Diversification Of Energy Sources Research Articles

Reliable renewable energy forecasting for climate change mitigation

Accurate prediction of electricity generation from diverse renewable energy sources (RES) plays a pivotal role in optimizing power schedules within RES, contributing to the collective effort to combat climate change. While prior research often focused on individual energy sources in isolation, neglecting intricate interactions among multiple sources, this limitation frequently leads to inaccurate estimations of total power generation. In this study, we introduce a hybrid architecture designed to address these challenges, incorporating advanced artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. The hybrid model seamlessly integrates a gated recurrent unit (GRU) and a ResNext model, and it is tuned with the modified jaya algorithm (MJA) to capture localized correlations among different energy sources. Leveraging its nonlinear time-series properties, the model integrates meteorological conditions and specific energy source data. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to extract linear time-series data characteristics for each energy source. Application of the proposed AI-infused approach to a renewable energy system demonstrates its effectiveness and feasibility in the context of climate change mitigation. Results reveal the superior accuracy of the hybrid framework compared to more complex models such as decision trees and ResNet. Specifically, our proposed method achieved remarkable performance, boasting the lowest error rates with a normalized RMSE of 6.51 and a normalized MAPE of 4.34 for solar photovoltaic (PV), highlighting its exceptional precision in terms of mean absolute errors. A detailed sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of every element in the hybrid framework, emphasizing the importance of energy correlation patterns. Comparative assessments underscore the increased accuracy and stability of the suggested AI-infused framework when compared to other methods.

THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION'S (EU) SPECIAL STRATEGY FOR CENTRAL ASIA (2007–2013)

The article examines the European Union's approach to Central Asia from 2007 to 2013, highlighting key objectives and initiatives designed to strengthen cooperation between the EU and nations in the region. This strategy encompasses a diverse range of issues, including economic growth, governance, energy security, educational development, and regional collaboration. The overarching goals of the strategy include: Economic Development: The strategy emphasizes the importance of economic partnerships, trade, and investment in promoting growth and integration of the region into the global economy. Governance and Anti-Corruption: The European Union supports governance and anti-corruption reforms that are essential for sustainable development. Energy Security: Given the significant energy resources in Central Asia, measures have been taken to diversify energy sources and increase the EU's energy independence. Education: Educational programs and initiatives aim to improve skills of the population and develop human capital in the region. Regional Cooperation: The EU actively promotes regional cooperation among Central Asian countries to contribute to peace and stability in the region. The article emphasizes the flexibility and adaptability of the EU's approach to the challenges and changing circumstances in the region. This demonstrates the European Union's commitment to playing a proactive role in promoting positive development in Central Asia and creating the conditions for long-term collaboration and shared prosperity.

International Cooperation as a Component of Japan's Energy Security

The importance of international cooperation is considered in the context of ensuring Japan's energy security. The concept of energy security and its importance for the sovereignty of the state is analyzed. The role of international energy relations in the modern world is analyzed, and the strategic partnerships that Japan is developing to ensure sustainable access to resources are highlighted. Special attention is paid to Japan's diplomatic efforts aimed at diversifying energy sources, ensuring technological exchange and promoting the development of energy-efficient solutions. Japan has historically considered international cooperation as one of the ways to solve its energy problems. The country is a member of many international organizations and actively participates in international conferences and initiatives. Japan is not only a stable importer of resources, but also an exporter of various energy technologies. Japanese electric power companies operate all over the world. Each of Japan's electric power companies has individual agreements with foreign companies to share a wide range of information including that on power generation, distribution and quality control. Due to the fact that Japan does not have a significant raw material base for the development of industry and meeting energy needs, the main tool for solving the country's resource problems is to build active long-term relationships with resource-rich countries. The conducted research shows that ensuring stable supplies of energy resources has been the cornerstone of Japan's economic diplomacy for many decades. The article emphasizes the importance of global cooperation in the field of energy for ensuring sustainable development and ensuring national energy security in the face of modern challenges and changes in the global energy paradigm.

