Diversification Of Energy Sources Research Articles

Концептуальні засади реалізації та вдосконалення експортної стратегії Дніпропетровської області

The article analyzes the tools of market diversification. The situation of development of export activity of Ukraine in the conditions of pandemic is investigated. The main threats to foreign economic activity have been identified. The necessity to create a mechanism for diversification of export potential of Dnipropetrovsk region in the conditions of economic and political crisis of Ukraine is substantiated. The article analyzes the problems and prospects of development of export potential of Dnipropetrovsk region. One of the main trends in the export activity of the region is the increasing role of European countries as a trading partner, which was due, among other reasons, to the Association Agreement with the EU and the diversification of energy sources. A problematic aspect of export promotion is the lack of knowledge of WTO rules and conditions for entrepreneurs. The tendencies of export of the Dnipropetrovsk region during the pandemic and the possibility of mixed influence of Russia and cooperation with China have been investigated. There is no legislatively substantiated mechanism of interaction between the state and industry NGOs in Ukraine. Some efforts by the state to build a mechanism of power-business dialogue are not consistent. To promote these processes, structures were needed that could clearly state to the authorities their current requirements and defend the interests of their industries by all constitutionally possible means, that is, could position themselves and defend their interests in the state bodies of the executive power. The possibility of diversification of markets and intensification of promotion of goods to the markets of Asia is investigated.

Agri-food Complex Development Strategies in Context of Economic and Energy Security

It has been established that the agro-food complex occupies a prominent place in the economy of Ukraine. Here, the number of employees (excluding resources, technological services and trade in food products) is 13.9% of the total. 80% of the country’s food needs are formed through its own production. In the commodity structure of national exports, agri-food products account for almost a quarter of the volume (24.3%). A rating list of fuels with the highest priority for individual components of the agri-food complex has been determined. For agriculture, forestry and fisheries, these are diesel fuel and gasoline (84.2% of total amount of fuel). For food production, it is gaseous fuel (natural gas, propane and liquefied butane), the share of which is 76.0%. It has been proved that economic and energy security should be considered as factors of external and internal environment of the agro-food complex. This determines the feasibility of two strategies for the formation of energy security: energy independence strategy and energy saving strategy. Given the overproduction of sugar beets and sugar in Ukraine and the unfavourable market situation on the world markets, it is appropriate to process their surplus into bioethanol and biogas. Since energy saving is a top priority for sugar companies, production of their own biogas will diversify energy sources and optimize energy consumption. Calculations of two versions of design indicators of a biogas plant at a sugar plant have been made (the first one concerns processing of 400 thousand tons of sugar beets annually, the second one has to do with 500 thousand tons). The project analysis has showed that the biogas plant can increase profits 5 times (per 1 ton of processed sugar beets) by producing biogas and converting it into electricity.

Does Energy Diversification Cause an Economic Slowdown? Evidence from a Newly Constructed Energy Diversification Index

Countries have made considerable efforts to diversify their energy sources from fossil fuels to renewables in the last two decades to achieve sustainable economic development. However, it is widely argued that the countries may experience sluggish economic development during the energy transition period due to structural and functional changes in the economic system. Given this backdrop, this study introduces a new measure of energy diversification. It explores its impact on economic development across the panels of low-income, high-income, European Union (EU), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and G20 countries. The study uses data from 1995 to 2018 and utilizes Nonlinear Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NPARDL) method. Our findings confirm that the major economies (including G20) realize positive economic growth with increasing long-run energy diversification. However, some countries (OECD and G20) experience negative economic growth due to energy diversification in the short term. The results also disclosed that energy diversification does not favor economic growth in low-income economies in both the short and long term. Therefore, more precautionary measures to be taken into account while diversifying energy sources.

