Domestic Agricultural Machinery Research Articles

The history of agricultural machinery repair system in Russia

The paper highlights the imperative for the maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery. (Research purpose) The research aims to undertake a retrospective analysis illuminating the evolution and establishment of the machine repair system. This analysis spans from the production of the inaugural Soviet tractor to the advancement and production of contemporary machinery and equipment. (Materials and methods) The paper analyses publications from different periods focused on the challenges surrounding the establishment of a centralized system for the repair and maintenance of machinery and equipment across all stages of agricultural production development. (Results and discussion). The paper sheds the light on the dynamics of tractor production in the early 1930s, detailing the transition from reliance on imports to the utilization of domestic agricultural machinery in the local market, alongside the phases involved in establishing a domestic repair service system. Furthermore, it explores the evolution of repair workshops at machinery technological stations from 1928 to 1957 and outlines the structuring of a repair depot within the enterprises of the All-Union Association «Soyuzselkhoztekhnika» between 1961 and 1990. Additionally, the paper delves into the analysis of repair strategies, ranging from individualized to in-line approaches. The paper underscores the pivotal role of academic and industrial science in equipping repair enterprises with essential technological documentation, repair equipment, and supplementary materials. It also highlights their contribution to the development of methodological support for maintenance and repair operations at the level of a centralized system. (Conclusions) The paper presents information on the research and design activities undertaken by specialized laboratories and departments within the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Mechanization VIM from 1930 to 1961. It acknowledges the significant contributions of scientists and experts in the domains of machine wear theory and the standardization of repair technologies. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the critical influence of the State Union Scientific Research Technological Institute for the Repair and Operation of Tractors and Agricultural Machines GOSNITI between 1963 and 2013 on establishing a robust machinery repair and maintenance system. It outlines the potential and future directions for the evolution of a service system for agricultural machinery.

Current Issues of the Technical Support System for Complex Agricultural Machinery in the Agro-Industrial Complex

The basic principles are outlined and information is presented on the technical means essential for the system of maintenance and repair of machines in the agro-industrial complex, the mechanism of relations between manufacturers and consumers of technical means is described. Current issues of the subsystems of the repair and maintenance base in the engineering service of the agro-industrial complex, the main groups of repair and maintenance impacts on domestic agricultural machinery, etc. are considered.

Оценка технико-технологической составляющей сельского хозяйства: методологические подходы разработки

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the need for an assessment of the technical and technological component of agriculture, as well as the development of methodological approaches to its implementation. Methods. To achieve the goal of the study, such methods of scientific cognition as monographic, abstract-logical, institutional, analysis and synthesis, generalization of data were used. The information and theoretical and methodological base was made up of normative legal acts and strategic programs for the development of the industry, the works of domestic and foreign scientists and economists. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the research consists in substantiating the need to assess the technical and technological component of the agricultural sector of the country as a basis for the development of state projects and programs for the modernization of the industry in the transition to a new technological order. Methodological approaches are proposed for assessing the level of technical and technological development of the industry at three levels: federal, regional and the level of an economic entity. Results. The article substantiates the need to assess the technical and technological components of agriculture. The current state of the agricultural machinery industry, the main results of its work in recent years are analyzed. In order to identify problem areas and potential growth points of domestic agricultural machinery, its SWOT analysis has been compiled. It is noted that the modern Russian agricultural sector has a high dependence on imported machinery and equipment. To ensure the ability of the domestic agricultural machinery industry to replace imported supplies of machinery in the shortest possible time, it is necessary to expand and improve state support. In order to work out the most effective working directions and tools of state support in a particular region, a reliable assessment of the level of technical and technological development of the agricultural sector is necessary.