Strategies for biofilm optimization of plastic-degrading microorganisms and isolating biofilm formers from plastic-contaminated environments

Abstract The perpetual disposal of plastic waste, combined with ineffective waste management strategies, has resulted in widespread environmental plastic pollution. Microbial plastic biodegradation represents an emerging solution to this problem. However, biodegradation studies tend to overlook the fundamental prerequisite of initial surface colonization via biofilm formation. This study had two independent but connected aims relating to plastic surface colonization by microorganisms: to enhance biofilm formation by known plastic degraders, with translational potential for improved plastic degradation, and to isolate microorganisms from microplastic contaminated environments with the ability to colonize plastic surfaces. Planktonic and biofilm responses to diverse carbon and energy sources were investigated over seven days, using Bacillus subtilis 168, Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo, Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and Rhodococcus ruber C208. This enabled optimal conditions for biofilm formation by each strain to be determined. In parallel, environmental samples containing synthetic or natural polymeric substances (anaerobic digestate, landfill leachate, and microplastic contaminated compost) were incubated with polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate films, to isolate microorganisms capable of colonizing their surfaces. This yielded eight bacterial isolates from three genera: Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, and Proteus. These genera contain species that have been shown to degrade plastics and other recalcitrant synthetic polymers, demonstrating the success of our approach. This study also suggests that discrete plastic types may create different ecological niches which can be exploited by unique bacterial colonizers. Our findings underscore the importance of considering plastic colonization by microbial biofilms in the context of their biodegradation.

Enhanced Randomized Harris Hawk Optimization of PI Controller for Power Flow Control in the Microgrid with the PV-Wind-Battery System

Microgrids, characterized by their ability to work individually or in combination with the main power system, play a pivotal role in addressing the growing demand for reliable and sustainable energy solutions. This work concentrates on the integration of sustainable energy sources, specifically photovoltaic (PV), and wind generation and a battery storage system within a microgrid framework. Additionally, a power flow control strategy is implemented to enhance the dynamic behaviour and stability of the microgrid. The proportional-integral (PI) controller is a fundamental component in regulating the microgrid's power flow, ensuring optimal performance under varying operating conditions. However, tuning the PI controller parameters is a difficult task because of the dynamic and nonlinear nature of renewable energy sources. In this work, the application of the Enhanced Randomized Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) to fine-tune the PI controller is proposed, using the algorithm's ability to mimic the hunting behaviour of hawks in finding optimal solutions. The PV-Wind-Battery microgrid system is modelled, and the proposed algorithm is employed to optimize the PI controller parameters for efficient energy management. The ERHHO algorithm's exploration-exploitation balance is harnessed to navigate the complex solution space and converge to optimal PI controller settings, thereby enhancing the microgrid's stability and performance. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the proposed Enhanced Randomized Harris Hawk Optimization-based PI controller tuning through comprehensive simulations. Performance metrics such as transient response, overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error are analysed to validate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed method. The outcomes of this research contribute to the advancement of microgrid control strategies, offering a novel approach to PI controller tuning in the context of diverse renewable energy sources. The integration of the Harris Hawk Optimization algorithm provides a promising avenue for enhancing the operational efficiency and reliability of microgrids, paving the way for sustainable and resilient energy systems in the aspect of growing energy landscapes.

METHODS AND TOOLS FOR IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

A factor of the state's national security is reducing energy dependence and taking measures to increase energy efficiency, especially in the budgetary sphere, because about 90% of such buildings do not meet modern energy efficiency requirements. Creating a reliable energy consumption management system, choosing measures to reduce consumption and diversifying energy sources is a difficult task that requires consideration of building energy consumption processes as a complex problem with the use of modern tools of the energy management system, modeling, and the use of modern approaches to automation and measurements. The object of research is energy consumption processes in educational institutions. The subject of the research is energy characteristics and methods of energy consumption management in educational institutions. Research methods. analytical methods, system analysis, synthesis, modeling, systematization, method of comparative and structural analysis. One of the tasks of this study is to review the capabilities of software products that can be used by energy managers of educational institutions to monitor, analyze and forecast energy consumption, as well as to create reports. Also in the work, an analysis of the state of affairs regarding energy consumption management was carried out on the example of KPI named after Igor Sikorskyi; proposals for the development of the automated energy monitoring system were provided, in particular, the architecture of the web application was developed taking into account the support of existing databases to improve the energy monitoring process.