Developing a system dynamics model to study the impact of renewable energy in the short- and long-term energy security

This study discusses the impact that the share of renewable energy (RE) in the energy mix for total primary energy supply and electricity generation has on Malaysia's short and long-term energy security (ES). Three key dimensions of the ES of Malaysia have been studied thoroughly from the existing body of work to extract the indicators and their causal relation with each other. The system dynamics approach of modelling has been implemented to quantitatively analyse the impact on the relevant energy security indicators. The results are optimistic towards the increase in the share of RE to ensure both short and long-term ES through an increase in production to reserve ratio, decrease in energy dependency, and import in the long run. The energy policy structure needs to incline more towards diversification of energy sources to ensure that RE holds a major share in the energy mix as per the current energy policy objectives. This approach of modelling ES can be critical towards future policy design through consolidated data and evidence. This research aims to facilitate the nation's policymakers to dwell upon the need for separate ES policy drafts. The next stage of this research would involve the stakeholders to collect and validate the model.

Формування цифрового комунікативного середовища з надання енергетичних послуг на засадах кліматично нейтрального розвитку

The setting of sustainable development goals is directed towards improving the level and quality of life of the population by reducing anthropogenic impact on the environment and transition to a climate-neutral development. One of the ways to address this issue is to popularize alternative energy sources, introduce energy-efficient technologies and energy management. In view of this, the article is concerned with determining the peculiarities of the formation of a communicative environment for the provision of the climate-neutral energy services as result of the use of digital technologies. The expansion of the range of innovative energy services is due to the diversification of energy sources. As a result of the analysis of the dynamics of the development of «green» energetics, on the basis of statistical data, positive dynamics of energy production from renewable sources is established (wind, solar, hydroelectric power plants, biofuels, and waste). In turn, in terms of considering aspects of digitalization of production processes and provision of services, a low level of information and media activities on the possibilities of obtaining «green» energy services by the population is identified. In view of this, the value of using digital technologies such as mobile (social) platforms is increasing. It is proposed, concerning the content component of the formation of a digital communicative environment for the provision of energy services on the basis of climate-neutral development, to use a rating assessment of energy service companies, the level of digitalization of business processes of enterprises and the formation of digital skills among consumers of different segments of the energy market, as well as a cybernetic approach to determining the ability to provide innovative energy services.

Photoelectrochemical TiO2‐Au‐Nanowire‐Based Motor for Precise Modulation of Single‐Neuron Activities

AbstractMicro/nanomotors are revolutionary miniaturized robotic systems capable of converting diverse energy sources, including light, ultrasound, and thermal heat, into mechanical motion. This fascinating research area is emerging and developing at a rapid pace, demonstrating potential in multiple fields. While their locomotion and momentum capabilities have been explored in medical treatments, including microsurgery and diagnosis, the aspect of converting their intrinsic energies into usable forms remains unexplored. Here, we proposed a novel motor based on composite TiO2‐Au nanowires (NWs), powered by a local electric field generated from ultra‐low ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, to serve as an interactive bioelectric interface with a neural cell. Under a light field, the NW motor achieved highly controllable motion in biological environments and reached the targeted neuronal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with notable precision. Next, the locally generated electric field was utilized as an electrical stimulus to activate the targeted cell through the calcium ion channel. This is the first study to report on the photoelectric conversion capabilities of a motor being used to provide propulsion force and interactive cues in a biosystem. This motor‐based strategy represents a new approach for the precise and non‐invasive delivery of bioelectrical signals and neuronal activity modulation.

Diversified Energy Use in Twentieth-Century Japanese Households

Abstract This article examines the popularization process of rentan and mametan (cylindrical anthracite briquettes and anthracite briquette balls) in Japanese households. It points out that the scarcity of wood and charcoal and the supply of anthracite and molasses (used as an adhesive) from Asian countries encouraged the invention and implementation of such new types of fuels in the interwar period. They were widely accepted because they did not change conventional energy use habits. The study also shows that until the diffusion of imported fluid fossil fuels such as oil and gas in the 1960s, those kinds of briquettes had been supporting the energy consumption of family units as transitional energy. In other words, while Japan was experiencing a so-called “energy revolution” from coal to oil in the industrial sector, the use of diverse energy sources continued in the household sector. These two different paths of energy consumption played a role in mitigating overall energy constraints and concurrently sustaining a high economic growth.

