Disturbances Of Carbohydrate Metabolism Research Articles

Ultrasound Guided Femorosciatic Block for Diabetic Foot Ulcer in a Psychiatric Patient with Sepsis, Anaemia and Coagulation Defect

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiology characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, due to defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Complications of Diabetes mellitus are macrovascular (coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease), microvascular (diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy), electrolyte and metabolic derangements. Foot ulcer is a common complication of diabetes mellitus with deranged Blood Sugar Level, which needs debridement or amputation. As central neuraxial block is contraindicated and general anaesthesia is risky in our patient due to coagulation abnormalities, anaemia, sepsis and left lung pneumonia. Hence, we planned for femorosciatic block.

Aberrations in carbohydrate metabolism in patients with diagnosed acromegaly - observational study.

Acromegaly is characterized by excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH). The incidence rate of acromegaly is 40 to 70 persons per one million people. Carbohydrate disorders often accompany the above pathology. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of high levels of somatotropin on aberrations in glycaemia in patients with acromegaly, and then a 5-year observation. The study group consisted of 86 patients (48 females and 38 males) with acromegaly diagnosed on the basis of clinical features, elevated insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, and/or no inhibition of GH ≤ 1 ug/L secretion during 2 hours after an oral glucose load. In the study group type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was diagnosed in 21 patients (24.4%). There were also 14 cases (16.3%) of the diagnosis of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) combined. The mean age of participants with concomitant T2DM was 52.1 years, while the mean age of those without carbohydrate metabolism disturbances was 46.1 years. During a 5-year observation, we noticed an increase level of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and new cases of pre-diabetes and T2DM. In patients with acromegaly the incidence rate of T2DM is 3-4 times higher than in the rest of the population, and it increases with age, especially after the patient reaches 55 years old.

Analysis Of The Relationship Of Blood Sugar Control In Patients With Diabetes Mellitus With Compliance To Take Medicine In Balimbingan Hospital In 2019

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem because of its short-term and long-term complications. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease that involves pancreatic endocrine hormones, including insulin and glucagon. The main manifestations include disturbances of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, which in turn stimulates hyperglycemia. This hyperglycemic condition will develop into diabetes mellitus with various forms of complications. Adherence is very important, especially in long-term treatment. In general, the level of compliance in each patient is described by the percentage of the number of drugs taken and the time of taking the drug within a certain period of time. This study aims to determine the relationship between controlled blood sugar in patients with diabetes mellitus with medication adherence at Balimbingan Hospital. The design of this study was cross sectional, with a quantitative approach with a sample of 56 patients. The data collection method in this study used a questionnaire and data on visits to patients with diabetes mellitus at Balimbingan Hospital.

Awareness on Oral Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus among General Population in Chennai

Objective: To evaluate the awareness on oral manifestation of diabetes in general population in Chennai. Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), according to the World Health Organization is a silent epidemic which affects large number of people around the world and is directly related to the oral health status of the patients. DM is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies due to disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. It is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, and it is associated with oral disorders, cardiovascular, and renal complications. These complications result in diminished quality of life and reduced life expectancy. Although dental caries was comparatively low in diabetics, periodontal status was compromised. Awareness on diabetes and increase risk of oral disorders in diabetic patient is comparatively less than awareness on systemic diseases in general population. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate awareness and educate them by reinforcing the importance of oral health care in diabetes. Methodology: A total of 159 self‑completion questionnaires were distributed to assess the main objectives of the study. Results: The awareness of public toward increased risk for oral diseases in diabetes is low compared to their awareness of systemic diseases. On average, only 41.8% people is aware of an oral complication of DM, which is very low and 58.2% of population is unaware of a complication of DM. Conclusion: People were found to have little knowledge on oral manifestation of DM. To promote proper oral health and to reduce the risk of oral diseases, health professionals in both the dental and medical fields need to take the responsibility to develop programs to educate the public about the oral manifestations of diabetes and its complications on oral health.