Technical support system for energy-installed agricultural equipment in the agricultural industry

Agricultural production in Russia solves the most important national problems - food security and import substitution. The conducted research substantiates the need to improve the engineering service of the agro-industrial complex through the introduction of modern innovative technologies. The article outlines the basic principles and technical means that determine the system of maintenance and repair of machines in the agro-industrial complex, as well as the mechanism of relations between manufacturers and consumers of technical means. Current issues of individual subsystems of the repair and maintenance base in the engineering service of the agro-industrial complex and the main groups of repair and maintenance impacts on domestic agricultural machinery were considered, and a relationship was established for foreign-made machines with all elements of maintenance, repair, modernization and disposal. Information is presented on depreciation rates and recommended distributions of the volume of repair and maintenance work by facility.

Information and diagnostic tools for monitoring units of agricultural machinery

The issues of assessing the increase in the efficiency of domestic agricultural machinery according to the criteria of suitability for maintenance and diagnostics and the development of measures to improve it are relevant, as they have a significant impact on the reliability and total cost of ownership and resource of saving during operation. It should be noted that not only the costs of maintenance and repair, but also the time spent in an inoperative state, technical readiness, productivity and other indicators of the efficiency of use for its intended purpose, including resource-saving impacts, depend on the level of equipment adaptability. The purpose of the research was to describe the state of the issue and justify the need to develop information and diagnostic tools for assessing the general technical condition of energy-intensive tractors. The analysis and description of the developed tools for diagnosing agricultural machinery have been done in the work. Similar control and diagnostic equipment produced by third-party manufacturers for agricultural machinery was considered. The distinctive features of our own developments were determined and the need to diagnose specific parameters was also reflected. As a result of the work 3D modeling of the device data was carried out. Then they were designed in special software and the first prototypes were assembled. The tests have proven the possibility of developing such digital diagnostic of device. The data obtained on the base of their effectiveness was reflected and justified. A number of improvements to these systems have been proposed. The results of the operation of all information and diagnostic devices were summed up. Further development of this area of work has been proposed for more modern and high-quality maintenance of units and assemblies of agricultural machinery.

Greening of processes in soil cultivation

The article analyzes the factors affecting the soil, which directly affect the yield. Modern domestic agricultural machinery mainly has technical and technological solutions that make it possible to significantly advance in the direction of ecological balance of the impact of crop production on soils. These include non-fallow, combined techniques of basic and pre-sowing tillage, as well as the use of a new complex of heavy agrophilic running systems of heavy mobile power facilities.

Resource-saving system of field husbandry mechanization

The distinctive principles of the resource-saving mechanization system of field husbandry have been substantiated. The essence and peculiarity of each group have been revealed. New innovative processes in the field husbandry mechanization have been proposed. For the environmental conditions of the Kuban, a resource-saving mechanization system of field husbandry, which is based on a scientifically grounded farming system for the conditions of the Krasnodar Krai and a system of machines, synthesized by the authors for the integrated mechanization of field husbandry, has been proposed. In the proposed block diagrams of the distinctive principles in the mechanization system of field husbandry and its resource-saving composition, new approaches to the formation of crop cultivation technologies have been presented, using new effective agricultural practices, new machines for mechanized processes, both serial and original, built according to the developments of the authors. The originality of the authors’ developments is confirmed by many patents, as well as numerous publications in periodical press and defended candidate and doctoral dissertations. Based on production tests of imported and domestic agricultural machinery, advantages and disadvantages have been identified. The fundamental difference between the proposed mechanization system of field husbandry from the basic one, is facilitated by modern research methods. Based on the combination of technological operations, the innovative units have been proposed, improving the technology of field crop cultivation and contributing to the preservation of soil fertility, environmental compliance and reduction of all types of costs. An ordered range of technical means in the system has been proposed: all machines are interconnected in terms of technology and productivity, ensuring the production process stream-lining. The work has been performed in the Kuban SAU. The proposed mechanization system of field husbandry should provide a two-fold increase in labor productivity.