Exploring the gaps in renewable energy integration to grid

The continued integration of diverse renewable energy sources into the power grid has led to a significant decrease in power system inertia, thus resulting in several challenges in the electric power system such as frequency instability and sharp rise in rate of change of frequency (rocof). In order to combat these challenges, several technologies such as the use of energy storage systems, hybrid energy storages system and hybrid systems have been used to provide fast frequency response and regulation. This paper gives a comprehensive review of these technologies thus highlighting their applications, merits and demerits for frequency regulation in renewable energy sourced grid. Furthermore, the research reveals that hybridized system provides better characteristics than singly sourced renewable energy system, therefore the best suited hybrid system can be formed based on the desired power grid characteristics and specific power requirement. Finally, it was revealed that FESS, SMES and SCES have similar characteristics, nonetheless, their characteristics is complimentary to that of BESS, CAES and PHES technology, and so a hybrid combination comprising of BESS and SCES could be best suited for fast frequency response in renewable energy sourced grid.

التوسع فی انتاج الغازات غیر التقلیدیة حل لأزمة الطاقة أم تفاقم للمشکلة البیئیة

تعتبر الطاقة عنصرا رئيسيا في عملية التنمية الاقتصادية، ويؤدي العمل على خفض تکلفتها أو دعمها إلى التوسع في العملية الإنتاجية وازدهار النشاط الاقتصادي، ومع تقلبات أسعار مصادر الطاقة الاحفورية التي تواجه الدول المستوردة للطاقة کان هناک درس مهم يجب الاستفادة منه من وهو ضرورة تنويع مصادر الطاقة، والسعي نحو تحسين کفاءة الطاقة، و الاستعداد لاستيعاب درجة عالية من تقلب أسعارها، والتقليل من احتمال حدوث صدمات في المستقبل، إضافة إلى الحاجة لاستمرار التنمية الاقتصادية بزيادة المعروض من الطاقة الذي يقابل الطلب عليها بوصفها المحرک للعملية الاقتصادية. وقد اثار التقدم المفاجئ في تقانة انتاج الغاز غير التقليدي وخاصة في الولايات المتحدة اهتمام المهتمين بشئون الطاقة، حيث سمح ذلک التقدم التقني بتواصل اقتصادي أکبر مع امدادات الغاز الطبيعي التقليدي خاصة مع تحقيق إنتاج واسع النطاق لتجمعات الغاز غير التقليدي. وعلى الرغم من ما تبشر به التطورات التکنولوجية لتلک الصناعة بترقي مکانه الغاز غير التقليدي، والتاثيرات الاقتصادية التي يمکن أن يحدثها خاصة مع تطور اکتشافات موارده مع مرور الزمن على منتجي ومستوردي الطاقة على حدا سواء. الا أن الأراء انقسمت بين معارض ومساند لإستغلاله سواء لأثاره الاقتصادية؛ خاصة وأن استغلاله سيمنح الکثير من الدول فرصة التخلى أو التخفيض من الاعتماد على الغاز الطبيعي ، لاسيما الولايات المتحدة الامريکية والصين ودول الاتحاد الأوربي؛ کما سينعکس الأمر بشکل سلبي على الدول المنتجة للغاز الطبيعي بسبب التأثيرات الاقتصادية الناتجة عن التوسع في انتاج ذلک البديل. أو بسبب آثاره البيئية الناتجة عن استخدامه کوقود الأحفوري، أو تقنية المستخدمة في استخراجه وانتاجه و آثارها الضارة على الموارد المائية والأراضي . وسيتم تناول ذلک الموضوع من خلال السعى نحو تحديد الآثار الناتجة من التوسع في إنتاج الغاز غير التقليدي ، وعما إذا کان استغلال الغاز غير التقليدي يعطي نتائج اقتصادية مرضية تبرر التکلفة التي سيتحملها المجتمع، والتساؤل وما الاثار التي يمکن ان يخلفها هذا النوع من مصادر الطاقة. من خلال خطة بحثية تتکون من مبحث تمهيدي بعنوان ماهية الغازات غير التقليدية ، مبحث أول بعنوان دوافع التوسع في انتاج الغازات غير التقليدية، مبحث الثاني بعنوان أهمية الغازات غير التقليدية والجدل حولها، مبحث الثالث بعنوان انتاج الغازات غير التقليدية واستراتيجية الدول المتقدمة لأمن الطاقة، خاتمة، الاستنتاجات والتوصيات. Energy is a key element in the process of economic development, and work to reduce its cost or support it leads to an expansion of the productive process and the prosperity of economic activity, and with the fluctuations in prices of fossil energy sources facing energy importing countries, there was an important lesson that should be taken advantage