Diversification Of Energy Sources Research Articles

Strategies for biofilm optimization of plastic-degrading microorganisms and isolating biofilm formers from plastic-contaminated environments

Abstract The perpetual disposal of plastic waste, combined with ineffective waste management strategies, has resulted in widespread environmental plastic pollution. Microbial plastic biodegradation represents an emerging solution to this problem. However, biodegradation studies tend to overlook the fundamental prerequisite of initial surface colonization via biofilm formation. This study had two independent but connected aims relating to plastic surface colonization by microorganisms: to enhance biofilm formation by known plastic degraders, with translational potential for improved plastic degradation, and to isolate microorganisms from microplastic contaminated environments with the ability to colonize plastic surfaces. Planktonic and biofilm responses to diverse carbon and energy sources were investigated over 7 days, using Bacillus subtilis 168, Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo, Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6, Pseudomonas putida KT2440, and Rhodococcus ruber C208. This enabled optimal conditions for biofilm formation by each strain to be determined. In parallel, environmental samples containing synthetic or natural polymeric substances (anaerobic digestate, landfill leachate, and microplastic contaminated compost) were incubated with polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate films, to isolate microorganisms capable of colonizing their surfaces. This yielded eight bacterial isolates from three genera: Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, and Proteus. These genera contain species that have been shown to degrade plastics and other recalcitrant synthetic polymers, demonstrating the success of our approach. This study also suggests that discrete plastic types may create different ecological niches which can be exploited by unique bacterial colonizers. Our findings underscore the importance of considering plastic colonization by microbial biofilms in the context of their biodegradation.

Optimum exploitation of multiple energy system using IGDT approach and risk aversion strategy and considering compressed air storage with solar energy

The concept of an energy hub within a microgrid has garnered significant attention from investors due to its potential for efficiently managing diverse energy sources and accurately forecasting energy prices. This study presents a model for an energy hub that facilitates the optimal operation of a microgrid with multiple energy carrier infrastructures under future-day scenarios. The primary objective of the optimization process is to minimize operating costs, environmental impacts, and technical limitations. The proposed energy hub model integrates both distributable generation, such as a Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) unit, and non-distributable generation sources, including wind turbines and photovoltaic systems. Additionally, it incorporates various energy storage components, namely Ice Storage Conditioner (ISC), Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems, and Electric Vehicles (EVs). Furthermore, the study investigates the impact of a novel energy storage system called Solar Powered Compressed Air Energy Storage (SPCAES) on the operational and environmental performance of the energy hub. To address uncertainties stemming from predicted and actual variables, a two-level stochastic optimization problem is formulated based on the Information Gap Decision Theory (IGDT) with a Risk Aversion (RA) strategy. The overarching aim is to mitigate the risks associated with the information gap confronted by microgrid operators. Subsequently, the two-level stochastic optimization problem is transformed into a single-level problem using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker method. The proposed framework employs the RA-IGDT method and utilizes the Elephant Herd Optimization (EHO) algorithm to effectively solve the optimization problem. By applying this proposed framework to a typical energy hub, this research demonstrates the effectiveness of energy storage systems in reducing operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions during daily energy management. The study highlights the potential of energy hubs and storage systems for cost-effective and eco-friendly microgrid energy management. Scenario 4, featuring the proposed energy hub with SPCAES and ISC storage, demonstrates a 15 % reduction in operating costs and a notable 20 % increase in peak-hour electrical power for sale, underscoring its economic and operational benefits.

DEEP RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORKS IN ENERGY DEMAND FORECASTING: A CASE STUDY OF KAZAKHSTAN'S ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION

The critical transformation of the energy sector demands innovative approaches to ensure the reliability and efficiency of energy systems. In this pursuit, this study delved into the potential of Deep Recurrent Neural Networks (DRNNs) for forecasting energy demand, using a comprehensive dataset detailing Kazakhstan's electrical consumption over a span of two years. Traditional statistical models have historically played a role in energy demand prediction, but the growing intricacy of the energy landscape calls for more advanced solutions. The paper presented a comparison of the DRNN with other traditional and machine learning models and highlighted the superior performance of DRNNs, especially in capturing complex temporal relationships. The energy sector is confronting unprecedented challenges due to population growth and the integration of diverse energy sources, leading to increased demand and system strains. Accurate energy demand prediction is essential for system reliability. Traditional models, though widely used, often overlook intricate variables like weather patterns and temporal factors. Through rigorous methodology, encompassing exploratory data analysis, feature engineering, and hyperparameter optimization, an optimized DRNN model was developed. The results demonstrated the DRNN's exceptional capability in processing complex time-series data, as evidenced by its attainment of an R-squared value of 83.6%. Additionally, it achieved Mean Absolute Errors and Root Mean Squared Errors of less than 2%. However, there were noticeable deviations in some predictions, suggesting areas for refinement. This research underscores the significance of DRNNs in energy demand prediction, highlighting their advantages over traditional models while also noting the need for ongoing optimization. The findings underscore DRNN's promise as a robust forecasting tool, pivotal for the energy sector's future resilience and efficiency.