Production and repair of domestic machines for agro-industrial complexes from the position of the 5M principle

The quality of manufacturing and repair of domestic agricultural machinery is considered according to the criteria of the 5M principle: man, methods, materials, machines, measurements. The main factors that reduce the level of competitiveness of technology are identified — the use of cheap materials, the lack of competent engineering personnel, and poor organization of control. Examples of the influence of the organization of control and the choice of measuring instruments on the quality of products are given. Keywords: 5M principle, quality, methods, measurement, control. n.erohin@rgau-msha.ru, oaleonov@rgau-msha.ru, shkaruba@rgau-msha.ru, vergazova@rgau-msha.ru

ВИБІР СТРАТЕГІЧНИХ НАПРЯМІВ РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО МАШИНОБУДУВАННЯ

Стаття торкається актуальних питань, а саме вдосконалення стратегічного управління підприємств сільськогосподарського машинобудування, вибору його напрямів. Метою статті є обґрунтування підходів до визначення та вибору стратегічних напрямів розвитку підприємств сільськогосподарського машинобудування в сучасних умовах господарювання. Теоретичну й методологічну основу статті становлять фундаментальні положення економічної теорії, стратегічного управління, сучасні концепції конвергенції, кооперації та інтеграції, наукові праці з питань стратегічного управління підприємством. Розглянуто метод консолідованого маркетингу для консолідації зусиль у застосуванні до здійснення стратегічного управління групою підприємств.

Управление техническим обслуживанием сельскохозяйственной техники в условиях автоматизации и цифровизации производства

When organizing maintenance activities for domestic agricultural machinery, paper workflow continues to dominate, which negatively affects the performance indicators and the level of operational reliability of machines. The engineering services of domestic agricultural enterprises remain beyond automation and digitalization in matters of managing the technical service of machines. The low adaptation of existing software products to the specifics of domestic agricultural production prevents the adoption of automated CMMS and EAM systems used in other sectors to manage the reliability of equipment in operation. The authors developed software with a set of functions similar to the functionality of well-known CMMS systems. The software includes Agrokompleks ASUTO in combination with the previously developed Agrokompleks Resursy warehouse management software and Agrokompleks MTP fuel management software. The automated system data model is adapted to the needs of engineering workers responsible for the performance of agricultural machinery. A practical test of the system was carried out at an agricultural enterprise with a fleet of 25 tractors. The results obtained confirm the hypothesis that the automation of engineering activities contributes to an increase in the operational reliability of agricultural machinery and a decrease in the labor intensity of managing service processes. The use of the automated system resulted in a decrease in the time spent on maintenance management by 35 to 38%, the probability of tractors having operational failure - by 26%. At the same time, the probability of tractors being in working condition increased by 1.8%. The research could be useful for the developers of EAM systems for the maintenance and repair management of agricultural machinery.

Development of high-tech agricultural production in Ukraine

Purpose. Given the global technological trends, identify conceptual approaches to technical and technological modernization of the agricultural production as a key element of sustainable development of the real sector of the economy of Ukraine and strategic directions of agricultural science research. Methods. Monographic, system analysis, abstract and logical. Results. It has been established that in the conditions of global climatic changes, the basis of the formation of highly automated agriculture will be flexible ecologically oriented technological processes in agricultural production, built on fundamentally new technical and technological foundations, namely: intellectualization, digitalization, complex automation and robotization. The concept of development of high-tech agricultural production of Ukraine has been developed based on the principles of sustainable development and the innovative concept “Industry 4.0”, which will ensure high and sustainable economic growth of the agricultural sector, the development of domestic agricultural machinery and related sectors of the economy. Strategic tasks for agricultural science on the development of the technical and technological base of highly automated agricultural production are identified. Conclusions. The study of modern trends in the development of the economies of advanced countries and their effectiveness give grounds for asserting that the specified strategic directions of technical and technological modernization of the agricultural sector will be the basis for the formation of an effective model for the development of high-tech agricultural climate-oriented production in Ukraine. Keywords: climate change, high-tech production, agriculture, technology, intellectualization, automation, mechanical engineering.