of, which is the need to diversify energy sources, And the pursuit of improving energy efficiency, and willingness to absorb a high degree of price volatility, and reduce the possibility of future shocks, in addition to the need for continued economic development by increasing the supply of energy that meets the demand for it as the engine of the economic process. The sudden advancement in the technology of unconventional gas production, especially in the United States, has aroused the interest of those interested in energy affairs, as this technical progress allowed greater economic contact with the supply of conventional natural gas, especially with the achievement of large-scale production of unconventional gas pools. In spite of what the technological developments of that industry promise to advance its place in unconventional gas, and the economic effects that it can have, especially with the development of discoveries of its resources over time, on both energy producers and importers. However, opinions were divided between opponents and supporters of its exploitation, whether due to its economic effects. Especially since its exploitation will give many countries the opportunity to give up or reduce dependence on natural gas, especially the United States of America, China and the countries of the European Union; The matter will also negatively affect the countries producing natural gas due to the economic impacts resulting from the expansion of production of that alternative. Or because of its environmental impacts resulting from its use as a fossil fuel, or the technology used in its extraction and production and its harmful effects on water resources and land. This issue will be addressed by seeking to determine the effects resulting from the expansion of unconventional gas production, and whether the exploitation of unconventional gas gives satisfactory economic results that justify the cost that will be borne by society, and the question and what effects this type of energy can have. Through a research plan consisting of an introductory topic entitled What are non-conventional gases, the first topic titled Motives for Expansion in the Production of Non-Conventional Gases, the Second Study entitled the Importance of Non-Conventional Gases and the Controversy Around them, the Third Study entitled “Non-conventional Gas Production and the Strategy of Advanced Countries for Energy Security, Conclusion, Conclusions and recommendations.

Multi-input, Multi-output Hybrid Energy Systems

Summary Jurisdictions and industries are setting ambitious goals to decarbonize energy systems. Low-cost wind, solar, and natural gas and the resultant dynamic electric grid require energy technologies to adapt in order to meet key attributes for modern energy systems: resilience, reliability, security, affordability, flexibility, and sustainability. When considering energy sources independently and competitively, value-added synergies among energy technologies may be overlooked for meeting demanding, multidimensional requirements. This paper presents novel concepts for tightly coupled hybrid energy systems that leverage capabilities of diverse energy generators, including renewable, nuclear, and fossil with carbon capture, to provide power, heat, mobility, and other energy services. The paper also presents a framework for engineering-based modeling and analysis for complex optimization of energy generation, transmission, services, processes and products, and market interactions. New modeling capabilities are needed to adequately represent multi-input, multi-output tightly coupled hybrid energy systems that utilize multiple feedstocks to create multiple products and services in novel and synergistic ways through increased coordination of energy systems and tightly coupled hybrid system configurations.