Molecular Study of Lactobacilli Species in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies due to disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. Egypt is among the top 10 countries with a high prevalence of T2DM (15.56% of adults). There are studies that show a link between the diversity of the gut microbiota and the development of T2DM. There are species of Lactobacilli that inhabit the gut that might differ in patients with T2DM compared to healthy subjects. Objective: The aim of the present research is to study the presence of Lactobacilli species in gut microbiota by multiplex PCR in patients with T2DM compared to healthy controls as a preliminary approach to open the way for future treatment with the help of probiotics or diet modulation. Methods: A retrograde case-control study was conducted on 79 patients with T2DM and 100 healthy controls cross-matched with age and sex. All patients were subjected to full clinical examination and laboratory tests, including identification of stool Lactobacillus species by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Certain species of L. acidophilus, and L. rhamnosus were found to be significantly increased in patients with T2DM (67.1%, 50.6% respectively) compared to control subjects (35%, P=0.001, OR 3.8, 95% CI:2.1-7.1, 25%, P=0.001, OR 3.1, 95% CI:1.64-5.8 respectively). Other species as determined by multiplex PCR, namely, L. gasseri, (70%, P=0.001, OR 0.16, 95% CI: 0.1-0.3), L. reuteri (74%, P=0.001, OR 0.28, 95% CI: 0.5-0.53), and L. plantarum (69%, P=0.003, OR 0.4, 95% CI: 0.073-0.22) were significantly higher in prevalence in control compared to patients with T2DM. Conclusion: The present study highlights the significant prevalence of certain species of Lactobacilli in gut as determined by multiplex PCR, namely L. gasseri, L. reuteri and L. plantarum in controls compared to patients with T2DM. These species may have a role in the reduction of certain risk factors associated with the development of T2DM. Moreover, certain species of L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii and L. rhamnosus were significantly increased in prevalence in patients with T2DM. The findings of this preliminary study need further verification by a larger longitudinal study.

Eating disorders and carbohydrate metabolism interrelations

Abstract Introduction: Eating disorders are characterised by persistent disturbances in eating behavior, resulting in severe carbohydrate homeostasis changes. The aim of the study is to review mutual correlations between eating disorders, with emphasis on anorexia nervosa, and carbohydrate metabolism, including glycemia and the levels of relevant hormones. Material and methods: A priori general inclusion criteria were established and included patients with eating disorders or with glucose metabolism disorders. A MEDLINE database review was carried out. Relevant articles have been extracted and approved by supervisor. Results: 40 studies got included in the review. Patients with active anorexia nervosa display low levels of fasting and postprandial glucose, decreased lipid metabolism, and decreased pancreatic endocrine activity. Insulin levels remain changed even after patient’s re-nourishment – insulin response tends to be delayed and decreased compared to patients without anorexia history. Eating disorders are associated with poorer glycemic control and a higher percentage of diabetic complications in patients with pre-existing diabetes – mostly type I. There are also reports of higher carbohydrate metabolism disturbances among patients with eating disorders. Conclusions: Carbohydrate metabolism disorders and eating disorders are clearly interrelated, although data on the nature of these relationships are still lacking. Treatment of eating disorders is not possible without normalizing eating patterns, thus also carbohydrate metabolism. However, it is not usual to monitor the mental state in terms of eating disorders potential development in patients during the treatment of carbohydrate disorders. According to existing data, this approach should be changed due to the risk of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders in this group.

Correlation of serum vascular endothelial growth factor and cardiovascular risk factors on collateral formation in patients with acute coronary artery syndrome.

Coronary collaterals serve as an alternative source of blood flow in obstructive coronary heart disease. Coronary collateral development is induced by various angiogenic growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). Cardiovascular risk factors strongly associated with coronary artery disease include age, sex, elevated serum cholesterol, disturbed carbohydrate metabolism, and elevated blood pressure. A better understanding of the effects of these cardiovascular risk factors and serum VEGF-A level on collateral recruitment is necessary for a better prognosis in coronary artery diseases and new insight for further therapeutic promotion of coronary collaterals.220 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography with a mean age of 61 ± 9.83 were selected for the analysis. Two milliliters of blood were taken from the patients for analysis. The blood serum VEGF concentration was quantified via the ELISA method. Angiograms and other clinical reports were collected. Significant coronary artery disease was diagnosed in those with ≥ 70% of stenosis in at least one of the coronary arteries. The angiographic and clinical data were documented. The collateral grading was done according to the Rentrop Scoring system. The serum vascular endothelial growth factor level was correlated with the collateral score and cardiovascular risk factors like age, sex, type II diabetes, blood pressure, and cholesterol level. An increase in the level of the collateral score was noted with an increase in the level of VEGF in blood serum. A significant association was founded between serum VEGF level and cardiovascular risk factors on collateral formation in patients with diabetes and hypertension.