Recent Advances of Green Electricity Generation: Potential in Solar Interfacial Evaporation System.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) has played a pivotal role in optimizing water-energy utilization, reducing conventional power costs, and mitigating environmental impacts. The increasing emphasis on the synergistic cogeneration of water and green electricity through SDIE is particularly noteworthy. However, there is a gap of existing reviews that have focused on the mechanistic understanding of green power from water-electricity cogeneration (WEC) systems, the structure-activity relationship between efficiency of green energy utilization in WEC and material design in SDIE. Particularly, it lacks a comprehensive discussion to address the challenges faced in these areas along with potential solutions. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively assess the progress and future perspective of green electricity from WEC systems by investigating the potential expansion of SDIE. First, it provides a comprehensive overview about material rational design, thermal management, and water transportation tunnels in SDIE. Then, it summarizes diverse energy sources utilized in the SDIE process, including steaming generation, photovoltaics, salinity gradient effect, temperature gradient effect, and piezoelectric effect. Subsequently, it explores factors that affect generated green electricity efficiency in WEC. Finally, this review proposes challenges and possible solution in the development of WEC.

Enhanced actuation performance of multiple stimuli responsive PDMS-based bilayer actuators by adding ionic liquid

Soft actuators are in high demand for applications such as sensors, soft robotics, biomimetic devices, and actuators that can respond to different energies have enormous advantages. The soft actuators that can respond to diverse energy sources are greatly advantageous. In this study, we developed a PDMS ion gel/graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide bilayer actuator, with its performance elevated by infusing ionic liquid into PDMS. The fabricated bilayer actuator exhibits rapid response and significant deformation even under minimal energy stimuli. Specifically, it can achieve bend angles of 43°, 53°, and 63°within 2 s when exposed to voltage, light, and humidity variations, respectively. Building on this technology, we engineered a mechanical gripper that adeptly holding an object 52 times heavier than the total mass of the actuators used, showcasing the actuator’s commendable practical application potential. Moreover, the actuator is robust, maintaining its deformation prowess even after 1000 operational cycles.

Renewable energy opportunities in Ukraine in the context of blackouts

ABSTRACT Ukraine faces the joint challenge of energy independence and resilience of supply. Frequent power outages have serious consequences for people, businesses and the economy, but renewable energy sources can mitigate this problem. Assessment of Ukraine’s energy system and the potential impact of renewable energy sources on power outages suggests that further diversification of energy sources into renewables will be affordable and efficient, provide a more stable and independent energy supply, and allow for more decentralised distribution of electricity.

УПРОЩЕННАЯ КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ВЕТРОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ НА ОСНОВЕ ДВУХ МАГНИТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ ГЕНЕРАТОРОВ С РЕКОНФИГУРИРУЕМЫМИ ОБМОТКАМИ

Relevance Due to the growing demand for electricity and the reduction in reserves of traditional energy sources, energy conservation and the use of alternative sources are becoming increasingly important. Wind energy is an important growth industry in the production of electricity from renewable wind energy, playing an important role in diversifying energy sources and reducing dependence on the unstable political and economic factors associated with the extraction and transportation of fossil fuels. Wind energy, from a scientific point of view, is a field of science and technology that develops the theoretical foundations, methods and means of using wind energy. To convert the kinetic energy of the wind flow into mechanical energy of rotation of the generator rotor with its subsequent conversion into electrical energy, wind power plants of various configurations are used, installed in open areas where the wind has a suitable speed for generating electricity. Of particular interest to researchers, engineers and the public around the world is the issue of developing new wind power plants and improving existing ones. Thus, wind energy has great interest in the modern world, representing an important and promising option for diversifying the energy system, reducing environmental pollution and providing a sustainable and economically attractive source of energy for future generations. Aim of research To study the operating modes at low and normal wind speeds of a wind power system model based on two magnetoelectric generators with reconfigurable windings in the Matlab application package (Simscape). Research methods Simulation of operating modes at low and normal wind speeds of a wind energy system based on two magnetoelectric generators with reconfigurable windings in the Matlab application package (Simscape). Results A study was carried out of the operating modes at low and normal wind speeds of a wind energy system based on two magnetoelectric generators with reconfigurable windings in the Matlab application package (Simscape). This voltage regulation method can provide the ability to stabilize voltage and maintain high efficiency at an acceptable level over a wider range of low and normal wind speeds.

