Diversification Of Energy Sources Research Articles

Evaluation of Biomass Energy Policy Implementation in Indonesia to National Defense Support

Biomass energy is recognized as having strategic potential in overcoming energy security challenges and its participation to reduce the impact of environmental problems. The research-purpose is to evaluate how implementing a biomass energy policy can support national defense and sustainability. Through the framework of the literature, this study describes the concept of biomass energy and examines its relation to national defense. Energy policy analysis and reversed with energy security in Indonesia are also obtained from the reflection of the literature. The results show that biomass energy can strengthen the security of a country's energy supply by diversifying energy sources and reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels. This will support the operational defense system in dealing with fluctuations in energy prices and supplies. The implementation of biomass energy also has the potential to increase national energy independence, reduce the risk of energy supply disruptions, and strengthen national resilience. Utilization of biomass energy also contributes to improving climate change and negative environmental impacts. With the right technology, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved, supporting environmental sustainability goals and securing the future of national defense

Integration of National Resources in the Context of Realizing Food Security

This study highlights Indonesia's dependence on the food sector, especially rice. Despite diversification efforts, dependence on rice remains high. The availability of clean water and energy diversification are also crucial. In order to achieve sustainable food security, diversification of land and food commodities is needed, as well as wise management of water resources. This research uses a qualitative focused group discussion (FGD) method to explore the integration of national resources in an effort to realize food security in Indonesia. The results show that efforts to diversify food, manage clean water, and diversify energy sources are key in ensuring national food and energy security. The National Strategic Logistics Reserve Agency (BCLSN) has an important role in managing strategic food stocks and building a strong foundation for Indonesia's food security

What is the nature of responses of energy security to shocks in the E7 countries? Fresh evidence by applying unit root tests

ABSTRACT Energy security, characterized by equitable distribution of sustainable, acceptable and affordable energy sources, carries significant social, economic,\\ and environmental consequences. Achieving energy security is influenced by unanticipated shocks, such as oil price volatility, and policy decisions, including diversifying energy sources and developing green technologies. To gauge the efficiency of shocks and policies in altering energy security dynamics of E7 countries, the present study uses the Energy Security Risk Index (ESRI) as a proxy of energy security and employs panel Lagrange multiplier (LM) with smooth breaks and univariate LM unit root test with sharp breaks. In addition, both tests allow for cross-sectional dependence. Our findings reveal distinct dynamics across countries over the period 1980–2018. Specifically, Brazil, India, Indonesia and Turkey exhibit stationary behaviour in their ESRI, while China shows a unit root process. The stochastic properties of Mexico are inconclusive. Our results have important implications, which are discussed in detail.

Recent Advancement Of Algal Biofuel Production And Its Potential Uses

The utilization of diverse energy sources is linked to the growth of industry, agriculture, and transportation. After the third generation of biodiesel production began, it was anticipated that algae would emerge as the most advantageous source because it not only can accumulate large amounts of lipids but also has the potential to reduce the amount of agricultural land required for the production of biofuels and enhance air quality by capturing carbon dioxide. In contrast to the price of making biodiesel from crops, the cost of algal biomass cultivation and processing poses a significant issue. The first step is to use genetic engineering to boost the lipid content of algal cells. The promotion of enhanced lipid accumulation by stressing algae is related to the second way. The third direction entails looking for new, promising strains of algae that will differ from the currently recognized strains in their ability to collect biomass more quickly, have greater Triacylglycerols [TAG] concentrations, and accumulate saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the right ratios. By defining the evolutionary relationships within the main taxonomic groups of algae, a new technique in the search for biotechnologically relevant strains of algae has recently been developed. These investigations have resulted in a significant cost decrease for the manufacture of biofuel based on algae biomass. All of this research aimed at improving algae biofuel production and exploring additional biofuel sources is crucial.