PENGARUH JUS BUAH NAGA MERAH TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GULA DARAH PADA PASIEN DIABETES MILETUS TIPE 2 DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS MELUR KECAMATAN SUKAJADI KOTA PEKANBARU

Diabetes melitus (DM) a disease characterized by hyperglycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism associated with absolute or relative deficiency of insulin action and/or secretion. Red Pitaya Fruit can be used as a balancer of glucose levels because it contains a variety of 2 kinds of antioxidant that is vitamin C, betakaroten dan flavonoid (quercetin, kaempferol, and isoramnetin). The purpose of this research is to find out The Effect of Red Pitaya Fruit Juice on Reducing glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Melur Public Health Center Melur, Sukajadi, Pekanbaru City. Research design with quasi-experimental. This research was conducted from Maret-July 2021, population of 482 people, sample of 30 people, intervention group of 15 people, control group of 15 people. Intervention group gets Red Pitaya Fruit juice in the afternoon regularly for 1 week and control group was given an examination on the first and last day. The measuring instrument was Autocheck GCU 3in1. Data Analysis used dependent sample T-test test on the intervention group p value 0,000 (< 0,05) while the control group p value 0,068 (> 0,05). It can be concluded that there are differences in glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus who are given red pitaya fruit juice with those not given. It hoped that an alternative way to lower glucose on people with diabetes mellitus can consume red pitaya fruit juice.Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Glucose Levels, Red Pitaya Fruit Juice

Features of carbohydrate metabolism in asthma patients with obesity

Asthma (As) and metabolic disturbances are widespread and socially significant states, obesity (Ob) being also one of them. The comorbidity of As and Ob both affects physiological mechanisms of bronchial obstruction syndrome, the course and prognosis of these two diseases and significantly complicates their treatment. A combination of changes in ventilation and a complex architectonics of the bronchi may contribute to worsening control over As. The performed study deals with the problem of early diagnosis and progression of the course in patients with As and Ob comorbidity. The study involved 62 patients with As. Of them, there were 24 cases with the normal body mass (Group I) and 38 cases with As+Ob (Group II). Along with evaluation of respiratory function values and anthropometric examination, all the patients underwent controlling of carbohydrate metabolism. It was found out that As combined with Ob were accompanied by a cascade of metabolic disorders: hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and higher levels of HbA1с and fasting glucose versus the control group (р<0.05). According to correlation analysis data, in Group II negative correlations between values of HOMA-IR and 40≤FEV1<50% (r= -0.53; р<0.05), HOMA-IR and 50%≤FEV1<60% (r= -0.49; р<0.05), insulin level and 40≤FEV1<50% (r= -0.42; р<0.05) as well as a positive correlation between HPMA-IR value and BMI (r=0.39; р<0.05) were revealed. Patients with As, degree 1 Ob and a disorder of FEV1>60% revealed hyperinsulinemia and an increased level of insulin resistance index; this fact can be regarded as a prognostic criterion for an improved diagnosis, prognostication of unfavorable consequences and optimization of treatment approaches. In order to detect carbohydrate metabolic disturbances in patients with As+Ob it is not enough to determine levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin. The necessity of studying insulin resistance and insulin level for systematization and determination of development of concomitant metabolic disturbances in patients to whom iGCS are prescribed is proved.

Biomarkers of Glucose Metabolism Alterations and the Onset of Metabolic Syndrome in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Owing to advances in treatment modalities and supportive care, overall survival rates have reached up to 90% among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, due to the underlying illness and therapy, they are at a greater risk of developing lifestyle diseases. Hence, special attention is paid to early detection of the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed at investigating the association of plasma levels of nine diabetes markers with being overweight and components of MetS in ALL survivors. The study included 56 subjects with mean age of 12.36 ± 5.15 years. The commercially available Bio-Plex Pro Human Diabetes 10-Plex Panel kit was used to evaluate levels of diabetes biomarkers. ALL survivors presented statistically higher concentrations of GIP (p = 0.026), glucagon (p = 0.001), leptin (p = 0.022), and PAI-1 (p = 0.047), whereas the concentration of ghrelin was lower (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Moreover, subjects within normal BMI range showed higher GIP (p = 0.005) and lower ghrelin concentration (p < 0.001) compared to healthy peers. At least one risk factor of MetS was present in 58.9% of participants, who showed significantly higher levels of C-peptide (p = 0.028), leptin (p = 0.003), and PAI-1 (p = 0.034) than survivors who did not meet any MetS criteria. In conclusion, ALL survivors are at greater risk of disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism. Understanding the pathogenesis and applicability of diabetes markers is crucial for developing strategies to prevent metabolic syndrome in ALL survivors.