Geothermal resource estimation of Uttarakhand region, India

With many countries dependent on imported fuels, governments and industries are diversifying energy sources, including geothermal energy. Geothermal energy, derived from the Earth's internal heat, holds significant potential as a renewable energy source. The present work focuses on the geothermal resource estimation of the Uttarakhand region in India. Critical subsurface reservoir parameters for geothermal extraction and estimates of potential resources are reviewed through an analysis of geological formations, temperature gradients, and rock permeability. Various estimation methods, including surface heat flux, volume methods, and probabilistic methods, are discussed, with a particular emphasis on the Monte Carlo method. Assessment of the resource potential of the Uttarakhand geothermal system using available data estimates the resource potential of the Uttarakhand prospect, revealing an energy estimate of 1.26*10^15 J/kg (P50 case). Correspondingly, for the P90 and P10 scenarios, the estimated heat stands at 2.30*10^15 J/kg and 2.6*10^14 J/kg, respectively. However, successful exploitation requires a thorough understanding of subsurface reservoir parameters and careful resource estimation. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders interested in harnessing geothermal energy for sustainable development.

EU energy diplomacy: The Central Asian vector

This study gains particular importance in the context of global geopolitical challenges to energy security and the need to diversify energy sources in Europe. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of the EU’s energy diplomacy in the Central Asian region. The study employed the methods of analysis, synthesis, systematisa- tion, comparative studies, statistical analysis, and generalisation. The study found that Central Asian countries, specifi- cally Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, have considerable hydrocarbon reserves and strong renewable energy development potential, making them key partners for the EU in ensuring energy security and diversifying energy sources. The study found that the EU’s energy diplomacy in Central Asia is implemented through a range of bilateral and multilat- eral mechanisms, but faces serious challenges, such as geopolitical competition, underdeveloped infrastructure, political instability, and imperfect legal regulation of the energy sector in the region. Based on these findings, recommendations were developed to strengthen strategic partnerships, intensify investment activities, harmonise legal regulation and im- plement international standards, as well as develop renewable energy and improve energy efficiency within the framework of EU cooperation with Central Asian partners. The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that its findings and recommendations can be used to improve the EU’s energy strategy, develop effective mechanisms for cooperation with Central Asian countries and build a mutually beneficial partnership in the energy sector, which will contribute to strength- ening energy security, sustainable development, and prosperity of both Europe and Central Asia in the long term

Enhanced Randomized Harris Hawk Optimization of PI controller for power flow control in the microgrid with the PV-wind-battery system

Microgrids, characterized by their ability to work individually or in combination with the main power system, play a pivotal role in addressing the growing demand for reliable and sustainable energy solutions. This work concentrates on the integration of sustainable energy sources, specifically photovoltaic (PV), and wind generation and a battery storage system within a microgrid framework. Additionally, a power flow control strategy is implemented to enhance the dynamic behaviour and stability of the microgrid. The proportional-integral (PI) controller is a fundamental component in regulating the microgrid’s power flow, ensuring optimal performance under varying operating conditions. However, tuning the PI controller parameters is a difficult task because of the dynamic and nonlinear nature of renewable energy sources. In this work, the application of the Enhanced Randomized Harris Hawk Optimization (ERHHO) to fine-tune the PI controller is proposed, using the algorithm’s ability to mimic the hunting behaviour of hawks in finding optimal solutions. The PV-Wind-Battery microgrid system is modelled, and the proposed algorithm is employed to optimize the PI controller parameters for efficient energy management. The ERHHO algorithm’s exploration-exploitation balance is harnessed to navigate the complex solution space and converge to optimal PI controller settings, thereby enhancing the microgrid’s stability and performance. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the proposed ERHHO-based PI controller tuning through comprehensive simulations. Performance metrics such as transient response, overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error are analysed to validate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed method. Compared to its nearest optimization algorithm, with the proposed algorithm rise time is reduced by 50%, overshoot is reduced by 75%, settling time is reduced by 66%, and finally, a percentage of reduction of steady-state error is 45%. The outcomes of this research contribute to the advancement of microgrid control strategies, offering a novel approach to PI controller tuning in the context of diverse renewable energy sources. The integration of the Harris Hawk Optimization algorithm provides a promising avenue for enhancing the operational efficiency and reliability of microgrids, paving the way for sustainable and resilient energy systems in the aspect of growing energy landscapes.