ENERGY SECURITY IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF GEOPOLITICAL DYNAMICS AND POLICIES

Energy security is a critical dimension in the contemporary global landscape, where the availability, affordability, and reliability of energy resources play a pivotal role in shaping geopolitical dynamics and national policies. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the intricate interplay between energy security, geopolitics, and policies on the global stage. The quest for energy security is inherently linked to the geopolitical landscape, as nations strategically position themselves to secure access to vital energy resources. The competition for control over key energy reserves, transit routes, and distribution networks often shapes international relations, leading to geopolitical tensions and conflicts. The study delves into the geopolitical dynamics surrounding major energy-producing regions, such as the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Arctic, analyzing the impact of these dynamics on global energy security. Policies and strategies employed by nations to enhance their energy security are critical aspects of this review. The analysis encompasses a range of policy dimensions, including diversification of energy sources, investments in renewable energy technologies, and the development of resilient energy infrastructure. Moreover, the study explores the role of international collaborations, agreements, and institutions in fostering energy security and addressing common challenges. The transition towards a sustainable and secure energy future is a key focus, considering the increasing importance of climate change mitigation and the imperative to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuel resources. The paper emphasizes the significance of policy frameworks that balance economic, environmental, and security considerations to achieve a holistic approach to energy security. This comprehensive review provides a nuanced understanding of energy security within the global context, offering insights into the complex interconnections between geopolitics and policies. It underscores the need for a collaborative and multifaceted approach to address the challenges and opportunities inherent in securing the world's energy future.
 Keywords: Energy Security, Policies, Geopolitical Dynamics, Energy, Review.

2022 Russian-Ukrainian War and the Future of EU Energy and Transport Security: Analyzing the Implications of Diversifification the Transport and Energy Transit Routes – the Case of the Black Sea/Caspian Region

Given recent events, such as the full invasion of Ukraine’s sovereign territories by the Russian armyin 2022, this article critically analyzes how the use of the Caucasus-Caspian region could serve Brusselsas an alternative means of diversifying energy sources to ensure its energy security. The study iscomprehensive and covers various forms of energy projects. Particular attention is paid to exploringthe various phases regarding Shah Deniz and potential expansion plans. In addition, it carefully examinesall other important factors associated with the production, transportation, and explorationof energy resources in the Caspian reserves.In addition, a key task is to classify and compare the EU’s geopolitical priorities before and after the2022 war, present an analysis of the complex paths of transformation of the EU’s energy supply,and clarify its new policies regarding the relations between the main regional players: the RussianFederation, the EU, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.It has been established that the Black Sea-Caspian steppe contains valuable energy reserves. Dueto the critical geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic importance of the region, the EU has aninterest in the region. The study provides a comparative overview of different aspects of EU energydiversification policies. It examines how these policies have influenced the approach of foreignstates to the Caucasus-Caspian region, taking into account recent events. Moreover, it considersnational goals and takes into account the important interests of leading powers.Keywords: energy security, diversification of fossil fuels, Caucasus-Caspian region, Black Sea-Caspian steppe, EU policy on energy diversification, energy projects.

Strategies for biofilm optimization of plastic-degrading microorganisms and isolating biofilm formers from plastic-contaminated environments

Abstract The perpetual disposal of plastic waste, combined with ineffective waste management strategies, has resulted in widespread environmental plastic pollution. Microbial plastic biodegradation represents an emerging solution to this problem. However, biodegradation studies tend to overlook the fundamental prerequisite of initial surface colonization via biofilm formation. This study had two independent but connected aims relating to plastic surface colonization by microorganisms: to enhance biofilm formation by known plastic degraders, with translational potential for improved plastic degradation, and to isolate microorganisms from microplastic contaminated environments with the ability to colonize plastic surfaces. Planktonic and biofilm responses to diverse carbon and energy sources were investigated over 7 days, using Bacillus subtilis 168, Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo, Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6, Pseudomonas putida KT2440, and Rhodococcus ruber C208. This enabled optimal conditions for biofilm formation by each strain to be determined. In parallel, environmental samples containing synthetic or natural polymeric substances (anaerobic digestate, landfill leachate, and microplastic contaminated compost) were incubated with polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate films, to isolate microorganisms capable of colonizing their surfaces. This yielded eight bacterial isolates from three genera: Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, and Proteus. These genera contain species that have been shown to degrade plastics and other recalcitrant synthetic polymers, demonstrating the success of our approach. This study also suggests that discrete plastic types may create different ecological niches which can be exploited by unique bacterial colonizers. Our findings underscore the importance of considering plastic colonization by microbial biofilms in the context of their biodegradation.

