Domestic Corn Research Articles

Study on the current situation and influencing factors of corn import trade in China – based on the trade gravity model

Abstract With the rapid development of China’s economy and society, the income level of Chinese residents is increasing day by day, and the dietary consumption structure of domestic residents is constantly optimized and upgraded. The consumption demand for livestock products such as meat, eggs and milk, and corn starch industrial products is increasing day by day. Therefore, as the main raw material of feed industry and deep processing owners, the consumption scale of China corn market is constantly expanding. However, the corresponding domestic corn production scale has not expanded, and the domestic corn production presents an obvious problem of insufficient supply scale, which leads to a sharp and rapid increase in the number of corn imports in China, which seriously impacts the domestic corn market and affects China’s healthy development of corn industry. In recent years, the continuous spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has seriously affected the global grain production and trade. The fierce military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the two major grain exporting countries, has once again brought a serious adverse impact on the supply and price of the global grain market, resulting in an increase in the import cost of corn in China and a change in the import pattern of corn in China. In this regard, this study analyzes the current situation of corn production and import trade in China, and based on the relevant trade data between China and major corn importing countries from 2013 to 2022, establishes a trade gravity model to quantitatively evaluate the main factors affecting China’s corn import trade, and analyzes the trade potential of sample countries. It was found that in 2022, China’s import and export trade volume and trade value were 20.62 million tons and 7.11 billion US dollars, respectively, compared with 2013, trade volume and trade volume increased by 6.3 times. Statistics on the potential types of various trading countries showed that the proportion of potential countries was 14.2%, and Brazil had the greatest potential in China’s corn import trade. The proportion of potential expanding countries is about 71.4%, and Laos is a mature country with less opportunities for further development. In order to promote the benign development of the domestic corn industry and the development of China’s corn import trade, this paper puts forward a series of countermeasure suggestions based on the above research.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera L.) TERHADAP MORTALITAS Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.

Corn is the strategic commodity in Indonesia. The quality of many domestic corn does not meet feed factory standards. High yield losses icause of damage due to warehouse pests. Sitophilus zeamais Motsch or powder beetle is a warehouse pest that causes seeds to become hollow, break quickly and disintegrate into flour. Sitophilus zeamais Motsch pest control still relies on synthetic pesticides. The use of synthetic pesticides will cause various negative impacts such as pest resistance, residue, resurgencies, high costs and environmental pollution. One alternative for controlling Sitophilus zeamais Motsch is to use natural ingredients, namely Moringa. Moringa leaves contain phenol, hydroquinone, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. The experiment began by drying 10 grams of Moringa leaves. then puree using a blender and continue with maceration. 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg of Moringa leaf powder were dissolved in 1 L of distilled water solution and left for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the solution was filtered 3 times so that all the substances contained in the Moringa leaves are extracted. The insecticide was tested by observing the number of S. zeamais pests that died when given Moringa leaf extract. The mortality data that was obtained was analyzed using ANOVA, if there was a real effect then continued using the 5% DMRT test. Determination of LC50 using a probit test. Moringa extract can function as a vegetable insecticide for S.zeamais. The higher concentration of Moringa leaf extract can increase the mortality of S.zeamais

Does the Policy of Decoupled Subsidies Improve the Agricultural Economic Resilience?—Evidence from China’s Main Corn Producing Regions