Improving the wear resistance and durability of cultivator tools

In this article the existing methods to improve the wear resistance of working elements of agricultural machinery are highlighted and analyzed in detail. The relevance of this problem for domestic producers and consumers of agricultural machinery is the fact that the service life of many elements of domestic agricultural machinery is 1.2-2.0 times lower than similar imported machines. This means that imported machines operate twice as long before repair than our machines. The paper analyses the causes of wear and loss of the cultivator tines’ serviceability. The wear factors causing gradual changes in the size and shape of the working tools, which subsequently lead to the loss of operability, are considered. The data obtained as a result of their study, can be used in the development of technological processes to restore the working bodies of tillage machines.

Study of structural imbalances in agricultural engineering

The authors emphasized that the development of the agricultural machinery industry is inextricably linked with the development of agricultural production, and consequently, changes in land use forms and the development of agricultural science, which, in turn, are conditioned by the current socio-political conditions and progress in the field of agricultural knowledge. It is proved that the impetus for the development of domestic agricultural machinery is the agricultural holdings. The authors focused on the fact that state support and regulation of the agricultural machinery market was proposed by stimulating the renewal of the technical park through the improvement of financial leasing, the reduction in the cost of medium- and long-term loans, and the improvement of the procedures for putting equipment into operation. It is noted that in order to preserve the process of updating the machine and tractor fleet and high-tech equipment in agriculture, it is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of state programs to support domestic agricultural enterprises, which will allow the restoration of their financial viability, and this in turn will serve as an impetus to the development of the market of agricultural machinery due to the growing demand for technical means.

ФІНАНСОВА СКЛАДОВА ІНСТИТУЦІЙНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ: ВІТЧИЗНЯНА ТА ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКА ПРАКТИКА

The results of the research showed a tendency towards a significant increase in the volume of financial flows aimed at achieving the goals of sustainable development of agriculture and green areas in European countries. Three key areas of financial support for projects of sustainable development of agribusiness and rural (green) territories of the EU countries were identified: 1) program of sustainable food supply; 2) program of revitalization of agriculture and rural areas 3) food and natural resources. The sources of financial resources are the funds of the common agricultural budget within the framework of the SAP of the EU countries, and the funds involved in the framework of joint projects of private-partnership relations. The Horizon 2020 project was a powerful financial tool for implementing the dominant principles of sustainable agricultural development. Ukraine has significantly fewer financial opportunities to ensure the development of the agricultural sector. The share of State budget expenditures for financing the agricultural sector does not exceed 8%. The financial capabilities of Ukraine to ensure the development of the agricultural sector are significantly smaller. The share of State budget expenditures for financing the agricultural sector does not exceed 8%. The main directions of state financial support for the agricultural sector in recent years are: state support for the livestock industry; support for the development of hops, establishment of new gardens, vineyards, berry orchards; providing loans and making them cheaper; support for the development of farms; partial compensation of the cost of complex domestic agricultural machinery. The use of flexible financial instruments is a priority direction for improving the level of financial provision of institutional support for the sustainable development of the agricultural sector and rural areas of Ukraine. The main ones are: loans, credit lines, loans, grant aid, state subsidies and subventions, etc. State and private finan- cial institutions, commercial banks, financial associations, specialized and guarantee funds, cooperatives, specialized financial institutes of sustainable development, providers of implementation of grant European programs can be financial intermediaries in such flexible schemes of financial support for the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The combination of par- ticipants in the joint process of financial support for the implementation of sustainable development tasks should be on the basis of the creation of new or existing information-consulting and analytical agro-platforms.

THE AUTOMATED TECHNICAL MEANS IN SOWING EQUIPMENT FOR BREEDING AND SEED PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Means of automation of sowing machines - a set of special electronic technical means designed to ensure high productivity, improve the quality and reliability of the sowing process. (Research purpose) To review and analyze the designs and technical characteristics of automated selection planters for sowing grain and other crops in experimental plots. (Materials and methods) Presented a number of automated technical means for sowing various crops for breeding and primary seed production. We analyzed various design solutions and noted the most rational structural elements of the machines used. (Results and discussion) Prepared an overview of selective seeders equipped with various automation and process control systems. (Conclusions) In the near future development of the domestic agricultural machinery industry, intensive introduction of automated control and monitoring systems for technological processes, hybrid and battery electric drives, including in selective sowing equipment, should be observed. An analysis of the designs of the presented samples of selective seeders showed important directions for improving their technical level and improving machine technologies for selective sowing of crops.