Optimum exploitation of multiple energy system using IGDT approach and risk aversion strategy and considering compressed air storage with solar energy

The concept of an energy hub within a microgrid has garnered significant attention from investors due to its potential for efficiently managing diverse energy sources and accurately forecasting energy prices. This study presents a model for an energy hub that facilitates the optimal operation of a microgrid with multiple energy carrier infrastructures under future-day scenarios. The primary objective of the optimization process is to minimize operating costs, environmental impacts, and technical limitations. The proposed energy hub model integrates both distributable generation, such as a Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) unit, and non-distributable generation sources, including wind turbines and photovoltaic systems. Additionally, it incorporates various energy storage components, namely Ice Storage Conditioner (ISC), Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems, and Electric Vehicles (EVs). Furthermore, the study investigates the impact of a novel energy storage system called Solar Powered Compressed Air Energy Storage (SPCAES) on the operational and environmental performance of the energy hub. To address uncertainties stemming from predicted and actual variables, a two-level stochastic optimization problem is formulated based on the Information Gap Decision Theory (IGDT) with a Risk Aversion (RA) strategy. The overarching aim is to mitigate the risks associated with the information gap confronted by microgrid operators. Subsequently, the two-level stochastic optimization problem is transformed into a single-level problem using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker method. The proposed framework employs the RA-IGDT method and utilizes the Elephant Herd Optimization (EHO) algorithm to effectively solve the optimization problem. By applying this proposed framework to a typical energy hub, this research demonstrates the effectiveness of energy storage systems in reducing operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions during daily energy management. The study highlights the potential of energy hubs and storage systems for cost-effective and eco-friendly microgrid energy management. Scenario 4, featuring the proposed energy hub with SPCAES and ISC storage, demonstrates a 15 % reduction in operating costs and a notable 20 % increase in peak-hour electrical power for sale, underscoring its economic and operational benefits.

DEEP RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORKS IN ENERGY DEMAND FORECASTING: A CASE STUDY OF KAZAKHSTAN'S ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION

The critical transformation of the energy sector demands innovative approaches to ensure the reliability and efficiency of energy systems. In this pursuit, this study delved into the potential of Deep Recurrent Neural Networks (DRNNs) for forecasting energy demand, using a comprehensive dataset detailing Kazakhstan's electrical consumption over a span of two years. Traditional statistical models have historically played a role in energy demand prediction, but the growing intricacy of the energy landscape calls for more advanced solutions. The paper presented a comparison of the DRNN with other traditional and machine learning models and highlighted the superior performance of DRNNs, especially in capturing complex temporal relationships. The energy sector is confronting unprecedented challenges due to population growth and the integration of diverse energy sources, leading to increased demand and system strains. Accurate energy demand prediction is essential for system reliability. Traditional models, though widely used, often overlook intricate variables like weather patterns and temporal factors. Through rigorous methodology, encompassing exploratory data analysis, feature engineering, and hyperparameter optimization, an optimized DRNN model was developed. The results demonstrated the DRNN's exceptional capability in processing complex time-series data, as evidenced by its attainment of an R-squared value of 83.6%. Additionally, it achieved Mean Absolute Errors and Root Mean Squared Errors of less than 2%. However, there were noticeable deviations in some predictions, suggesting areas for refinement. This research underscores the significance of DRNNs in energy demand prediction, highlighting their advantages over traditional models while also noting the need for ongoing optimization. The findings underscore DRNN's promise as a robust forecasting tool, pivotal for the energy sector's future resilience and efficiency.