Various forms of agricultural subsidy policies often have a significant impact on the development of the agricultural economy and also shape the differentiated spatial pattern of regional agricultural economic resilience, while research on the evolution process of agricultural economic resilience and its influencing mechanisms is still very scarce. This study is based on the impact of China’s cancellation of the temporary corn storage policy on corn prices in 2016. By using an economic resilience analysis framework, we selected the indicators of total agricultural output value and disposable income of farmers to measure the agricultural economic resilience of various cities in Jilin Province and analyzed the characteristics and causes of the spatio-temporal change in agricultural economic resilience in Jilin Province from 2008 to 2021. The results show the following: (1) The transition from price and subsidy integration policy to decoupled subsidy policy helps to shape stronger regional agricultural economic resilience, but due to factors such as farmer policy dependence, low international corn prices, severe oversupply in the domestic corn market, and the suddenness of policy changes, there was a short-term decline in agricultural economic resilience in Jilin Province in the early stage of the decoupled subsidy policy (2016–2017), which rapidly increased after 2017. (2) The agricultural economic resilience levels of cities in Jilin Province showed different spatial differentiation characteristics at different stages within the study period, and the central region, as an important corn production area in Jilin Province, had significant changes in agricultural economic resilience. (3) During the execution of the price and subsidy integration policy, the enhancement of agricultural input capacity and agricultural output capacity helped to improve regional agricultural economic resilience; during the execution of the decoupled subsidy policy, the government’s support for agriculture and the potential of rural markets had a significant impact on the improvement of agricultural economic resilience. At the same time, the interaction and enhancement effect between influencing factors also had a profound impact on agricultural economic resilience.

Влияние минеральных удобрений на формирование зерна кукурузы на каштановых почвах Волгоградской области

The article presents materials on the effect of mineral fertilizers on the formation of corn grain when cultivated on chestnut soils in the Volgograd region. When corn is grown for grain, on the southern chernozems of the Volgograd region under irrigation, the limiting factor is the content of nutrients in the soil. This is evidenced by the high responsiveness of corn to the applied mineral fertilizers. Corn differs from most annual cereals in its thick stalk, tall growth and powerful large leaves. In the dynamics of nutrients, under corn crops, the following pattern was observed: the content of nitrates in the soil increased until the corn flowering phase, then it decreased due to their consumption during flowering and filling; the content of easily hydrolysable nitrogen increased in the soil before the isolation of the corn grain. The results of our research showed that corn is a very demanding crop for nitrogen. The daily need for nitrogen in the heading-flowering phase is about 1.6 kg. Half of the amount of nitrogen required was absorbed during the fundamental phase of corn growth and development. There were no distinctive features in the presence of available phosphorus in hybrid crops in the initial stages. The content of potassium in the soil in the post-harvest period in the variants without fertilization decreased by 2 times compared to its content before sowing, while in the variants with the use of specified doses of mineral fertilizers, this decrease was 24% on average for the variants. The purpose of the research was to substantiate the influence of agricultural practices, under conditions of regular irrigation against the background of the calculated background of mineral fertilizers, on the cultivation of domestic corn hybrids.

The Import Demand for Corn in Changing Macroeconomic Circumstances

ABSTRACT This article examines the import behavior of major importers of corn over the period of 1996 to 2016. The article uses an upper-stage import demand equation for corn to estimate countries’ elasticities of import demand with respect to income/GNP, the import price, exchange rate, domestic corn production, and animal inventories. The article also examines whether countries’ corn import demand is sensitive to changes in income and the exchange rate during macroeconomic downturns, specifically when both nominal GNP falls and the currency depreciates. The results show greater import demand responsiveness in periods of macroeconomic stability, as opposed to downturns.

Dynamic Modeling of Food Security in the Light of Reality and the Future: The Case of Maize Crop

Some countries are experiencing an absolute shortage of maize production and supplies for domestic consumption, affecting the country’s overall food security situation. As a result, the government relies heavily on corn imports to compensate for the shortage of domestic supplies. This study was designed to assess current and future corn food security, the impact of agricultural price policies on corn consumers and producers, and the welfare impact of government interventions. We used secondary data on corn production, consumption and other related variables from 2000 to 2017. We applied a simulation model using Vensim software to predict the results for the next decade. In addition, an almost ideal demand model (AID) was used to assess various price elasticity across the international markets. To estimate the impact of government intervention (as opposed to nonintervention) on welfare gains, we used a partial equilibrium model. The results show that by 2030, Egypt’s dependence on maize imports will increase by 61.97%. Although domestic maize production and productivity are expected to increase in the future, maize food security will decline due to the high population growth in the country. The results of AID model show that the demand for corn in the Egyptian market is elastic. In addition, approximately 56% of corn imports come from Argentina, Brazil and the United States. The results of the partial equilibrium model show that the government has been imposing implicit taxes on corn producers and that they will be better off without government intervention. In addition, domestic corn production has a comparative advantage over imported corn. With government intervention, consumer surplus and producer losses and net economic losses are higher. These results indicate that the government should strive to increase domestic corn production while keeping intervention in the corn market to a minimum.