Evaluating Preparedness and Overcoming Challenges in Electricity Trading: An In-Depth Analysis Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and a Case Study Exploration

The economy of South Asia is experiencing growth, yet it faces constraints due to heavy reliance on fossil fuels and frequent power outages. Access to diverse energy sources, particularly electricity, is crucial for sustaining this growth. One feasible solution involves neighbouring countries engaging in the trade of renewable electrical energy. Hydropower stands as one of the many energy sources available in South Asia. However, sectorial constraints pose significant challenges to energy trade initiatives. This study utilises the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate Nepal’s readiness and identify obstacles to its cross-border energy trade with India and Bangladesh. A comprehensive analysis of these obstacles is imperative for formulating effective strategies and policies. Additionally, this study offers recommendations for enhancing preparedness and resolving issues related to energy trading, which may apply to similar cross-border situations. This study ranks energy trading obstacles with neighbouring nations using the AHP, offering key insights for stakeholders and policymakers. Using a non-probabilistic purposeful sampling technique, 25 expert respondents from the energy sector and prominent academicians were selected as part of the data collection procedure. At every level of the interview process, their perspectives were invaluable in guaranteeing a thorough and rigorous investigation.

The Impact of Russia-Ukraine War on Bangladesh’s Economy: A Supply Chain Perspective and Way Forward

Bangladesh’s economy is facing significant challenges restricting from the Russia-Ukraine conflict, intensified by its status as an oil-importing nation vulnerable to global oil price fluctuations. This study addresses the current perspectives and challenges which include inflationary pressures, trade imbalances, and disruptions in the supply chain, leading to increased expenditures for essential commodities. This research was developed through a systematic literature review based on secondary data, including online databases, journals, and review papers, etc. This exploratory study reveals that policymakers need to diversify energy sources, forge new trade partnerships, and implement measures to bolster economic resilience. The economic fallout from the conflict, surpassing the actual war in cost, has depleted the central bank's reserves, prompting austerity measures. The forex market experiences volatility, contributing to high trade deficits and the highest inflation rate in recent years. Bangladesh must address forex management challenges and formulate prudent policies for economic recovery. The conflict has disrupted global commodity markets, leading to inflationary pressures and increased costs for businesses in Bangladesh, especially larger organizations handling rising raw material costs and weak consumer demand. The rationale of this paper is to evaluate the literature on this aspect and apprehend the global demand, and supply of food and commodities, economic impacts in Bangladesh, challenges in global trade, trade relations, currency fluctuations, inflation, emergency price, and its consequences, recognize gaps and advocate future research itineraries. The paper offers a synopsis and appraisal of the overall economy of Bangladesh and finally navigates a way forward to the policymakers which would unlock further research to develop this sector.

The Future Design of Smart Energy Systems with Energy Flexumers: A Constructive Literature Review

From powering our homes to driving our economies, energy lies at the heart of humanity’s complex challenges in the modern era. This paper reviews the evolution of smart energy systems, examining their technological advancements and societal implications while proposing a future design framework emphasizing four key pillars: holistic resource optimization, adaptive intelligence, environmental harmony, and human-centered design. While they offer numerous benefits, such as enhanced energy efficiency and reduced carbon emissions, smart energy systems also face challenges. These include cybersecurity risks, the complexity of integrating diverse energy sources seamlessly, high upfront costs, and potential compatibility issues arising from evolving technologies. Overcoming these challenges will be crucial for unleashing the full potential of smart energy systems and facilitating their global adoption. Abundant opportunities for further research and development exist in this domain, awaiting exploration and advancement.

Assessment of energy consumption, environmental effects and fuel costs of the bus rapid transit system in Bogotá (Colombia)

Abstract Colombia aims to boost the utilization of mass transportation systems in its major cities while simultaneously reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20%, in alignment with the commitments of the COP21 agreement. In 2020, the transport sector in Colombia accounted for 34.4% of the country’s energy demand and was responsible for ~49% of its total CO2 emissions. This article presents an assessment of energy consumption, environmental effects and the fuel costs of Bogotá’s bus rapid transit system based on the Activity, Share, Intensity, Fuel methodology. A long-term analysis spanning from 2021 to 2040 was developed using the long-range energy alternatives planning platform. To conduct this assessment, the tool was calibrated using data from 2019 and 2020. Four distinct scenarios based on energy policies implemented in Bogotá were examined: Business as Usual, Fast Transition, High Growth and Low Growth. Regarding energy consumption and environmental effects, the results underscore the pivotal role of diversifying energy sources and reducing reliance on fossil fuels such as oil. Consequently, the analysis emphasizes the urgent need to accelerate the transition to alternative energy sources such as natural gas and electricity.