Recent Advances of Green Electricity Generation: Potential in Solar Interfacial Evaporation System.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) has played a pivotal role in optimizing water-energy utilization, reducing conventional power costs, and mitigating environmental impacts. The increasing emphasis on the synergistic cogeneration of water and green electricity through SDIE is particularly noteworthy. However, there is a gap of existing reviews that have focused on the mechanistic understanding of green power from water-electricity cogeneration (WEC) systems, the structure-activity relationship between efficiency of green energy utilization in WEC and material design in SDIE. Particularly, it lacks a comprehensive discussion to address the challenges faced in these areas along with potential solutions. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively assess the progress and future perspective of green electricity from WEC systems by investigating the potential expansion of SDIE. First, it provides a comprehensive overview about material rational design, thermal management, and water transportation tunnels in SDIE. Then, it summarizes diverse energy sources utilized in the SDIE process, including steaming generation, photovoltaics, salinity gradient effect, temperature gradient effect, and piezoelectric effect. Subsequently, it explores factors that affect generated green electricity efficiency in WEC. Finally, this review proposes challenges and possible solution in the development of WEC.

Enhanced actuation performance of multiple stimuli responsive PDMS-based bilayer actuators by adding ionic liquid

Soft actuators are in high demand for applications such as sensors, soft robotics, biomimetic devices, and actuators that can respond to different energies have enormous advantages. The soft actuators that can respond to diverse energy sources are greatly advantageous. In this study, we developed a PDMS ion gel/graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide bilayer actuator, with its performance elevated by infusing ionic liquid into PDMS. The fabricated bilayer actuator exhibits rapid response and significant deformation even under minimal energy stimuli. Specifically, it can achieve bend angles of 43°, 53°, and 63°within 2 s when exposed to voltage, light, and humidity variations, respectively. Building on this technology, we engineered a mechanical gripper that adeptly holding an object 52 times heavier than the total mass of the actuators used, showcasing the actuator’s commendable practical application potential. Moreover, the actuator is robust, maintaining its deformation prowess even after 1000 operational cycles.

Renewable energy opportunities in Ukraine in the context of blackouts

ABSTRACT Ukraine faces the joint challenge of energy independence and resilience of supply. Frequent power outages have serious consequences for people, businesses and the economy, but renewable energy sources can mitigate this problem. Assessment of Ukraine’s energy system and the potential impact of renewable energy sources on power outages suggests that further diversification of energy sources into renewables will be affordable and efficient, provide a more stable and independent energy supply, and allow for more decentralised distribution of electricity.

УПРОЩЕННАЯ КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ВЕТРОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ НА ОСНОВЕ ДВУХ МАГНИТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ ГЕНЕРАТОРОВ С РЕКОНФИГУРИРУЕМЫМИ ОБМОТКАМИ

Relevance Due to the growing demand for electricity and the reduction in reserves of traditional energy sources, energy conservation and the use of alternative sources are becoming increasingly important. Wind energy is an important growth industry in the production of electricity from renewable wind energy, playing an important role in diversifying energy sources and reducing dependence on the unstable political and economic factors associated with the extraction and transportation of fossil fuels. Wind energy, from a scientific point of view, is a field of science and technology that develops the theoretical foundations, methods and means of using wind energy. To convert the kinetic energy of the wind flow into mechanical energy of rotation of the generator rotor with its subsequent conversion into electrical energy, wind power plants of various configurations are used, installed in open areas where the wind has a suitable speed for generating electricity. Of particular interest to researchers, engineers and the public around the world is the issue of developing new wind power plants and improving existing ones. Thus, wind energy has great interest in the modern world, representing an important and promising option for diversifying the energy system, reducing environmental pollution and providing a sustainable and economically attractive source of energy for future generations. Aim of research To study the operating modes at low and normal wind speeds of a wind power system model based on two magnetoelectric generators with reconfigurable windings in the Matlab application package (Simscape). Research methods Simulation of operating modes at low and normal wind speeds of a wind energy system based on two magnetoelectric generators with reconfigurable windings in the Matlab application package (Simscape). Results A study was carried out of the operating modes at low and normal wind speeds of a wind energy system based on two magnetoelectric generators with reconfigurable windings in the Matlab application package (Simscape). This voltage regulation method can provide the ability to stabilize voltage and maintain high efficiency at an acceptable level over a wider range of low and normal wind speeds.