УПРАВЛІНСЬКІ ТА ОБЛІКОВІ АСПЕКТИ ФОРМУВАННЯ РЕСУРСНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The priority of the agrarian vector of development is for Ukraine not only a historical reality, but also an opportunity to occupy an important place in the system of international economic integration. This is facilitated by the powerful natural resource potential and strong historical traditions. Today, the transformational processes taking place in the modern economy lead to the restructuring of agricultural production on a new technological and socio-economic basis, which requires the formation of a more rational management mechanism, the most important component of which is fixed capital. Slowing down the development of domestic agricultural machinery in combination with unsatisfactory volumes of replacement of shortages with corresponding imports deepens the problem of technical re-equipment of the main assets of agricultural enterprises. They are often morally obsolete and physically worn out, which leads to the technological backwardness of agricultural enterprises. A natural consequence is a decrease in economic efficiency and an increase in the energy and resource intensity of both products and production as a whole. Qualitative reform of agricultural industries in the direction of their technical and technological reequipment, provided that the requirements of efficiency and increase in production productivity are taken into account, is a way to realize the existing potential of the agricultural industry, including export, and will lead agricultural producers to economic independence and stability. The purpose of the study is the scientific justification of approaches to the formation of the fixed capital of agricultural enterprises and the development of practical recommendations for increasing the efficiency of its use, as a basis for the growth of the economic potential and the effectiveness of the enterprises. The principles of regulating the process of formation and reproduction of the fixed capital of agricultural enterprises as a condition for the implementation of extended reproduction using the developed methodical approach, which is based on the adaptation of self-financing mechanisms to the modern economic conditions of agricultural enterprises of various specializations with the priority of maintaining control over the financial condition of the enterprise, are substantiated. It is proposed to systematize the indicators according to the areas of analysis of the formation and use of fixed capital and supplement them with separate indicators that specify the impact of the size of the fixed capital on the unit cost of the manufactured products and the final result of the enterprises’ activities.

ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ СЕЛЬХОЗМАШИНОСТРОЕНИЯ

The paper analyzes the factors that determine the vectors of increasing the competitiveness of industrial enterprises, including agricultural machinery. Based on this analysis, the article describes the stages and directions of entry of industrial enterprises into the field of competitiveness. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in identifying and analyzing opportunities to improve the competitiveness of industrial enterprises, including agricultural machinery. (Materials and methods) Used materials on the state of competitiveness of domestic agricultural machinery, reflected the main points related to the management of the competitiveness of enterprises in the industry. Authors analyzed government documents on this issue. The pace of industrial development in the leading countries and the pace of increasing market demands for product quality, has increased significantly in recent years and is becoming increasingly unattainable for Russian manufacturers, especially for agricultural machinery enterprises. (Results and discussion) The article points out that the State Program of the Russian Federation N2539-r of April 15, 2014 sets tasks to ensure the technological development of the domestic industry on the basis of the creation and implementation of breakthrough, resource-saving, environmentally friendly industrial technologies for the production of competitive high-tech products. In order to increase the competitiveness of the industry enterprises, it is necessary to provide conditions for the formation of their own industry for the production of competitive products with parameters exceeding the parameters of the competitor's products. (Conclusions) The article considers options and trends for improving the competitiveness of products that can be applied to all industries, including agricultural machinery. To achieve these goals, it will be necessary to review the country's development priorities, elaborate and refine the proposed strategy with the involvement of qualified specialists in the field of economics, engineering, and technology.