Future Energy Security for Kazakhstan: A Case Study of Brazil

As a petro-state, the Republic of Kazakhstan is the largest greenhouse gas emitter in Central Asia. While the republic has a vast cumulative potential of renewable energy sources, the latest data indicates that the share of renewable energy sources in electricity production remains low at 2.3% in 2019. This paper aims to explore the energy security implications of Kazakhstan’s target of raising the share of renewable energy source to 50% by 2050. Building on existing work on energy for sustainable development, our research question is: how does diversification of energy sources in Kazakhstan affect the republic’s pursuit of energy security? Brazil’s accomplishment in energy diversification as an oil exporting country is used as a case study, demonstrating the growing trend, and risks, of regional electricity integration to forge a sustainable and coordinated energy security policy.

Prediction of Cooling Energy Consumption in Hotel Building Using Machine Learning Techniques

The diversification of energy sources in buildings and the interdependence as well as communication between HVAC installations in the building have resulted in the growing interest in energy load prediction systems that enable proper management of energy resources. In addition, energy storage and the creation of energy buffers are also important in terms of proper resource management, for which it is necessary to correctly determine energy consumption over time. It is obvious that the consumption of cooling energy depends on meteorological conditions. Knowing the parameters of the outside air and the number of users, it is, therefore, possible to determine the hourly energy consumption of a cooling system in a building with some accuracy. The article presents models of cooling energy prediction in summer for a hotel building in southern Poland. The paper presents two methods that are often used for energy prediction: neural networks and support vector machines. Meteorological data, time data, and occupancy level were used as input parameters. Based on the collected input and output data, various configurations were tested to identify the model with the best accuracy. As the analysis showed, higher prediction accuracy was obtained thanks to the use of neural networks. The best of the proposed models was characterized by the WAPE and CV coefficients of 19.93% and 27.03%, respectively.

A review on passive methods for thermal performance enhancement in parabolic trough solar collectors

SummaryAmong the diverse renewable energy sources available, solar energy harnessing has become very common in most countries. Various collectors were developed, built and checked to work in various temperature ranges. The parabolic trough solar collector is found to be the most common among the other collectors in applications such as the distribution of process heat and the production of steam. The heat collector part known as receiver tube is one of the key practical devices of parabolic trough solar collector. Numerous research studies have centered on receiver tube to raise its thermal potential. The usage of passive techniques such as provision of inserts in the receiver tube and geometrical changes of receiver tube are efficient strategies for increasing thermal performance. Detailed review of the numerical and experimental studies conducted on heat transfer enhancement strategies that rely on the use of inserts with the use of different working fluids in a parabolic trough solar collector's receiver tube is described in this article. Additionally heat transfer enhancement due to geometrical modification of receiver tube is also presented. Further, on the basis of literature survey, a comparison among various strategies is outlined. These studies show that future work in this area, that is, usage of passive techniques in parabolic trough solar collector will offer further growth.

Candidate site selection for nuclear power plants in Saudi Arabia using GIS

Many countries prefer to use renewable and clean energy sources over fossil fuels as fossil fuels are limited and have a negative impact on the environment. Although there are diverse, renewable, and clean sources of energy, such as solar, wind, and geothermal, the low and variable productivity of these resources impedes their application. Conversely, nuclear energy is a reliable, stable, and safe source of energy. The International Atomic Energy Agency recommends the use of geographic information systems in site planning of nuclear plants. Accordingly, this study seeks to apply the technical capabilities of geographic information systems in building a geographical database as well as data processing and analysis to support the decision making and examination of suitable sites for nuclear reactor facilities. In this study, a spatial suitability analysis methodology based on the multi-criteria decision-making method was used to identify candidate areas with suitable spatial characteristics for nuclear reactor facilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Moreover, vector modeling was used to successfully determine potential sites over an area of ~ 4442 km2 on the eastern coast (Al-Ahsa, Al-Adaid Governorate) and over an area of ~ 600 km2 on the western coast (Umloj, Yanbu, Rabigh, Al-Laith, and Baysh) of the Kingdom.