Geothermal resource estimation of Uttarakhand region, India

With many countries dependent on imported fuels, governments and industries are diversifying energy sources, including geothermal energy. Geothermal energy, derived from the Earth's internal heat, holds significant potential as a renewable energy source. The present work focuses on the geothermal resource estimation of the Uttarakhand region in India. Critical subsurface reservoir parameters for geothermal extraction and estimates of potential resources are reviewed through an analysis of geological formations, temperature gradients, and rock permeability. Various estimation methods, including surface heat flux, volume methods, and probabilistic methods, are discussed, with a particular emphasis on the Monte Carlo method. Assessment of the resource potential of the Uttarakhand geothermal system using available data estimates the resource potential of the Uttarakhand prospect, revealing an energy estimate of 1.26*10^15 J/kg (P50 case). Correspondingly, for the P90 and P10 scenarios, the estimated heat stands at 2.30*10^15 J/kg and 2.6*10^14 J/kg, respectively. However, successful exploitation requires a thorough understanding of subsurface reservoir parameters and careful resource estimation. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders interested in harnessing geothermal energy for sustainable development.

EU energy diplomacy: The Central Asian vector

This study gains particular importance in the context of global geopolitical challenges to energy security and the need to diversify energy sources in Europe. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of the EU’s energy diplomacy in the Central Asian region. The study employed the methods of analysis, synthesis, systematisa- tion, comparative studies, statistical analysis, and generalisation. The study found that Central Asian countries, specifi- cally Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, have considerable hydrocarbon reserves and strong renewable energy development potential, making them key partners for the EU in ensuring energy security and diversifying energy sources. The study found that the EU’s energy diplomacy in Central Asia is implemented through a range of bilateral and multilat- eral mechanisms, but faces serious challenges, such as geopolitical competition, underdeveloped infrastructure, political instability, and imperfect legal regulation of the energy sector in the region. Based on these findings, recommendations were developed to strengthen strategic partnerships, intensify investment activities, harmonise legal regulation and im- plement international standards, as well as develop renewable energy and improve energy efficiency within the framework of EU cooperation with Central Asian partners. The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that its findings and recommendations can be used to improve the EU’s energy strategy, develop effective mechanisms for cooperation with Central Asian countries and build a mutually beneficial partnership in the energy sector, which will contribute to strength- ening energy security, sustainable development, and prosperity of both Europe and Central Asia in the long term

Optimal Configuration and Planning of Distributed Energy Systems Considering Renewable Energy Resources

With increasing electricity demand, conventional centralized power generation systems encounter numerous challenges, including transmission and distribution losses, limited capacity, and high operational costs. In response, distributed energy systems have emerged as a promising solution by enabling electricity generation in close proximity to consumption points. These systems leverage renewable energy sources and minimize energy losses during transmission, presenting a more sustainable and efficient alternative. By utilizing diverse energy sources such as solar thermal panels, photovoltaic systems, geothermal energy, distributed energy systems enhance overall efficiency, and reduce power losses during transmission as well as greenhouse gas emissions. This research endeavor presents a novel approach employing mixed-integer linear programming to optimize distributed energy systems. The proposed model facilitates the determination of optimal dimensions of technologies, including combined heat and power systems, boilers, electric chillers, and absorption chillers, while simultaneously minimizing total costs and greenhouse gas emissions and adhering to real-world constraints. The findings of this study are validated through a real-world numerical example, confirming the model’s efficiency in configuring and planning distributed energy systems optimally, thereby enhancing their operational performance.