Risk-driven optimal scheduling of renewable-oriented energy hub under demand response program and energy storages: A novel Entropic value-at-risk modeling

Energy hubs have revolutionized the field of energy management, emerging as state-of-the-art solutions for achieving efficient and sustainable energy systems. These hubs act as integrated platforms that seamlessly combine a variety of energy technologies, facilitating the synergistic interaction of multi-carrier energy systems with diverse energy sources. This paper outlines a framework for an energy hub that integrates a wide range of energy technologies, encompassing electrical, thermal, and cooling systems, alongside renewable resources and storage units. The proposed model incorporates demand response programs (DRPs) to effectively manage energy demand, optimize load distribution, enhance grid stability, and achieve substantial cost reductions. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through careful analysis of four distinct case studies, giving its potential in diverse energy management scenarios. To tackle uncertainties associated with power, heating, and cooling demands, as well as power and gas market prices, wind speed, and solar irradiation, this study utilizes EVaR as a stochastic modeling approach. The EVaR is a novel coherent risk measure incorporated to enhance risk management practices and surpass the limitations of traditional value-at-risk measures. According to the obtained results, due to the conservativeness of the operator, the income has decreased by 23 % while the system operation cost has increased by 36 % in the presence of the EVaR optimization approach.

Online Model Adaption for Energy Management in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)

The growing interest in low-impact mobility technologies has elevated the significance of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) in the automotive sector. Given the complexity of the resulting powertrain, the need for an effective energy management strategy (EMS) becomes essential to optimize efficiency and energy consumption in vehicles with diverse energy sources. Model-based control is the main approach to address the EMS in electrified vehicles. In particular, fuel cell power is commonly represented through a 1D look-up table using the current demand as input to simplify the implementation in a vehicle control unit. Uncertainties that may be implemented in maps due to simplifying hypotheses, dynamics, ageing, etc., can be propagated to powertrain control, motivating the adoption of adaptive look-up tables for FC modelling. In this study, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) is proposed to adapt the look-up table to actual FC behaviour by measuring its power and gradually correcting calibration errors, drift, and ageing. Subsequently, a standard equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is employed to control the FCEV. The fuel cell model is calibrated with experimental data from an FCEV. The results demonstrate that the adaptive strategy outperforms the base calibration. Following an extensive simulation campaign, an improvement of 1.1% in fuel consumption was observed. Remarkably, after just one hour of operation, there was a notable 85% reduction in fuel cell power estimation error, even when the EMS was initially fed a biased look-up table.

Multi-objective RIME algorithm-based techno economic analysis for security constraints load dispatch and power flow including uncertainties model of hybrid power systems

In recent times, the landscape of power systems has undergone significant evolution, particularly with the integration of diverse renewable energy sources (RESs). This advancement presents an invaluable opportunity to enhance energy efficiency in the modern power grid, primarily by bolstering the role of stochastic RESs. The challenge lies in the optimal power flow (OPF), a multifaceted and non-linear optimization challenge that grows more complex with the inclusion of stochastic RESs that aims to optimize the allocation of power system resources to minimize the operational cost while maintaining the stability and security of the system. Addressing this, the current study introduces an innovative optimization approach, the Multi-Objective RIME (MORIME) algorithm. Drawing inspiration from the physical phenomenon of rime-ice, called the RIME, the MORIME seeks to effectively tackle OPF issues. This algorithm enhances solution accuracy by smartly dividing with non-dominated sorting and crowding distance mechanism. The proposed OPF model incorporates three types of RESs: solar photovoltaic, wind and small-scale hydropower units. While uncertainties in wind speed and solar irradiation are managed through Monte Carlo simulations, the small hydro unit is considered a constant power source. The efficacy of the MORIME algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus systems and results indicate that the MORIME method identifies the optimal solution for the multi-objective OPF problem while satisfying the power system constraints, thereby proving its effectiveness and superiority over MOWOA, MOGWO, MOALO, MOMRFO and MOAGDE in terms of Hyper Volume (HV) and reciprocal of Pareto Sets Proximity (1/PSP) metrices. The MORIME source code is available at: https://github.com/kanak02/MORIME

