales promotion are revealed. It is shown that a significant increase in sales volumes can be achieved by increasing the consumer audience as a consequence of the development of collaboration of retail chains with the regional social nutrition system. Such cooperation can be especially effective when using a cluster approach, which ensures the unification of the efforts of producers, processors and retailers of dairy products with a balanced consideration of the interests of all participants in the process.

Techniques laitières domestiques et conception du monde microbien laitier en Mongolie

Cet article montre comment, dans les années 2000-2020, des éleveurs nomades mongols prennent en compte, dans leurs pratiques et dans leurs discours, les bactéries dans la fabrication des produits laitiers. Des dispositifs techniques mis en place permettent l’élimination de « mauvaises bactéries » et le développement de « bonnes bactéries ». L’analyse de la technologie laitière permet de dessiner les contours d’une conception mongole du monde bactérien des laitages qui, en contexte postcommuniste de démocratisation et de mondialisation, consiste en un art de la composition entre différents systèmes de valeurs, notamment bouddhisme, chamanisme, communisme hygiénique et normalisation sanitaire internationale.

Features of herd formation based on betaand kappa-casein of different dairy cattle breeds

In dairy cattle breeding, much attention is paid to indicators of the milk quality and technological properties. These indicators are significantly influenced by milk proteins. Therefore, the goal of our research is to evaluate the effectiveness of creating dairy herds of domestic dairy cattle breeds that are characterized by the desired beta- and kappa-casein genotypes. To fulfill these tasks, the genotyping of cows of the Ukrainian Brown dairy, Sumy intrabreed type of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy, Simmental and Lebedyn breeds was carried out. The beta- and kappa-casein gene polymorphism was determined in the genetic laboratory of the Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine using real-time molecular biological analysis of allele recognition by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). As a result of the conducted studies, it is found that cattle of Lebedyn and Ukrainian Brown dairy breeds have a higher frequency of the desired kappa-casein BB genotype. As a result, they are also characterized by a higher frequency of the B allele. More than 50 % of cattle of Simmental breed have a heterozygous AB genotype. Cattle of the Sumy intrabreed type of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed have a higher frequency of the homozygous AA genotype and the A allele. Cattle of the Ukrainian Brown dairy breed are characterized by the highest frequency of the A2A2 genotype and the A2 allele of beta-casein. Cattle of the Simmental breed, which are also characterized by the highest frequency of the A1A2 heterozygous genotype, have a slightly lower frequency. Homozygous A1A1genotype is more common in cattle of the Sumy intrabreed type of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. Using the principles of the model for creating a herd with the desired genotype, which is proposed by Mencarini IR et all, it is found that when testing the entire breeding stock, inseminating it with semen of homozygous stud bulls with the A2A2 genotype, random cow disposal at the level of 22 %, it takes 9–10 years to create herds with the desired genotypes of the Ukrainian Brown dairy, Simmental and Lebedyn breeds, respectively. To reduce the period for creating herds, it is essential to increase the percentage of cow disposal and simultaneously disposecattle with undesirable genotypes. Key words: genotype, casein, stud bull, breeding, allele.

MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF BLACK-AND-WHITE COWS AND HER CROSSBREEDS WITH HOLSTEINS

The article presents the results of milk productivity of purebred heifers of the black-and-white breed and its crossbreeds with holsteins. It was found that for 305 days of lactation, black-and-white cows produce an average of 7910 kg in the herd with a mass fraction of fat in milk of 3.76%. From the first heifers in the first lactation, 7003 ± 158.1 kg are milked with a live weight of 638 ± 18.2 kg. From fullaged cows of the 3rd and subsequent lactation, 8178 ± 125.9 kg are milked with a live weight of 697 ± 18.4 kg. The fat content in milk varies from 3.80% to 3.82%. Cows of the breeding core produce 9341 ± 184.2 kg of milk, of the breeding group 8921±97.7. It has been established that the Holstein breed of black–and–white color has a positive effect on increasing milk yields, milk fat and protein yield during lactation, improving the technological and morpho functional properties of the udder, as well as on the lactation curve, which is more balanced and smooth than that of domestic dairy cows. The results of the research showed that in the herds of JSC APK "Adal" in black-and white and Holstein cows, the duration of the service period varied from 149 to 158 days. The intercalving period ranged from 432.6 to 439.4 days, the age of the first calving in black-and-white was 843 days and holsteins were 794 days, the coefficient of reproductive ability was 0.84 and 0.83 units, which meets the requirements of highly productive dairy cattle breeding.