Особенности минерального питания при возделывании кукурузы на зерно в зоне Волго-Донского междуречья

All field experiments were conducted by us for three years 2019...2021. Production verification of the results and implementation was carried out in 2020...2021. To establish the influence of technological methods on the productivity of domestic corn hybrids for grain purposes during irrigation in the dry steppe, field experiments were laid to study irrigation and water consumption regimes, the use and effectiveness of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers for a given crop. The following hybrids were selected as research objects: POCC-209 MB and Volga 89 MB (control). The experiments were laid down according to the methodology of the field experience of B.A. Dospekhov and recommendations for conducting field experiments with corn (Falev D.S. et al., 1980). The repeatability of the experiment is fourfold. Plots were arranged sequentially, with systematic placement of options. The method of split plots was used. The total area of the plot is 1120 m2, the account is 250 m2. The mineral fertilizers used in the experiments were calculated taking into account the fertility of chestnut soils and the planned yield of corn grain at the level of 8 and 11 t/ha. According to the fertilized variants N140P107K97, the irrigation regime is 60...70...60% HB, the yield of corn grain is within 8.91...9.84 t/ha. At a dose of N160P156K134, grain yield was slightly higher and amounted to 9.32...12.27 t/ha, depending on the weather conditions of the growing season. Yield under irrigation regime 70...80...70 % The HB on fertilized variants at a dose of N140P107K97 was 9.73...11.85 t/ha, and at a dose of N160P156K134, the yield ranged from 10.49...13'84 t/ha.

Colombian vs. American corn: Quality, chemical composition, mycotoxin content and metabolizable energy

Background: Corn is, quantitatively, one of the most important world crops (ranking second only after wheat) and a key ingredient in animal feeds. Objective: to assess and compare corn quality, mycotoxin content, chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of domestic and imported corn. Methods: Grain quality (USDA grading system) was determined in 30 samples of domestic and 21 samples of imported corn. From each origin, 15 samples were subjected to proximal analysis and 10 were used to determine fatty acid composition. Mycotoxin analysis was conducted on 30 samples of domestic and 23 of imported corn. Results: six of the 30 domestic samples corresponded to US1 grade (highest quality) vs. none of the imported. In the “sample grade” category (lowest quality), 10 and 6 samples corresponded to imported and domestic corn, respectively. Soybeans were found as contaminant in 15 of the 21 imported corn samples. Aspergillus spp. mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A were not detected, and aflatoxins were found in only a few samples at very low levels. Fusariotoxins such as deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were found in 61 and 43% of imported samples, respectively, but in none of the domestic samples. Domestic corn had lower carbohydrate content compared with imported corn (85.4 vs. 86.7%), but higher crude fat (3.8 vs. 3.1%). The AME values for domestic and imported corn were 3,697 and 3,378 kcal/kg, respectively. The fatty acid profiles from both corn types were similar. Conclusion: This study found significant differences between locally-grown and imported corn, particularly in terms of crude fat, AME content, fusariotoxins, and contaminant seeds (soybeans). These findings suggest that locally-grown corn might have nutritional and toxicological advantages over corn imported from the United States.