Post-Pandemic Natural Gas Utilization in Trinidad and Tobago: A Sectoral Analysis (2020–2023)

This paper examines the impact of post-pandemic shifts on natural gas utilization in Trinidad and Tobago, one of the largest producers of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in Latin America and a significant exporter of ammonia and methanol. Employing a qualitative analysis supplemented by Granger Causality tests, the study analyzes the changes in natural gas demand across key sectors from 2020 to 2023. The findings reveal substantial volatility in natural gas prices post-COVID-19, influenced by global events that have heightened the sensitivity of Trinidad and Tobago’s economy to international market dynamics. With the nation at the crossroads of diversifying energy sources and addressing climate change imperatives, the study suggests strategic investments in renewable energies, energy efficiency, and technological upgrades. The research highlights the economic benefits of using natural gas for petrochemical production over electricity generation and points to the resilience offered by the diversity in the petrochemical export market, contrasted with the concentrated LNG export market. The study concludes with a call for integrated policy planning and an accelerated energy transition, advocating for a sustainable and resilient energy sector aligned with global climate goals.

Application of Metamaterial in Renewable Energy: A Review

Metamaterial advancements hold promise for compact renewable energy harvesting, capturing acoustic, electromagnetic, mechanical, and solar energy on a modest scale across global industries. Engineered structures surpass natural material limitations, offering capabilities unattainable in traditional counterparts. This investigation explores metamaterials' manipulation of acoustic, electromagnetic, mechanical, and solar energy. Mechanical metamaterials convert strain into electrical energy, applicable from interstellar travel to terrestrial infrastructure. Precision-configured acoustic metamaterials efficiently harness dispersed acoustic energy, improving renewable energy methodologies. Integration into photovoltaic cells showcases metamaterials' solar potential, with innovative designs enhancing solar energy conversion efficiency. Electromagnetic metamaterials efficiently absorb and convert frequencies into usable energy from communications and monitoring systems, in the agricultural and environmental sectors. Comparative analyses highlight noteworthy efficiency advancements, underscoring metamaterials' transformative influence on renewable energy. As they redefine the sector, implications extend to both small-scale devices and large-scale applications, positioning them as pivotal contributors. The paper critically evaluates metamaterial effectiveness in harnessing diverse energy sources, guiding future research. Metamaterial adaptability to different sizes and integration into technology reveals possibilities for compact energy sources. Ongoing research addresses scientific and economic challenges, paving the way for scaling metamaterial applications to commercial operations and emphasizing their importance in incorporating renewable energy into our technological milieu.

An integrated system of energy generation, storages, and appliances consumption based on machine learning techniques and internet of things

In the swiftly evolving micro-grid landscape, this paper explores the pivotal role of residential consumers and their active engagement. The primary focus is on revolutionizing customer management through the integration of smart homes, with an emphasis on facilitating demand response and bolstering operational efficiency. Also, the innovative Power Generation, Electricity Storages, and Energy Consumption in Smart Homes (PG–ES–ECSH) approach is introduced, meticulously designed for next-generation technologies, and delve into an smart home load control system. This system, employing Extreme Machine Learning (EML) and an imprecise reasoning framework, aims to enhance computational efficiency in managing diverse electrical energy sources and small-scale power generation appliances. The decision-making process of the framework incorporates real-time monitoring of environmental data, power generation, and battery storage. Our research significantly contributes to the evolution of smart homes and micro-grids by embracing technologies crucial for the future, such as machine learning and the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, the application of IoT and EML are used to enhance the connection between users in the microgrid and the learning rate of the proposed system, respectively. Emphasizing the burgeoning significance of energy management in smart homes, our study underscores the profound impact of energy resources on overall quality of life. With the increasing prevalence of smart homes, there is a growing demand for efficient energy utilization and management. Noteworthy is the PG–ES–ECSH method's impressive accuracy ratio of 96 % and a precision rate of 92 %. These findings highlight the imperative need for cost-effective energy management solutions, particularly in the face of escalating electricity consumption and the integration of novel power resources.