Reproductive ability of cows of domestic dairy breeds with different allelic variants of the leptin gene

Conducting genetic studies of domestic local breeds of cattle is relevant due to the fact that they are carriers of valuable economic traits and have a high adaptive ability to local conditions. The aim of the research is to study the association of polymorphic variants of the leptin gene with the reproductive ability of cattle of the Kostroma, Black-and-White and Yaroslavl breeds bred in the Kostroma region. Genotyping was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using HRM analysis. It was found that in the Kostroma and Yaroslavl breeds, the AV genotype (0.546 and 0.452, respectively) had the highest frequency for the LEP-A80V locus, and the AA genotype (0.550) in the Black-and-White breed. In terms of polymorphism Y7F of the leptin gene, the YY genotype prevailed among animals of all the studied breeds of cows. For the LEP-R25C locus, the highest frequency of occurrence was recorded in individuals with the RC genotype (0.486), while in cattle of the Yaroslavl and Black-and-White breeds, the RR genotype (0.690 and 0.483, respectively). However, no statistically significant differences were found in terms of reproductive ability between cows of different genotypes for the leptin gene. There is reason to believe that in cattle of the Kostroma breed the desired genotype is AV, in Yaroslavl cattle it is AA (LEP-A80V), and in Black-and-White cattle it is RR (LEP-R25C). The observed tendencies towards the presence of higher reproductive qualities in the carriers of the LEP-A80VA and LEP-R25CR alleles in the studied cattle breeds are confirmed by the studies of other authors. Therefore, the study of the effect of leptin gene polymorphism on the reproductive abilities of cows of domestic dairy breeds must be continued with the involvement of a significantly larger number of animals.

Polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene in dairy cattle populations of the Kostroma region and its effect on dairy productivity of cows

Relevance. Despite the more than 20-year history of research, the study of the polymorphism of the kappacasein (CSN3) gene in domestic dairy cattle breeds and its effect on the indicators of dairy productivity of cows is still relevant. The largest number of domestic studies on the kappa-casein gene was carried out on the Black-and-White and Yaroslavl breeds, while the Kostroma breed of dairy cattle in this area has not been studied enough.Methods. The source of DNA for analysis was whole blood taken from the tail vein of animals and treated with a set of reagents "Proba-NK" ("NPO DNA Technology" LLC, Russia) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Genotyping of the single-nucleotide polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene (rs43703017) was implemented by real-time PCF using the "DTprime" amplifier ("NPO DNA Technology" LLC, Russia) and HRM-analysis technology (high resolution melting). The results were processed using methods of zootechnical and statistical studies.Results. As a result of the study, it was found that the population of cows of the Kostroma breed is characterized by a significantly greater consolidation of the gene pool compared to animals of the Blackand-White breed, which suggests a higher efficiency of breeding work with the Kostroma breed using the kappa-casein gene as a genetic marker of suitability of milk for cheese making. The kappa-casein gene has a significant effect on the parameters of dairy productivity and functional longevity of cows.

Genomic characterization of Listeria spp. isolated from tonsils, udder and feces of domestic dairy ruminants in Spain

Two species of Listeria are pathogenic, Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii. Although studies have shown that dairy ruminants shed Listeria spp. in feces, there is little information about ruminants that do not shed Listeria spp. in their feces but asymptomatically carry them in organs. We evidence that ruminants can asymptomatically carry L. ivanovii in udders and L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii in tonsils without fecal shedding. Whole-genome sequence of L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii contained known core genes involved in virulence and antibiotic resistance. This work highlights tonsils and udders as a Listeria intra-host site of colonization.