UKRAINE AND THE GULF STATES: COOPERATION IN THE ENERGY SECTOR

For a long time, the oil reserves of the Gulf countries have made the country one of the most important energy suppliers. To improve Ukraine's energy market, a partnership that supports both parties must create. In this article we discuss the energy sector in Ukraine, current and future challenges, and how relations with the Gulf States can help to resolve these challenges. The importance of the Persian Gulf region to Ukraine is due to the significant potential for mutually beneficial trade and economic cooperation. Cooperation with the Gulf states in the energy sector is of particular strategic importance for strengthening Ukraine's energy security by diversifying energy sources, as these countries have 54% of the world's proven oil reserves and 40% of natural gas. In the energy market of the Persian Gulf countries, Ukraine has to compete with leading European and Asian countries, which requires systematic activities and coordination of efforts between the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and some public and private oil and gas companies. Ukraine's cooperation with the Gulf States can provide Ukraine with ample opportunities for mutually beneficial cooperation and the implementation of large-scale economic projects. First of all, Ukraine could take an active part in the construction of energy infrastructure in the Gulf countries. Using the geostrategic location, unique opportunities of Ukraine as a transit country for energy resources from East to Europe, the Government of Ukraine should develop a set of political, economic and scientific-technological measures aimed at the practical supply of Middle Eastern hydrocarbons to Ukraine. A special role should be played by the comprehensive elaboration of the routes of supply of Iraqi oil and Iranian gas to Ukraine. The current volatile situation in and around these countries, especially with regard to Iran's nuclear program, should not hamper work on energy transport corridor projects from the Persian Gulf to Ukraine. Subject to the active actions of relevant Ukrainian ministries and agencies, the energy and financial resources of the Persian Gulf sub region in 5—10 years can play a key role in Ukraine's efforts to diversify energy supplies and create a reliable energy security system.

Інновації як інструмент адаптації сільськогосподарських підприємств до кліматичних змін

Introduction. The article considers the role of innovation as a tool for adaptation of agricultural enterprises to climate change. The study found that climate change has become an integral attribute of modernity, which has a significant impact on economic development. Purpose. The aim of the article is to study the consequences of climate change for the activities of agricultural enterprises, to develop directions for the adaptation of agricultural holdings to climate change and the role of innovation in this process. Results. In Ukraine, the climate tends to increase air temperature, and the consequence of warming is an increase in the number of dangerous weather events. Climate change is the result not only of natural processes but also of human activity. Climate change has special consequences for the agricultural sector, the feature of which is a significant dependence on natural and climate change. Among them we can note the extension of the growing season for 10-15 days, the acceleration of spring field work for about 3 weeks, the extension of the grazing season, increasing the yield of thermophilic crops and more. However, there are also negative consequences – a shortage of water, the emergence of new thermophilic species of pests and weeds, reducing the area under crops in cool and humid climates, and others. The main directions of adaptation of agricultural enterprises to climate change are highlighted. Conclusions. The main tool for agricultural enterprises to adapt to climate change should be the introduction of innovations: the use of nanotechnology and biotechnology, digitalization of production and improvement of management processes, introduction of new varieties of crops and animal breeds, improvement of technical support, diversification of energy sources and production technologies.

Potential and Impacts of Cogeneration in Tropical Climate Countries: Ecuador as a Case Study

High dependency on fossil fuels, low energy efficiency, poor diversification of energy sources, and a low rate of access to electricity are challenges that need to be solved in many developing countries to make their energy systems more sustainable. Cogeneration has been identified as a key strategy for increasing energy generation capacity, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and improving energy efficiency in industry, one of the most energy-demanding sectors worldwide. However, more studies are necessary to define approaches for implementing cogeneration, particularly in countries with tropical climates (such as Ecuador). In Ecuador, the National Plan of Energy Efficiency includes cogeneration as one of the four routes for making energy use more sustainable in the industrial sector. The objective of this paper is two-fold: (1) to identify the potential of cogeneration in the Ecuadorian industry, and (2) to show the positive impacts of cogeneration on power generation capacity, GHG emissions reduction, energy efficiency, and the economy of the country. The study uses methodologies from works in specific types of industrial processes and puts them together to evaluate the potential and analyze the impacts of cogeneration at national level. The potential of cogeneration in Ecuador is ~600 MWel, which is 12% of Ecuador’s electricity generation capacity. This potential could save ~18.6 × 106 L/month of oil-derived fuels, avoiding up to 576,800 tCO2/year, and creating around 2600 direct jobs. Cogeneration could increase energy efficiency in the Ecuadorian industry by up to 40%.