Шляхи підвищення прибутку від експорту української кукурудзи на світовому ринку

The purpose of the article is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the world corn market and to determine the main directions of development of the domestic corn market. Research methods. In the process of research the following methods were used: abstract-logical - to formulate conclusions; monographic - when detailing the functioning of the corn market; comparative analysis and time series - to compare indicators and identify trends in their change over time; statistical - when analyzing supply and demand in the corn market; graphic - to identify and illustrate the trends of the studied economic phenomena; economic and mathematical methods - in determining the economic indicators that affect the supply and demand of corn. Research results. The study reflects the author's view on the current process of development of foreign trade of corn grain in Ukraine. Author analyzed the potential of Ukrainian corn production in Ukraine. Was determined the list of the most important issues for Ukraine, which should be solved to increase exports of corn. The directions of mutually beneficial cooperation in the future were substantiated, which will ensure economic benefits for Ukrainian producers. Scientific novelty. Directions of development of Ukrainian corn exports and the development of mutually beneficial cooperation in the agricultural sector were proposed. Practical significance. The article is aimed at disseminating the most relevant information among domestic producers and exporters on necessary conditions and differences in the implementation of production and exports of corn. These areas of market development can be used by public authorities to increase production efficiency and maximize profits from trade. Tabl.: 1. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 18.

Structural Break and Causal Analyses of U.S. Corn Use for Ethanol and Other Corn Market Variables

The causal basis for many of the relationships in models used to estimate the indirect effects of U.S. biofuels on global agricultural markets has not been adequately established. This paper addresses this gap by examining causal interactions among corn market variables through which the indirect effects of U.S. corn use for ethanol would be transmitted. Specifically, structural break and causal analyses of U.S. corn supply, uses, trade, and price are performed using quarterly data for marketing years 1986 to 2017. The structural break analysis identifies three breaks in corn use for ethanol that reflect the policy-driven evolution of U.S. corn ethanol production and other market factors. The causality analysis finds that U.S. corn use for ethanol is not a driver of the corn price and net corn exports. Changes in corn supply and domestic corn use are found to be the key factors in accommodating the large increase in corn use for ethanol between 2003 and 2010. These results mean that common assumptions linking U.S. corn ethanol production to large reductions in corn availability and exports, and higher global corn prices merit reconsideration.

Analysis Competitiveness of Corn Farming In South Lampung Regency

This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of corn farming in South Lampung Regency. This research was conducted in Penengahan and Ketapang District, South Lampung Regency. The respondents from this study were 71 farmers, 48 farmers from Ketapang District and 23 farmers from Penengahan District. The respondents in this study were chosen randomly. Analysis of the competitiveness of corn farming in South Lampung Regency using the PAM (Policy Analysis Matrix) method. The results showed that corn farming in South Lampung Regency already had competitiveness (PCR = 0.54 and DRCR = 0.80). The government policies such as fertilizer subsidies, reduction in the amount of corn imports and corn import tax of 5 percent had protecting domestic corn’s farmers..

Adaptive abilities of corn hybrids under different irrigation modes and moisture supply in the arid Steppe of Ukraine

Aim. The study presents the results of the research on the productivity features and adaptability parameters of domestic corn hybrids under different irrigation modes and water supply under conditions of the Arid Steppe. Methods. The general scientific, special selection genetic, computational and comparative research methods were used. The research object was modern corn hybrids of domestic selection of different maturity groups. The hybrids were sown under different irrigation modes (common sprinkling, drip irrigation, sub-irrigation). Results. The retrospective analysis of the productivity of main grain crops in the area of the Arid Steppe over a 130-year period showed that the highest rates of an increase in productivity were recorded in corn. An annual increase in its productivity was 31 kg/ha per year and it was due to the use of new varieties (hybrids) and the improvement of growing techniques. Irrigation made it possible to realize potential productivity of new hybrids and increase the productivity from 6.59 to 82.3 c/ha. Productivity rose 12.5 times over a 130-year period, the annual increase being 58 kg/ha per year. Without irrigation the grain productivity was the highest in early-maturing hybrids – 3.28 and 3.05 t/ha indicating their high drought resistance. The use of these hybrids is appropriate under conditions of water-saving irrigation modes on irrigated lands with a low hydro-module and on dry massifs. A fall in the productivity under other irrigation modes was from 0.41 to 1.93 t/ha. Conclusions. Under irrigation conditions it is necessary to use corn hybrids with a genetically programmed reaction to optimal growing conditions (an optimal mode of soil moisture and mineral nutrition).
 Keywords: hybrid, corn, irrigation, adaptability, drought resistance, grain, selection.