Digitalization and use of artificial intelligence technologies in technical modernization of the agro-industrial complex

The article presents the prospects of digitalization and use of artificial intelligence technologies in the technical modernization of the agro-industrial complex (AIC). In order to improve the efficiency of agricultural industry, including the productivity and quality of products in such sectors as crop production, livestock, processing of agricultural products, a transition to innovative technologies is required. Their use in agricultural production makes it possible to significantly competitiveness of the agricultural sector of the economy of the Russian Federation. To do this, the technical modernization of the agro-industrial complex, which provides for the renewal of its base with domestic agricultural machinery is required. In modern machines, a large number of electronic systems with various sensors are involved. They allow to control the operation of various units, including the internal combustion engine, transmission, work tools and other mechanisms. The use of such systems makes it possible to reduce the cost of maintenance and use of equipment, to monitor the modes of operation and technical condition of equipment around the clock, to conduct repair and maintenance activities as required. The current global trend is the use of remote machine diagnostics systems. They allow service centers and emergency support to diagnose a vehicle at a distance, reducing downtime. In recent years, there has been a trend towards digital solutions in machine maintenance. 3D technologies are promising for repair of agricultural machinery, including restoration and hardening of parts. They can be used to measure the geometric dimensions and determine the physical and mechanical properties of part faces of agricultural machines during the incoming inspection of spare parts and fault detection of parts, by scanning them. The introduction of digital technologies and artificial intelligence in the repair practice will reduce the duration of repair and maintenance actions during the technical service of agricultural machinery and significantly reduce the cost of their implementation.

АНАЛИЗ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО СЕРВИСА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ В АПК

Taking into account the importance and necessity of establishing an eff ective repair and maintenance facilities for Russian farm industry, research was conducted on agricultural enterprises to analyze methods of organizing maintenance and repair, as well as technical and economic indicators of services that perform these types of activities in all regions of the country. The authors have determined quantitative composition of operating enterprises, the engineering staff , as well as a number of indicators characterizing their economic condition. It is noted that currently farm enterprises dealing with the repair and maintenance facilities do not meet modern requirements. The equipment fl eet is outdated and requires large amounts of maintenance and repair to maintain its operability. The repair and maintenance facilities cannot perform this task and need organizational and technical transformations that take into account the prospects for the transition of manufacturers to a new level of interaction with consumers in the medium term - the life cycle contract. The paper considers the methodology concerning the possibility of using the “Total Cost of Ownership” criterion in Russia, and the possibility of transition of agricultural machinery manufacturers to a life cycle contract. It is noted that the lack of information on the state of the farm repair and maintenance facilities makes it diffi cult to determine a criterion for the full cost of ownership and the subsequent transition manufacturers on a contract life cycle. The authors indicate that the effi ciency of the repair and maintenance facilities of the industry can be increased by raising the production of domestic agricultural machinery in the medium term in 1.5…2 times, developing in the short term a regulatory and legal framework to include maintenance and repair services related to the leased equipment in the list of additional activities of leasing companies. Also the list of measures includes making vehicle repair contracts with manufacturers, providing state support for establishing service centers in leasing companies, and ensuring the availability of information on the cost of operation and maintenance for the entire period of the equipment use, as well as scientifi c support and training.

Features and problems of formation of the system for utilization of agricultural equipment "Agricultural recycling" in AIC

In the agro-industrial complex of Russia, the share of the main types of agricultural machinery with a service life of more than 10 years is: for tractors — 61 %, grain harvesters — 47, forage harvesters — 42 %. Due to the extremely low provision of the Russian agro-industrial complex with modern tractors, the energy supply per 100 hectares of sown area is 150 hp. with technologically required 300–350 hp. On cattle farms, the level of complex mechanization of technological processes has decreased by 23 . Within the standard period, no more than 20–25 % of technological equipment is used and only 5–8 % meet modern requirements. The problem of updating the park of domestic agricultural machinery and livestock equipment can be considered only in a single complex with the disposal of these machines and equipment.