Low prevalence of spectacle use in the Hungarian Roma population indicates unmet health needs

The Roma population is the largest transnational ethnic minority group in Europe, often facing socioeconomic inequalities and various health problems. In the present study, we investigated visual acuity and its influencing factors along with spectacle use of the Roma population in comparison with the general population in Hungary. A cross-sectional survey was carried out including 832 participants aged 20–64 years. We recorded the uncorrected visual acuity along with anthropometric, demographic, socioeconomic and health-related data of each individual. Although the average uncorrected visual acuity was somewhat higher, the use of a visual aid was significantly less frequent in the Roma population, especially in the group with a visual acuity below 0.5 in both eyes (14.3% vs. 77.1%, p < 0.001). Age, abdominal obesity and disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism had a negative impact on visual acuity in both populations; however, the latter was a much stronger risk factor in the Roma population (OR 5.789, 95% CI 2.239–14.964, p < 0.001) than in the general population (OR 2.075, 95% CI 1.097–3.926, p = 0.025). Our results show serious unmet health needs within the Roma population, which calls for public health programs to improve poor primary care indicators on regular eye examination and much more rigorous diabetes control.

Рекомендації експертних груп, превентивні комерційні харчові раціони з доведеною ефективністю та нутрієнти, що показані пацієнтам із гіпертонічною хворобою й ожирінням високого кардіоваскулярного ризику

В огляді висвітлюються питання та перспективи превентивного харчування при гіпертонічній хворобі на тлі аліментарного ожиріння, роль і місце окремих нутрієнтів у дієтах, що рекомендуються пацієнтам із гіпертонічною хворобою й ожирінням високого кардіоваскулярного ризику з ішемічною хворобою серця, дисліпідеміями, порушеннями вуглеводного та пуринового обмінів. Коментуються американські та українські рекомендації з харчування і модифікації стилю життя, результати багатоцентрових досліджень при гіпертонічній хворобі й ожирінні, європейські дієтичні раціони з доведеною ефективністю (DASH-дієта, Mediterranean Diet, MIND, TLC, дієти Орніша, Polymeal, Omni Heart, клініки Майо, Paleolithic diet, Weight Watchers, дієти LCHF, South Beach, методика MEDFICTS зі скринінгу харчових жирів), особливості їх призначення при гіпертонічній хворобі, ожирінні, цукровому діабеті 2-го типу, атеросклерозі, короткі рекомендації з розширення фізичної активності в даної категорії пацієнтів.

Пациент с тяжелой бронхиальной астмой: биологическая терапия vs системные кортикостероиды

Severe bronchial asthma (SBA) is associated with a significantly lower quality of life and increased mortality. The prevalence of SBA is 3–10% of all patients with asthma. The diagnosis of SBA means that patients require high doses of inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting beta agonists (ICS/LABA) or a fixed dose combination of ICS/LABA and long-acting anticholinergics (ICS/LABA/LAAC). If the above therapy is not effective, systemic glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly prescribed to treat patients with SBA. However, their use increases the risk of such adverse events as fractures, disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, gastrointestinal bleeding, infections, and visual disturbances. In most cases the SBA development is linked to T2-high inflammation which is manifested by elevated eosinophil level in the peripheral blood. In turn, eosinophilia is associated with an increased rate of asthma exacerbations and resistance to the standard anti-inflammatory therapy. Suppression of eosinophil activity is a promising approach to pathogenetic therapy of SBA. The up-to-date biological therapy with monoclonal antibodies helps to improve asthma control, reduce the number of exacerbations and to reduce systemic GCs or even to avoid them. Currently, targeted therapy for SBA includes medicines to circulating IL-5 (mepolizumab, reslizumab), its receptor alpha-subunit, IL-5RA (benralizumab), or IL-4 receptor alpha-subunit (dupilumab). Benralizumab induces potent eosinophil apoptosis, resulting in rapid and nearly complete depletion of eosinophils in the blood and target tissues. KEYWORDS: severe bronchial asthma, biological therapy, benralizumab, interleukin-5, eosinophilic inflammation, systemic corticosteroids. FOR CITATION: Titova O.N., Kuzubova N.A., Sklyarova D.B. A patient with severe bronchial asthma: biological therapy vs systemic corticosteroids. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(7):393–398 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-7-393-398.