Research of competitiveness factors of Ukrainian corn in the world markets

Purpose. The aim of the article is to carry out factor analysis of the parameters that determine the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the world markets, to substantiate their impact and to formulate a set of recommendations on the use of identified trends and patterns. Methodology of research. Methodological approaches of competition theories and international trade are combined in the process of modelling the competitiveness parameters of Ukraine in the world corn market. A factor analysis technique is used to identify the parameters of Ukrainian corn's competitiveness in the world markets. A list of the most important factors is formed, the direction and strength of their influence on the level of competitiveness of domestic corn is determined by means of correlation-regression analysis Findings. The method of factor analysis to identify the parameters of competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the world markets is substantiated. On the basis of correlation-regression analysis based on the combination of methodological principles of competition theories and international trade, the list of the most important factors is formed, the direction and strength of their influence on the level of competitiveness of domestic corn is determined. Unlike existing models and concepts, this approach takes into account the complex influence of competitive forces, market size, and trading conditions, which allows a high degree of probability to achieve competitiveness of Ukrainian grain in the world markets. It is found that market factors, including market capacity and population of the importing country, have positive influence on the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the world markets, and competitive forces (influence of direct competitors) and spatial factors, including remoteness of the main markets have negative influence. Proposals on the reaction of market participants to the objective conditions of foreign trade - market parameters, activity of competitors, conditions of trade have been developed. The expediency of intensifying export efforts in the markets of large capacity with positive population growth, which import corn from distant countries, building complex business relations with these countries, and their interest in importing Ukrainian corn, forming a comprehensive logistic advantage, is substantiated. Originality. The method of factor analysis of ensuring the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn has been improved, which results in an objective list of favourable and restraining factors, as well as substantiates the main reactions of market participants to their impact. Practical value. The obtained model results and factor dependencies form a strong methodological basis for modelling and forecasting the competitiveness of Ukrainian grain in the world markets, as well as for developing scenarios of domestic market actors' response to the events and forces that accompany grain exports. Key words: factor analysis, competitiveness, world corn market, correlation-regression modelling, export, grain, foreign trade.

Ways to build up a trait collection of corn by vegetation period classes and its components

Aim. To study new collection corn accessions by vegetation period classes and its components to build up a trait collection. Results and Discussions. The experiments were conducted in the eastern left-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine in the scientific crop rotation fields of the Plant Production Institute named after VYa Yuriev of NAAS in 2016-2019 Field surveys and laboratory analyses were carried out using methodological approaches to studying collection corn accessions. The article presents the results on building up a trait collection of corn, which includes 111 collection accessions of new domestic self-pollinated corn lines, diverse in their genetics, identified as carriers of a set of valuable economic and biological traits on the basis of previous studies. The pedigrees of the lines included seven synthetic populations from Australia and one synthetic population from the USA, three varieties from China, two varieties from Ukraine, two varieties from Syria, four lines from Ukraine, seven lines from the USA; three hybrids from Thailand, one hybrid from France, one hybrid from Serbia, and one hybrid from Egypt. Due to multi-year studies of corn collection accessions, sources of valuable economic traits with high levels of their expression were identified. The sources are of interest for breeding to create corn hybrids. Conclusions. We grouped the lines was selected lines that are suitable for breeding: 24 lines with early emergence of seedlings (11-12 days), 29 lines with early anthesis (49–53 days), 64 lines with a minimum gap in anthesis (1-4 days), 14 lines with rapid water yielding belonging to various ripeness groups. We singled out cold-tolerant lines derived from a foreign (Egypt) hybrid (UKhK 653, UKhK 654, UKhK 655), from foreign (the USA, Australia) synthetics (UKhK 530, UKhK 692, UKhK 698). We also distinguished lines with increased productivity (86-116 g of grain per plant) and 1000-kernel weight (over 328 g): mid-early flint lines UKhK 724 and UKhK 727 derived from original French forms; nine mid-ripening lines originating from original Ukrainian (UKhK 612), American (UKhK 617, UKhK 618, UKhK 619), French (UKhK 725) and Egyptian (UKhK 653, UKhK 654, UKhK 655) forms; and one line from Thailand (UKhK 718), in which the vegetation period structure index ranged 0.8 to 1.0. We found sources of drought resistance: UKhK 719, UKhK 723, UKhK 724, and UKHK 726. Sources of good water yielding from grain are mid-early lines UKhK 690, UKhK 721, UKhK 730; mid-ripening lines UKhK 623, UKhK 631, UKhK 665, UKhK 672, UKhK 706 UKhK 715, UKhK 726; and mid-late lines UKhK 648, UKhK 652, UKhK 672, UKhK 720.