Glycaemic index and glycaemic load of dairy based products, indigenous recipes and confectionery items of Pakistan

The glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of different milk types and traditional dairy-based Pakistani products were determined. Fifty commonly consumed commercial and domestic dairy products were divided into milk variants, dairy products, fruit milk shakes, local beverages, desserts and traditional confections. Healthy participants after overnight fasting were served calculated (25 or 50 g carbohydrate) portions of glucose and bread (as reference) on three occasions, and subsequently the test foods containing equal amount of available carbohydrates. Forty-three foods were low GI, whereas, confectionery items with moderate available carbohydrate were categorised among medium and high GI foods. Milk, as main ingredient affected GI value of the whole recipe. Protein and fat content of test foods showed moderate negative association with GI. It can be concluded that local ingredients and traditional recipes of Pakistani dairy products are unique, resulting variation in composition, GI and GL in comparison with international GI tables.

PROSPECTS FOR CREATING PEDIGREE HERDS WITH DESIRABLE β-CASEIN GENOTYPES IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

Creation of pedigree herds of dairy cattle with desirable β-casein genotypes in the Republic of Belarus is an urgent task of domestic dairy cattle breeding. Currently, along with the evaluation of basic selection traits, many countries around the world test and select cows with desirable β-casein genotypes in order to improve the quality characteristics of milk. The article presents the results of evaluation of 252 cows of breeding herds of different breeds for β-casein genotypes by the RFLP method, bred in SE “ZhodinoAgroPlemElita” of Smolevichi district, JSC “Gorodeya” of Nesvizh district, SE “Experimental base “Krinichnaya” of Mozyr district and UAE “Noviy Dvor – Agro” of Svisloch district. The Simmental cows showed the best ratio of desirable A2A2 and undesirable A1A1 genotypes – 64.0 and 4.0% respectively. To create breeding herds as well as to select dams of replacement bulls taking into account β-casein genotypes, preliminary selection of replacement heifers with the desirable genotype A2A2 is required.

Phylogenetic comparative analysis: Chemical and biological features of caseins (alpha-S-1, alpha-S-2, beta- and kappa-) in domestic dairy animals.

Caseins determine the physicochemical, physiological, and biological characteristics of milk. Four caseins—alpha-S-1, alpha-S-2, beta, and kappa—were analyzed phylogenetically and in silico and characterized regarding chemical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant features in five dairy animals: Arabian camels, sheep, goats, cattle, and water buffalos. The sequence of full-length amino acids of the four caseins for the five species was retracted from the NCBI GenBank database. Multiple sequence alignment is used to examine further the candidate sequences for phylogenetic analysis using Clustal X and NJ-Plot tools. The results revealed that sheep and goats possess strong similarities (98.06%) because of their common ancestor. The same was observed with cattle and water buffalos (96.25%). The Arabian camel was located in a single subclade due to low similarity in casein residues and compositions with other dairy animals. Protein modeling showed that alpha-S1- and alpha-S2-caseins possess the highest number of phosphoserine residues. The in silico computed chemical properties showed that β-casein recorded highest hydrophobicity index and lowest basic amino acid content, while α-S2-casein showed the opposite. The computed biological parameters revealed that α-S2-casein presented the highest bactericidal stretches. Only Arabian camel β-casein and k-casein showed one bactericidal stretches. The analysis also revealed that β-casein, particularly in Arabian camels, possesses the highest antioxidant activity index. These results support the importance of the bioinformatics resources to determine milk casein micelles' chemical and biological activities.