Effects and motivation of political - economic cooperation between two countries: a case study of Slovakia and Austria

The political and economic relations between Slovakia and Austria reflect the geographical situation in Central Europe, the change in the political climate after 1989 and, finally, the establishment of the Slovak Republic and its successful efforts to join Euro-Atlantic structures and the European Union. Subsequently, entry into the Schengen area and the European Monetary Union. We focus on some aspects of mutual cooperation between two long-standing neighboring states from the point of view of the theoretical basis of international political and economic cooperation. The aim of the case study is to analyze the successes of international cooperation between Austria and Slovakia, to identify open issues in bilateral relations between Slovakia and Austria, and to predict trends in the coming period. The ambition of this study is also to highlight areas that can be considered key to bilateral cooperation. International cooperation is a very broad field in which general and specific scientific methods can be used. Given the type of study, we decided to use selected general scientific methods, which we adapted to the specifics of examining economic relations between countries. Based on the results, we can say that the possibilities of economic cooperation between Austria and Slovakia are far from exhausted. Joint projects in the field of transport and energy infrastructure, energy security and diversification of energy sources are several examples where cooperation lasts for several years and has a perspective for the future. The increase in cooperation is in the field of foreign trade, in the field of foreign investment, but also in the growing level of services, including the increase in cooperation in the field of tourism. Since its inception, Slovakia has become an important trading partner of Austria, with trade with Austria catching up with trade Slovakia with traditional partners - with neighbors (Poland, Hungary).

THE RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY OF TURKEY UNDER THE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Public policy analysis basically provides researchers and other relevant actors with comprehensive output to comprehend the effectiveness and the efficiency of the policies. Renewable energy sources are highly crucial especially for the maintenance of sustainable development. Therefore, most of the countries like Turkey, attempt and even struggle to have a functional renewable energy policy with the aim of having diverse energy sources and infrastructure. International actors such as the European Union (EU) have huge and practical impacts on the public policy making process of many countries. In this fashion, the renewable energy policy of Turkey is mostly shaped or formulated according to the EU acquis. The study is a significant effort to scrutinize the renewable energy policy of Turkey by benefiting from the energy chapter of regular progress reports (country reports) published by the European Commission which is the executive body of the EU. The fundamental aim of the study is to put forth the determinations and the expectations of the EU on renewable energy policy to conduct an extensive analysis. In this manner, various policy suggestions regarding renewable energy policy of Turkey is proposed and presented in order to make encouraging contributions.

Changes in Energy Supplies in the Countries of the Visegrad Group

The main purpose of the work is to identify and present the current situation and changes in the volume of energy supplies in the countries of the Visegrad Group. The specific objectives of the article are to determine the degree of concentration of energy supply sources in the countries of the Visegrad Group, the directions of their changes, types of energy used and changes in this area, establishing the correlation between the volume of energy supplies and changes in the economic situation in V4 countries. The period of research covers the years 1990–2018. The sources of materials were the literature on the subject, with the data from Eurostat. The following methods were used for the analysis and presentation of materials: descriptive, tabular, graphical, dynamics indicators with a constant basis; Gini concentration coefficient; concentration analysis using the Lorenz curve; coefficient of variation; Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient. It was found that, of a high concentration of energy supplies from one or more sources in all countries of the Visegrad Group, the largest was in Poland and the lowest were in Hungary and the Czech Republic. In each of these countries, the economy was transforming and there was also a gradual diversification of energy sources.