Ecological aspects of agricultural cultures for growing

The studies were conducted on the experimental field of the department of agriculture of the Institute of Agriculture of the North-East on black earth typical of large-dusted-medium-loam on forest species
 Arable soil layer (0–20 cm) has the following agrochemical parameters: Thurin humus 4.1–4.7 %, pH salt 6,0, water pH 7,9, content of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen according to Cornfield ‒ 11.2, mobile compounds P2O5 and K2O according to Chirikov respectively 11.8 and 10.0 mg per 100 g of soil. Granulometric composition of soil according to Kachinsky large-dust-medium-loam: in the layer of 0‒20 sm of physical clay (particles 0.05–0.01) 49.1–52.1 %, silt (particles less than 0,001 mm) 23.4–25.5 %. The main elements of cultivation technology are generally accepted in the area of the Northeastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Agrotechnical measures were strictly adhered to in a timely manner. The experiment was accompanied by a set of related observations and analytical studies.
 In the presented work describes the evaluation of ecological cultivation on the level of maturity of domestic corn hybrids from a condition of deficit-free balance of major nutrients. It is established that for such an assessment it is important first of all to determine the level of intensity of each hybrid according to the level of use of such a resource as mineral nutrition. In General, this indicator represents the ratio of the actual and normative level of yield. At the same time for the normative yield adopted calculated by one or another method of its value. Comparison of the actual norms of mineral fertilizers with the number of elements taken out with the harvest was carried out by a special technique, which at the same time allowed to determine the equivalent level of productivity, that is, its value, which corresponds to the deficit-free rate of fertilizers.
 It should be noted that the existing recommendations on the use of mineral fertilizers take into account the qualitative removal of the main elements of food from the crop, but this is not always consistent with the reaction of the crop to the established norms.
 In this case, the greater the value FAR the hybrid is characterized, the more efficiently the batteries are used, the more the deficit is formed.
 The results of studies have shown that the later the level of aging is a hybrid the greater the crop is formed, the greater the equivalent rate of mineral fertilizers should be. Depending on the level of ripeness, the actual deficiency of essential nutrients ranges from 52 to 89 kg/ha. Making practical decisions based on the results of research in each case is determined by the adopted or existing parity between the environmental and economic criteria for growing crops.

Місце українського агроекспорту на світовому продовольчому ринку

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the current state of domestic agro-exports on the world food market and determine the place of Ukrainian agro-producers on it in the context of European integration. Methodology / approach. The following methods were used in the study: abstract-logical (for theoretical generalization of conclusions and analysis of the results of the study); economic-statistical (for analysis of the current state of foreign trade in agricultural products) comparative – in the study of foreign trade balance of Ukrainian agroproducts; graphic – for determining the share of countries in world production of wheat, leaders in the export of domestic corn and wheat. Results. Trends of foreign trade of domestic agricultural products were considered. It was defined, that the basis of domestic agroexport were products of vegetative origin. The main trends of export of agricultural products in Ukraine were highlighted. As a result of the research it was established that in the world food market during the study period Ukraine was acknowledged as a predictable and powerful supplier of quality agricultural products. Originality / scientific novelty. The study of indicators of foreign trade of domestic agro-exports, analysis of commodity and geographical structure of agricultural products export in the world food market was further developed. The place of domestic agro-export in the global food market has been determined. Practical value / implications. The results of the conducted research can be used for further scientific researches on determination of directions in development of the domestic agrarian sector of Ukraine, in the context of diversification of development of new market segments for certain types of products within certain tariff quotas.