Re-Approaching EU’s Energy Policy: The Vital Role of Nuclear Power

The energy cut-down that followed the Russo-Ukrainian war is the main cause of the recent skyrocketing gas prices, which are jeopardizing the stability of the EU’s internal energy market. Hence, the diversification of energy sources has become a major priority. In this context, nuclear power must be reconsidered as a reliable alternative energy source which can lead to the partial independence of the EU. The upper goal of energy security can only be achieved if the EU relies on an energy source, such as nuclear, that ensures availability, reliability, affordability, and sustainability – all, at once. This policy brief outlines the importance of nuclear energy as a key factor for the EU’s energy future and proposes measures that can be implemented to achieve a nuclear and green transition.

Germany's Response towards Russia-Ukraine Conflict

The Russia-Ukraine war has had a profound impact on energy security in Europe, with Germany facing unique challenges and opportunities as one of the largest energy consumers in the region. This case study examines the implications of the conflict on energy security, focusing on Germany's response. It analyzes the reasons behind Germany's support for the project, such as diversification of energy sources, economic interests, and political influence. It also delves into the concerns raised by the European Union and the United States regarding the project's impact on energy diversification, geopolitical dynamics, and the interests of Eastern European countries. The findings contribute to the understanding of energy security dynamics and offer valuable insights for policymakers, energy experts, and stakeholders involved in shaping resilient and sustainable energy systems amidst geopolitical uncertainties.

The triple helix: oil prices, trade terms and unemployment: a developmental analysis of Turkiye

Purpose- This study delves into the intricate dynamics surrounding oil prices, terms of trade, and unemployment, pivotal factors exerting profound effects on the developmental trajectories of developing countries. Methodology- Employing the Vector Autoregressive Model and Granger Causality Test, the research scrutinizes data spanning from 1980 to 2021, with a focus on Turkey as a case study. Granger causality analysis reveals bidirectional causality between terms of trade and unemployment as well as between oil prices and unemployment. Findings The findings underscore the significance of targeted policies to address challenges in developing nations. Strategies aimed at reducing energy dependence, diversifying energy sources, and implementing strategic foreign trade planning emerge as crucial components to steer these countries toward sustainable development. Furthermore, the study advocates for the implementation of employment policies to effectively tackle unemployment rates. Conclusion- The reciprocal relationships observed between these variables highlight the need for comprehensive and multifaceted approaches to address the intricate interplay of economic factors influencing the developmental processes of developing countries. The insights gleaned from this research not only contribute to a nuanced understanding of these relationships but also provide a foundation for informed policy recommendations to promote robust and sustainable development in developing nations. Keywords: Oil, terms of trade, unemployment, vector auto regressive model, Granger Causality JEL Codes: O13, O11, Q43, E24, F14, F43, C32

Anaerobic Digestion Technology for Biogas Production: Current Situation in Nigeria (A Review)

In view of the nation's vast agricultural resources, crop residues, animal manure, municipal waste, and wastewater sludge may be transformed into renewable energy, potentially a source of revenue. Biogas production offers cleaner, sustainable solutions across the nation. The compass of supportive policy and regulation emerges, guiding investment toward transformative shores. Various "Waste-to-Energy" academic researches and pilot projects illuminate paths to energy generation, waste management and sustainability with the prospects of a viable bioeconomy. The application of anaerobic digestion technology contributes to a greener and more sustainable energy future. In Nigeria, biogas production holds multifaceted benefits which include energy sustainability waste management, and climate change mitigation. By harnessing organic waste, energy source diversification reduces reliance on fossil fuels. Biogas mitigates environmental pollution, converts waste to value, which is key to climate goals. Sustaining biogas production requires incentives, research, expertise, public awareness, and infrastructure. Collaboration and strategic partnerships will likely accelerate Nigeria's biogas production potential. In conclusion, this review underscores the immense potential of biogas production in Nigeria. It seeks to enliven the discussion for fostering efficient management of the abundant organic resources, supportive policies, public engagement, technological advancements, and partnerships that can bring about a wider implementation of biogas production projects across Nigeria towards a greener and sustainable energy future.