Optimal Configuration and Planning of Distributed Energy Systems Considering Renewable Energy Resources

With increasing electricity demand, conventional centralized power generation systems encounter numerous challenges, including transmission and distribution losses, limited capacity, and high operational costs. In response, distributed energy systems have emerged as a promising solution by enabling electricity generation in close proximity to consumption points. These systems leverage renewable energy sources and minimize energy losses during transmission, presenting a more sustainable and efficient alternative. By utilizing diverse energy sources such as solar thermal panels, photovoltaic systems, geothermal energy, distributed energy systems enhance overall efficiency, and reduce power losses during transmission as well as greenhouse gas emissions. This research endeavor presents a novel approach employing mixed-integer linear programming to optimize distributed energy systems. The proposed model facilitates the determination of optimal dimensions of technologies, including combined heat and power systems, boilers, electric chillers, and absorption chillers, while simultaneously minimizing total costs and greenhouse gas emissions and adhering to real-world constraints. The findings of this study are validated through a real-world numerical example, confirming the model’s efficiency in configuring and planning distributed energy systems optimally, thereby enhancing their operational performance.

Re-Approaching EU’s Energy Policy: The Vital Role of Nuclear Power

The energy cut-down that followed the Russo-Ukrainian war is the main cause of the recent skyrocketing gas prices, which are jeopardizing the stability of the EU’s internal energy market. Hence, the diversification of energy sources has become a major priority. In this context, nuclear power must be reconsidered as a reliable alternative energy source which can lead to the partial independence of the EU. The upper goal of energy security can only be achieved if the EU relies on an energy source, such as nuclear, that ensures availability, reliability, affordability, and sustainability – all, at once. This policy brief outlines the importance of nuclear energy as a key factor for the EU’s energy future and proposes measures that can be implemented to achieve a nuclear and green transition.

Germany's Response towards Russia-Ukraine Conflict

The Russia-Ukraine war has had a profound impact on energy security in Europe, with Germany facing unique challenges and opportunities as one of the largest energy consumers in the region. This case study examines the implications of the conflict on energy security, focusing on Germany's response. It analyzes the reasons behind Germany's support for the project, such as diversification of energy sources, economic interests, and political influence. It also delves into the concerns raised by the European Union and the United States regarding the project's impact on energy diversification, geopolitical dynamics, and the interests of Eastern European countries. The findings contribute to the understanding of energy security dynamics and offer valuable insights for policymakers, energy experts, and stakeholders involved in shaping resilient and sustainable energy systems amidst geopolitical uncertainties.

The triple helix: oil prices, trade terms and unemployment: a developmental analysis of Turkiye

Purpose- This study delves into the intricate dynamics surrounding oil prices, terms of trade, and unemployment, pivotal factors exerting profound effects on the developmental trajectories of developing countries. Methodology- Employing the Vector Autoregressive Model and Granger Causality Test, the research scrutinizes data spanning from 1980 to 2021, with a focus on Turkey as a case study. Granger causality analysis reveals bidirectional causality between terms of trade and unemployment as well as between oil prices and unemployment. Findings The findings underscore the significance of targeted policies to address challenges in developing nations. Strategies aimed at reducing energy dependence, diversifying energy sources, and implementing strategic foreign trade planning emerge as crucial components to steer these countries toward sustainable development. Furthermore, the study advocates for the implementation of employment policies to effectively tackle unemployment rates. Conclusion- The reciprocal relationships observed between these variables highlight the need for comprehensive and multifaceted approaches to address the intricate interplay of economic factors influencing the developmental processes of developing countries. The insights gleaned from this research not only contribute to a nuanced understanding of these relationships but also provide a foundation for informed policy recommendations to promote robust and sustainable development in developing nations. Keywords: Oil, terms of trade, unemployment, vector auto regressive model, Granger Causality JEL Codes: O13, O11, Q43, E24, F14, F43, C32