Development Management of Infant Dairy Industry Integrating Internet of Things under the Background of Family Planning Policy Adjustment

To promote the healthy and stable development of infant dairy industry, this work starts from the background of family planning policy adjustment. Based on the Internet of Things (IoT), fertility policy, and other related theories, this work analyzes the population size changes and fertility willingness of Chinese women of childbearing age between 20 and 39 years old from 1980 to 2020. Additionally, this work discusses the current development of infant dairy industry and the willingness of residents in the first, second, third, and fourth tier cities to purchase domestic or imported milk powder. Finally, the IoT technology is introduced into the farm and infant dairy processing links for analysis. The results show that the population of women of childbearing age in China is shrinking year by year, and the willingness to bear children is also declining. From 2016 to 2021, the number of women of childbearing age will decrease by an average of 2.85 million every year. Women in rural areas are more willing to give birth than those in urban areas. Compared with Vietnam and India, China has the lowest population growth rate, followed by Vietnam and India. At present, the development of domestic infant dairy products is facing many setbacks due to the reduction of the birth population, the impact of foreign brands, and the “melamine” incident. Fortunately, due to the strict supervision of the market by the government, a certain proportion of the market has been gradually achieved in recent years. However, residents of the first, second, third, and fourth tier cities are still more willing to buy foreign milk powder. Introducing the IoT technology into the development of infant dairy industry can monitor the content of relevant additives and record the production information through radio frequency identification technology, which improves the quality of dairy products to a certain extent. Therefore, the research on the management of infant dairy industry integrated with the IoT under the background of family planning policy adjustment will have a certain beneficial impact on the subsequent development of the industry.

Research on Cost Optimization of Supply Chain Network in Dairy Industry

The domestic dairy consumption market is constantly expanding, but most dairy products are perishable and difficult to preserve. Therefore, the supply chain network of the dairy industry is special and its cost is relatively high. Based on Marshall L. Fisher's supply chain matching model, this paper constructs an agile supply chain network for the dairy industry, which is cost-optimized for each node and the whole.

On-the-Pack Voluntary Well-Being Messaging for Milks Targeting Chinese Older Adults: A Content Analysis.

China is experiencing severe population aging. Given that milks targeting older adults are one of the most popular foods designed for Chinese older adults (COA), this study investigated on-the-pack (OTP) voluntary well-being messaging (VWM, ways of communicating a product’s broad well-being benefits through information on food content or statements linked to favourable components, functions, or well-being outcomes) for milk targeting COA. Over 200 products identified from two sources (JD.com and Mintel’s global new products database), were analysed for type, content, and VWM frequency for different brand origins and milk sources of various animal species, nutrition claim regulation compliance and alignment with nutrition facts. The results suggested: (1) different brand origins (domestic vs. international) and milk source (cow vs. goat) highlighted different well-being aspects of products, (2) three products failed to comply with government regulations made for nutrition labelling of pre-packed foods (GB 28050-2011), but (3) excepting fat, all ‘contains’ claims and most ‘high’ claims did not reflect significantly greater levels of nutrients, compared to products with no claims. The findings create a comprehensive picture of OTP VWM for milks targeting older adults in China, providing useful information for consumer, domestic, and international dairy industries, and policymakers.

Research on Chinese Dairy Brand Strategy based on Consumer Buyer Behavior

With the rapid development of my country's dairy industry, the competition in the dairy industry has become increasingly fierce. In the market, domestic dairy products ultimately face consumers. Therefore, from the perspective of consumers, this article analyzes consumers' purchasing behavior, and then explores how dairy companies can adjust their strategies and formulate marketing strategies that are more in line with the current business environment. The specific operations are as follows. Design a dairy product consumption questionnaire, analyze consumer buying behavior, and get the influencing factors of consumer buying behavior. And use the SWOT tool to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of dairy companies in different market positions. Finally, it puts forward relevant suggestions on how to use reasonable strategies for dairy enterprises to deal with the impact of foreign brands.