Features of retinal blood flow in pregnant women with carbohydrate metabolism disorders

To study retinal blood flow in pregnant women with disorders of carbohydrate metabolism using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in order to determine the criteria for manifestation and progression of DR. The study examined 203 pregnant women in the third trimester: 24 - with type 1 and 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D), 143 - with gestational diabetes (GD), and 36 apparently healthy women with physiological pregnancy that comprised the control group. OCTA imaging was performed on RTVue XR Avanti ("Optovue", USA) system using HD Angio Retina 6.0 mm2 scan protocol. The whole image vessel density (wiVD), foveal vessel density (FVD), and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area in the superficial capillary plexus were studied. FVD was significantly lower in pregnant women with diabetes than in pregnant women with GD and in the control group, prompting an assumption that retinal microvascular regulation changes because of chronic disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism in such patients and due to development of microangiopathy. Statistically significant increase in FAZ area and decrease in wiVD were revealed in patients with DR compared to data from the group of pregnant women with diabetes but without DR, in the absence of differences in FVD. In 2 patients with T1D and no ophthalmoscopic signs of DR, OCTA revealed areas of nonperfusion in the posterior pole of the eye. OCTA can help identify areas of retinal nonperfusion in the posterior pole of the eye in pregnant women with diabetes and no ophthalmoscopic signs of DR, and determine objective indications for timely retinal laser coagulation.

Association of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte and Platelet To Lymphocyte ratio with Blood Glucose Regulation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

INTRODUCTION: &#x0D; Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Disorders of lipid metabolism are common in diabetes causing greater cardiovascular risks. Leukocytosis is a major marker of metabolic syndrome. Both neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are related to subclinical inflammation worsening the glycemic control. HbA1c is used as a marker of blood glucose regulation.&#x0D; OBJECTIVE:&#x0D; To investigate the association of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio with blood glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; &#x0D; METHODS:&#x0D; This comparative analytical study was conducted in Shifa International Hospital on diabetic patients. Sample size was calculated as 62 by WHO sample size calculator . Non randomized convenient sampling was used. Patients were divided into two groups according to HbA1c level taking 7% as cut off point. Full blood count, lipid profile and liver profile were carried out. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics were calculated for categorical variables. For quantitative normal and dispersed variables, independent student t and Mann Whitney U test were applied respectively. P Value less than 0.05 was considered significant.&#x0D; &#x0D; RESULTS:&#x0D; Out of total 93 patients,33 (35.4 %) were males and 60(64.5%) were females. The mean duration of disease was 8.26 ± 5.8 years. NLR and PLR were elevated in patients having poor glucose control but that difference was not significant. Significant difference between the groups was found with random blood glucose. LDL, triglycerides , cholesterol ratio, ALT and AST were raised in patients having poor glycemic control.&#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSION:&#x0D; Patients having poor blood glucose regulation have increased levels of haematological and serological parameters posing greater cardiovascular health risks to patients with type 2 diabetes

An observational study amongst anti-diabetic patients related to the anti-diabetic drugs prescription at tertiary care centre of northern India

Being a chronic metabolic disorder, Diabetes mellitus (DM) affecting six percent of the world population. The WHO defines diabetes mellitus as “A metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in the insulin secretion, insulin action, or both”. Oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) are the first line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus in management of the disease. Rational use of oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) and insulin are used for the prevention of diabetes mellitus complications. Prescription of rational use of the drugs is a complex issue to achieve the goal that patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements for an adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost to them and their community. Rational use of the drugs in populations can be effectively studied with drug utilization reviews. The aim is to study the drug prescribing pattern of anti-diabetic drugs in newly diagnosed type 2 DM patients.

Modification of a model of non-alcoholic fat liver disease in rats with a сombination of a hypercaloric diet and hypodynamia

Introduction. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the world, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is the second most common cause of liver transplantation in the adult population. An urgent task is to find and develop an optimal model of NAFLD in laboratory animals, which would reproduce all the features of this disease in the clinic.Aim. Modification of the NAFLD model in laboratory animals (rats), which allows the obtained data to be transmitted to humans as fully as possible.Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 52 outbred white male rats of the same age. As the basis of the model, a hypercaloric high-fat diet was used with the addition of food appeal enhancers (sodium glutamate and liquid shrimp extract) and for the first-time conditions of hypodynamia were used – restriction of the motor activity of animals using specially designed cells, in which an individual 11 × 18 cm cell was allocated for each individual. The duration of the study was 12 months. In the course of the experiment, body weight, physical performance, biochemical parameters of blood serum and urine in dynamics were assessed, and lethality was recorded. After the end of the study, the mass of internal organs, visceral and epididymal fat was analyzed, and a histological examination of the liver was performed.Results and discussion. In the course of the experimental study, the development of NAFLD in rats of the control group of animals was histologically confirmed. A high mortality rate was revealed in the group of animals with pathology. Compared with animals of the intact group, a statistically significant increase in their body weight, liver weight, visceral and epididymal fat, a decrease in physical performance, disturbances in lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism were revealed, as well as signs of deterioration of the protein synthesis and excretory functions of the liver.Conclusion. A number of advantages of the NAFLD model with a combination of a hypercaloric diet and hypodynamic conditions were revealed, including the similarity of the conditions for the formation and pathogenesis of the disease in experimental animals and humans, which ensures the adequacy of data translation from preclinical practice to clinical practice.

An Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) towards Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine metabolic disorder whereas Diabetic retinopathy is a major complication of diabetes. Diabetes occurs due to defect in insulin secretion, action, or both which in turn leads to chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism and is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs (eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels). DR is a progressive alteration in the microvasculature that lead to retinal ischemia, altered retinal permeability, neovascularisation, macular edema.&#x0D; Methods and Materials: It was a prospective cross-sectional study, which was carried out over a period of 6 months (December-2020 to May-2021). The knowledge, attitude and practice were assessed in diabetic patients on diabetes and diabetic retinopathy by using questionnaires. A total of 362 diabetic patients are included in this study. The completed questionnaires were collected and analysed using SPSS software (version 19) and results were expressed in percentages.&#x0D; Results and Discussion: In the study, majority of the patient were male and in the age group of 46-55 years. Patients had good knowledge on diabetes when compared to diabetic retinopathy, positive attitude was seen towards diabetes than diabetic retinopathy and good practice patterns were observed in diabetes retinopathy than diabetes.&#x0D; Conclusion: Our study concluded that the patients had good knowledge on about diabetes and a very poor knowledge on diabetic retinopathy. Positive attitude was seen in diabetes than diabetic retinopathy where as good practice patterns was seen in diabetic retinopathy than diabetes patients.

Antidiabetic and Non-specific Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin C and Levamisole in Streptozotocine-Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by absolute or relative deficiencies in insulin secretion associated with chronic hyperglycaemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Diabetes as a metabolic disease has ability to decrease immune system due to oxidative stress. This study was aimed at assessing the antidiabetic and modulatory effect of levamisole and vitamin C on CD4+ count, weight changes, haematology, serum chemistry and histopathology alteration of streptozocine induced diabetic rats. Experimental rats were allotted to groups (1-7); 1 (control); 2 (Diabetic control); 3 (Levamisole); 4 (Vitamin C); 5 (Metformin); 6 (vitamin C and levamisole); 7 (Vit C, levamisole and metformin). Diabetes was induced using streptozotocine at 65mg/kg administered intraperitoneally. Blood glucose level was monitored using a rapid test strip and glucometer. The CD4+ count was reduced in all the treated diabetic rats when compared with both the two untreated controls. The weights in groups 2, 3, 6 and 7 reduced significantly (P&lt;0.05) while group 4 showed steady weight initially but later reduced significantly (P&lt;0.05) when compared to normoglycaemic control. The haematology showed that all treated groups were not significant to all blood parameters (p&gt;0.05) when compared with the control. The serum chemistry followed the same trend showing a non-significant increase (p&gt;0.05) when compared with the control. Histopathology showed various histoarchitectural changes in the heart, kidney and liver especially in untreated diabetic rats and rats treated with levamisole. Conclusively, the modulatory effect of both levamisole and vitamin C is considerable low in diabetic treated rats when compared to normoglycaemic untreated rats.

Different approaches to change gut microbiota and its influence on metabolic disorders

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are two non-infectious pandemics of the XXI century. Despite a large number of studies devoted to the development of obesity and T2D, it seems complicated to overcome the ongoing growth in the number of cases. In these situations it is necessary to investigate new approaches for the prevention and treatment of such diseases. One of these approaches is to study the role of gut microbiota in the disturbance of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. This manuscript describes the role of the microbiota in obesity and T2D. The aim of the review was to describe various approaches to change the composition of the gut microbiota and to determine its impact on metabolic risks. To assess the relationship between T2D development and changes of microbiota composition we considered a number of studies devoted to the consequence of these pathophysiologic mechanisms in various situations: the effect of drug treatment, bariatric surgery and microbiota transplantation. Possible metabolically protective gut microbiota composition is discussed.