Anaerobic Digestion Technology for Biogas Production: Current Situation in Nigeria (A Review)

In view of the nation's vast agricultural resources, crop residues, animal manure, municipal waste, and wastewater sludge may be transformed into renewable energy, potentially a source of revenue. Biogas production offers cleaner, sustainable solutions across the nation. The compass of supportive policy and regulation emerges, guiding investment toward transformative shores. Various "Waste-to-Energy" academic researches and pilot projects illuminate paths to energy generation, waste management and sustainability with the prospects of a viable bioeconomy. The application of anaerobic digestion technology contributes to a greener and more sustainable energy future. In Nigeria, biogas production holds multifaceted benefits which include energy sustainability waste management, and climate change mitigation. By harnessing organic waste, energy source diversification reduces reliance on fossil fuels. Biogas mitigates environmental pollution, converts waste to value, which is key to climate goals. Sustaining biogas production requires incentives, research, expertise, public awareness, and infrastructure. Collaboration and strategic partnerships will likely accelerate Nigeria's biogas production potential. In conclusion, this review underscores the immense potential of biogas production in Nigeria. It seeks to enliven the discussion for fostering efficient management of the abundant organic resources, supportive policies, public engagement, technological advancements, and partnerships that can bring about a wider implementation of biogas production projects across Nigeria towards a greener and sustainable energy future.

Electricity Fluctuations and Tax Revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights from a Bias-Corrected Linear Dynamic Panel Model

Inadequate electricity and its frequent fluctuations adversely affect the productivity and profits of small and medium enterprises in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). These fluctuations also affect economic growth, narrowing further the region's low tax base. However, studies examining the effects of electricity on the tax base in SSA at the macro level are limited. This study bridges this gap by examining electricity fluctuations' effects on SSA countries' tax revenue. A bias-corrected linear dynamic estimator using a panel dataset for forty-one (41) SSA countries from 2000-2022 is employed for analysis. The study noted that electricity consumption is positively related to the tax base while electricity fluctuation creates critical fiscal losses regarding what the tax base would become in ordinary situations. The results indicate that the African governments in SSA need to increase investments in electricity infrastructures and diversify energy sources. Furthermore, SSA governments must renovate and strengthen the existing electricity infrastructures while upgrading the Internet of Things (IoTs) at the same time. Inclusively, mitigating power outages that are hindering the growth of the tax revenue base in SSA countries is important for achieving sustainable economic growth.

Stirling engines: Advancements, applications, and environmental benefits

The increasing adoption of Stirling engines in contemporary industries is driven by their potential to address critical issues of energy efficiency and emissions reduction. Stirling engines offer higher energy efficiency, lower noise and emissions, and versatility in utilizing various heat sources, making them a promising solution for enhancing environmental preservation and energy diversity. This paper examines the growing adoption of Stirling engines in diverse industries, driven by the urgent need to address energy efficiency and emissions challenges. The paper outlines the core principles and advantages of Stirling engines, highlighting their potential to enhance energy efficiency, preserve the environment, and diversify energy sources. Furthermore, the paper underscores significant industrial and aviation applications of Stirling engines, particularly in vehicle propulsion, heat pumps, and electricity generation. Notably, the automotive Stirling engine excels in fuel efficiency and emissions reduction, offering a viable alternative to traditional internal combustion engines. Stirling engines also prove effective in heat pump systems, contributing to efficient building heating and cooling. In conclusion, despite challenges such as material requirements and heat loss, Stirling engines hold great promise as sustainable and eco-friendly thermal engines. As global concerns regarding energy and the environment intensify, Stirling engines offer a compelling pathway to improved energy efficiency, reduced emissions, and a more diversified energy landscape, driving innovation across sectors.