METHODS OF INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT FOR OPTIMIZATION OF GRAIN TRANSPORT ORGANIZATION

The analysis of the railway freight sector in recent years has set a clear trend towards the development of the oil and grain goods transportation. The growth dynamics in the agrarian sector is positive with a growing sum due to the technological development of the industry and the demand for the world market. Taking into account the geographical, normative and legal component of the agricultural transport sector, the railway becomes a key player in this direction. Paying attention to it and to the particular features of grain and oil cargo exports, the industry must meet modern criteria of service and service quality. Due to lack of locomotive traction, lack of a proper investment market, there is a problem of introducing relevant innovations in the formation of the grain cargoes exports logistics. For the last freight year, the price of domestic corn on the world market, according to the expert estimates, was 18 % lower than the world average. Separately, there is a question of forming the wagon shipments of this group of goods. The analysis of the loading capacity of the eastern Ukrainian stations by grain goods at the end of 2018 clearly demonstrates the railways inability to provide the transportation demand for the whole number of shippers with small and medium cargo volumes. This situation creates accumulating and freezing of funds, that makes it impossible to develop the entire business sector and gives a negative assessment of the industry as a whole in the conditions of its investment necessity. The model is developed and the basic principles of forming the stage routes and organizing the movement of grain cargoes are defined. The main trends of the grain cargoes market development are analyzed and key market factors that allow to have a short-term forecast on the transportation tendency are revealed. The model of forming the stage route with the peculiarities of the traction apparatus work of the division and the principle of rolling stock distribution in terms of industry restructuring are proposed.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYBRID CORN FARMING BASED ON BUSINESS SCALE IN TEMPUREJO SUB-DISTRICT

Hybrid maize cultivated in an effort to meet domestic corn production, which has been importing large quantities, the objectives of this study are: (1) To compare the productivity of hybrid corn farming based on business scale. (2) To compare the advantages between hybrid corn farming scale. (3) To compare the efficiency of cost utilization in hybrid corn farming based on business scale.Data used in this research is primary data and secondary data. Data collection using interview method and questionnaire. The data collected in the analysis used the F-test and LSD test.Based on the results of the research can be concluded: (1) On land productivity between small and medium-sized narrow scale business scale shows significant difference at the 90% level of confidence, but on the scale of large area of land with narrow land indicates insignificant differences. (2)The narrow gains of moderate land indicate a significant difference in profits, whereas on a broad scale the narrow and wide scaled businesses show no significant difference in the 90% confidence level. (3) There is a difference in the level of cost efficiency between the narrow and the moderate scale indicating a significant difference at the 10% test level, but on the medium scale with broad and narrow area indicating an insignificant difference in the 90% confidence level.

Analysis of Regional Economic Competitiveness of Gorontalo Province (Case Study of Gorontalo Province Corn Commodity)

This study aims to determine the analysis of regional economic competitiveness in Gorontalo Province by looking at the value of export of superior corn commodity agriculture. This research covers regional areas in Gorontalo Province. The specific objective to be achieved is to obtain analytical data on the economic competitiveness of the Gorontalo Province in terms of the competitiveness of corn commodity exports. This list is expected to be an input for stakeholders to issue policies in increasing economic competitiveness in corn commodities in Gorontalo Province. This research was carried out in Gorontalo Province with objects in 5 districts and 1 city in Gorontalo Province detecting the competitiveness of each region. The method of analysis of this study uses the RCA (Revealed Comparative) comparative analysis method with the time of the 2013-2017 study. The results of the RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantage) analysis describe the competitiveness of Gorontalo Province's corn commodity exports experiencing fluctuations in which Gorontalo Province's corn commodity exports in 2014, 2015 and 2017 had strong competitiveness, while in 2013 and 2016 Gorontalo Province's maize commodity decreased due to that year Gorontalo Province did not export corn besides the absence of exports because domestic corn prices were quite good.Keywords: Competitiveness, Corn Leading Commodities

The Possibility of Production of Domestic Corn

The Possibility of Production of Domestic Corn