Market of milk and dairy products in Almaty region of Kazakhstan

The goal is to reveal the problems of development of livestock industry in Kazakhstan, which is given great attention as the most important area of State agricultural policy and a priority in agriculture. The need to monitor milk and dairy products market is justified by its social significance, employment, income of the population and food security of the country. The authors note that the dairy subcomplex has its own characteristics, specifics of production and distribution, conditions for achieving quality and competitiveness, taking into account the influence of external factors. In this regard, the study is devoted to development of recommendations for further improvement of domestic dairy farming sub-sector. Methods – general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization of the collected information. Results – dairy market was analyzed in terms of indicators: average per capita consumption of milk and dairy products in the Republic of Kazakhstan, imports and exports over the past 5 years. The main reasons hindering the increase in the volume of final products and low productivity of animals: low share of breeding stock in agri-businesses and private farms, lack of high-quality feed, noncompliance with livestock keeping technologies, high level of equipment wear and tear, lack of effective links between commodity producers of raw materials and its processors in the republic, in particular, Almaty region. Conclusions – elimination of shortage of raw materials, financial recovery of enterprises, use of modern marketing technologies in food sales, the provision of rational logistics chains for the transportation, storage and sale of dairy products is needed.

Dairy industry of Ukraine in martial law

Introduction. At present, the dairy industry of Ukraine needs to solve extremely difficult tasks, the main of which is related to the need to ensure food security of the country in the extremely difficult conditions of hostilities on the territory of the state. Problem. The dairy industry of Ukraine with the beginning of the war and the temporary occupation of the territory suffered significant losses caused by the loss of part of production capacity, the impact of inflationary processes, disruption of logistics chains. The aim of the article is to determine the current state and prospects of development of the dairy industry of Ukraine. Methods. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: analysis of scientific publications and statistics, analysis of the market situation and generalization of the results. Results. The problems of the domestic dairy industry that need to be solved are outlined, in particular, the need to develop the raw material base; introduction of new technologies that will allow in the martial law not to reduce the level of production efficiency; correction of marketing policy; support of the export potential of the industry and its financial and credit support. Recommendations for solving these problems and the development of the industry in today’s extremely difficult conditions are given. Conclusions. It is established that the domestic dairy industry, even in conditions of war, is able to actively develop, ensuring food security of the state.

Evaluation of cow genotypes by kappa-casein of dairy breeds

The polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene (CSN3) has been studied in cows of the Lebedyn, Simmental, Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays use TaqMan® 5´-nuclease chemistry for amplifying and detecting specific polymorphisms in purified genomic DNA samples. All assays are developed using Life Technologies robust bioinformatics assay design process relying on a pipeline using heuristic rules deduced from both manufacturing and assay performance data. The objective of our study is to evaluate the cattle of Ukrainian domestic dairy breeds according to the kappa-casein genotype. It has been shown that the distribution of genotype frequency differs significantly in different breeds: Lebedyn – 19% A/A, 50% A/B and 31% B/B; Ukrainian Brown dairy – 30% А/А, 41% A/B and 30% B/B; Simmental – 44% A/A, 46% A/B and 10% B/B; Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy – 58% A/A, 27% A/B and 15% B/B. The results obtained indicate the prospects of breeding work towards creating herds with the BB genotype in the Brown cattle. The accelerated formation of the desired genetic combinations in micropopulations (herds), with the needs of the processing industry, primarily cheesemakers, is possible in the population of the Brown and Lebedyn breed. Such work with dairy herds of the Ukrainian Black-and-White and Simmental breeds requires more time for selection due to the low frequency of BB genotypes in cattle of these breeds. Keywords: genetic polymorphism, kappa-casein, genotype, breed

Understanding and Approaching the Problem of the Korean Dairy Farming

Since the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the EU was signed in 2011, the domestic dairy market has become more open. As a result, imports of dairy products increased sharply and the domestic raw-milk self-sufficiency rate fell below 50%. Due to stagnating domestic demand for raw-milk caused by increasing imported dairy products, low birth rates, and environmental problems, the problem of oversupply of domestic raw-milk is emerging. The current price and quota system in domestic raw-milk market has many limitations in solving this supply and demand imbalance problem. In this study, this problem was approached from two aspects to solve the supply and demand imbalance facing the domestic dairy industry. As an approach to solving the problem, one is to look at the domestic dairy market from the perspective of supply and demand balance, and the other is to look at the asymmetric aspect of bargaining power due to the oligopolistic market structure. The approach to solving the problem has been summarized by improving supply and demand balance and competitiveness, compensating farmers income, and resolving asymmetry in bargaining power for various issues currently discussed.