Renewable Horizons: Solar Power and Dairy Industry in India

Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible such as wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power, bio-energy and hydropower. It is also known as non-conventional energy. Harnessing renewable energy offers numerous environmental benefits, including mitigating climate change, reducing air pollution, conserving natural resources, and enhancing energy security by diversifying energy sources. Solar resources are available in every country and both Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies can be used to convert solar resource into electricity. SPV can use both direct and diffuse sunlight to generate power, while CSP relies on direct sunlight, restricting its deployment to areas with high Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI). Mandatory demand supported with higher subsidies for green technologies will positively attracts dairies towards use of solar energy. In many villages, power cut hinders the reception of milk from milk producers as electronic weighing system and milk testing instruments require uninterrupted power supply. solar-powered dairy operations offer resilience against power outages and fluctuating energy costs, empowering farmers with greater control over their operations. As the Indian dairy industry embraces solar power, it not only secures a greener future but also fosters economic growth and energy access in rural communities, marking a significant stride towards sustainability and self-sufficiency.

Power to the People: On the Role of Districts in Decentralized Energy Systems

The transition towards renewable and decentralized energy systems is propelled by the urgent need to address climate concerns and advance sustainable development globally. This transformation requires innovative methods to integrate stochastic renewable sources such as solar and wind power and challenging traditional energy paradigms rooted in centralized and continuous energy production. The present study focuses on the Swiss energy system to explore the optimization of energy planning strategies that incorporate decentralized energy production within a centralized framework. Here, we show that a strategic approach to decentralization can significantly reduce annual system costs by 10% to CHF 1230 per capita and increase self-consumption to 68% of the decentralized PV production, emphasizing the need for a hybrid energy-planning model that balances centralized and decentralized models for enhanced system resilience, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. This research underscores the strategic importance of diversifying energy sources, enhancing energy storage, improving grid flexibility, and laying a foundational framework for policy making and strategic planning. It encourages further investigation into climate impacts, technology synergy, and the integration of district heating, aiming to establish a resilient, sustainable, and autonomous energy future.

Microalgae to biodiesel: A novel green conversion method for high-quality lipids recovery and in-situ transesterification to fatty acid methyl esters

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions due to increasing energy demand have raised the need to identify effective solutions to produce clean and renewable energy.Biotechnologies are an effective platform to attain green transition objectives, especially when synergically integrated to promote health and environmental protection. In this context, microalgae-based biotechnologies are considered among the most effective tools for treating gaseous effluents and simultaneously capturing carbon sources for further biomass valorisation. The production of biodiesel is regarded as a promising avenue for harnessing value from residual algal biomass. Nonetheless, the existing techniques for extracting lipids still face certain limitations, primarily centred around the cost-effectiveness of the process.This study is dedicated to developing and optimising an innovative and cost-efficient technique for extracting lipids from algal biomass produced during gaseous emissions treatment based on algal-bacterial biotechnology. This integrated treatment technology combines a bio-scrubber for degrading gaseous contaminants and a photobioreactor for capturing the produced CO2 within valuable algal biomass. The cultivated biomass is then processed with the process newly designed to extract lipids simultaneously transesterificated in fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) via In Situ Transesterification (IST) with a Kumagawa-type extractor. The results of this study demonstrated the potential application of the optimised method to overcome the gap to green transition. Energy production was obtained from residuals produced during the necessary treatment of gaseous emissions. Using hexane-methanol (v/v = 19:1) mixture in the presence KOH in Kumagawa extractor lipids were extracted with extraction yield higher than 12% and converted in fatty acid methyl esters. The process showed the enhanced extraction of lipids converted in bio-sourced fuels with circular economy approach, broadening the applicability of biotechnologies as sustainable tools for energy source diversification.

RECOVERY IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF UKRAINIAN TOURIST SERVICES AT POST-WAR CONDITION

Article highlights several issues of recovery and develop in international tourism after the Covid-19 pandemic in conditions of growth war tension in the world. Considered main economic and geopolitical factors what brakes growth of international tourism up to positions, which loss after 2019. Reviewed importance of reducing the negative impact of rising prices for fossil energy due to the overall dynamics of global economic recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic through the diversification of energy sources and increased investment in renewable energy. Highlighted are several issues of disinformation and vaccine-related fake news as negatively impacting factors on the recovery of the tourism sector due to obstacles to successful vaccination in various regions of the world, particularly in China and other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The analysis conducted reveals weaknesses in protecting the economies of different countries against global economic and geopolitical challenges, regardless of their level of development.