Electric DQ0 Library Model for Smart Grid Simulation

This paper addresses the pressing need for advanced simulation tools in electric phasor modeling and Smart Grid-Power to X systems. The motivation for this study stems from the critical importance of enhancing the balance between performance and the detailed dynamic representation of the system behavior in the simulations. The identified problem lies in the absence of a comprehensive framework that seamlessly integrates electric phasor DQ0 components into a multi-purpose object-oriented environment. The primary objective of this research is to develop and introduce two simulation libraries, centered around the core component, Electric_DQ0. These libraries aim to establish a robust phasor-based framework, incorporating essential electric components such as sources, loads, branches, power converters, and electric machines. The main goal is to enable dynamic frequency and voltage simulations, particularly focusing on transients in alternators and facilitating Voltage and Frequency Rate of Change analysis during power production-demand imbalances. The libraries were developed within a versatile object-oriented environment, employing the Electric_DQ0 components as the foundation. Through ports, these components transmit turning frequencies, supporting the simulation of dynamic frequency and voltage. The libraries are designed to comprehensively support monophasic and triphasic systems, encompassing delta and wye connections, with a flexible neutral configuration under both balanced and unbalanced conditions. A validation case is presented to demonstrate the tool’s ability to accurately reproduce predictions when compared to one of the most widely used electrical modeling tools in the market. A study case is also presented to evaluate the toolkit’s capabilities. The study sets a specific power demand to fulfill, utilizing diverse energy sources. The obtained results showcase the libraries’ effectiveness in addressing the identified problem, providing valuable insights into their performance and applicability in real-world scenarios. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework, delivering accurate outcomes within a reduced execution time.

Analysis of Environmental and Energy Policies in Turkey, the European Union and the United States

Energy consumption plays a pivotal role in the development of societies. Sustainable Energy Resources are vital inputs for daily life, and energy and industrial products are essential for economic growth (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2022). Consequently, those responsible for managing a country's energy sector must ensure the uninterrupted, reliable, timely, clean, and affordable supply of energy, as well as diversify energy sources to enhance energy security.
 The concept of "sustainable development" has emerged in response to the need to prevent irreversible environmental damage caused by conventional energy sources and outdated technologies while ensuring access to energy as a fundamental human right under optimal conditions (Pamir, N 2005). Developed societies have transitioned from planning based solely on energy source acquisition and production to a planning approach that carefully considers the energy-economy-ecology balance (3E) while taking into account resource diversity and geopolitical realities (Energy Policies and Global Developments, emo.org.tr).
 Turkey remains heavily dependent on energy imports, accounting for approximately 74% of its energy needs (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2023). The multifaceted nature of Turkey's energy strategy and its energy dependence emphasize the importance of international relations in this field.
 U.S. energy policies have global ramifications, particularly in areas such as energy resource utilization, energy trade, and energy independence (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2022). U.S. energy policies play a significant role in international relations, impacting relationships with other countries, especially in matters related to energy exports and imports.
 In Europe, there is uneven progress towards clean electricity, with both successes and challenges in transitioning to a low-carbon energy system. While the European energy sector has taken significant steps towards decarbonization, there has been limited progress in some countries, and much more progress is needed. Achieving a fully decarbonized energy system in Europe requires united efforts and coordination to address the challenges posed by fossil fuel dependence and climate change.

Improving the Energy Sector and Renewable Energy Resources in Egypt (Challenges, Achievements, And Most Important Projects)

Egypt faces a challenge in providing sufficient resources for energy needs, especially, since Egypt relies mainly on oil and natural gas to meet its energy needs, on which the percentage of dependence has reached 95% of Egypt’s total energy needs. All studies indicate that despite Egypt’s possession of reserves from these sources, due to the growing use of these resources and the high cost of extracting them, Egypt will face a deficit in covering its needs from these resources. Although it is expected that the balance between oil and gas production will return with uses within few years after overcoming the economic difficulties that faced the oil and gas sector, according to Egypt’s energy strategy for the year 2030 and its current update to reach it for the year 2035, it is expected that Egypt will become a permanent importer. Oil and gas within a period not exceeding several years from the beginning of the third decade of this century. This situation represents an additional challenge to the Egyptian economy, as it becomes exposed to price turmoil in the global energy markets, which cannot be expected or controlled. This is in addition to the drain on Egypt’s foreign exchange resources, the impact on the balance of trade, and the reduction of the competitiveness of the national economy. Therefore, the diversification of energy sources must be reconsidered in order to achieve maximum benefit from local resources, which are characterized by sustainability and stability in prices, which are features that characterize electricity production projects from renewable sources, taking into account Egypt’s richness in these resources. Therefore, Egypt has already started implementing many projects that work to provide Egypt’s energy needs, through the project of the nuclear power plant in “Al-Dabaa” in northern Egypt on the Mediterranean coast, as well as power generation projects from renewable energy sources available in Egypt, such as “wind energy” and “solar energy”.